Abstract Since 2018, the fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) has posed a significant threat to maize production in Thailand, prompting the government to recommend the use of natural enemy insects (NE) for biological control. However, previous studies on NE propagation costs, which are vital for widespread adoption, have often relied on single-scale estimates and have lacked comprehensive cost classifications. This study estimated the propagation costs of four NE species used to control S. frugiperda in Thailand— Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley) (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae), Eocanthecona furcellata (Wolff) (Hemiptera: Pentatomidae), Sycanus versicolor (Dohrn) (Hemiptera: Reduviidae), and Proreus simulans (Stål) (Dermaptera: Chelisochidae)—based on rearing costs incurred at a government research institute. A small-scale production cost model was developed by considering factors such as the populations of NE, hosts, and prey, and the associated input quantities and costs. The model accounts for economies of scale and estimates both the current and potential costs at the maximum scale manageable by a single worker. At this optimal scale, the average costs were 15 USD/ha for T. pretiosum , 57 USD/ha for E. furcellata , 276 USD/ha for S. versicolor , and 237 USD/ha for P. simulans . Per-hectare costs decline with larger production scales, highlighting the importance of labor-saving innovation. Economic simulations suggest that small-scale T. pretiosum production could be profitable if maize producers accept slightly higher costs than those of conventional pesticides and if adequate distribution networks are in place.

Spodoptera frugiperda (fall armyworm) is a polyphagous pest with widespread resistance to synthetic insecticides, while essential oils (EOs) and biological control agents, such as the parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum, represent promising strategies in integrated pest management (IPM) programs. This study evaluated the toxicity of Eugenia uniflora EO, popularly known as pitanga EO, and nanoemulsion (NEO) to S. frugiperda and the selectivity of the NEO to T. pretiosum. The EO of E. uniflora was characterized by GC-MS/DIC and then diluted in water and Tween 80® for bioassays to estimate the LC50 against S. frugiperda in Potter's tower. The NEOs were produced by high-shear dispersion using an Ultra-Turrax and characterized for thermal stability, particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), zeta potential (ζ), temporal stability, and morphology. The NEO was diluted to the LC50 (36.05 mg/mL) in 1% Tween 80® solution and tested for toxicity to S. frugiperda and to the parasitoid. The majority compounds in the EO from E. uniflora were curzerene (34.07%), selina-1,3,7(11)-trien-8-one (10.51%), germacrene B (9.51%) and germacrene D (5.03%). The NEO stored at 25 °C remains stable for up to 30 days after preparation. In addition, the NEO showed a particle size of 283.2 nm, a PDI of 0.289, and a zeta potential (ζ) of -23.2 mV. The E. uniflora EO and NEO at a concentration of 36.05 mg/mL were toxic to S. frugiperda (36% probability of survival). Furthermore, NEO was selective for T. pretiosum in its immature stages. The NEO proved to be stable, effective, and selective, indicating potential for IPM. However, validation under semi-field and field conditions is still necessary.

The noctuid pest, Fall Armyworm (Spodoptera frugiperda) has emerged as a highly destructive insectpest affecting a wide range of crops, particularly maize, sorghum, sugarcane, pea, nuts, soybean, cotton, vegetables, etc., across many parts of the world. Its rapid spread and high reproductive capacity have led to significant economic losses, especially in tropical regions. The present study was designed and carried out in Agricultural farm of Mahatma Gandhi Chitrakoot Gramodaya Vishwavidyalaya, Chitrakoot, Satna MP. Understanding of its incidence pattern is crucial for effective monitoring and early detection. Climate plays a crucial role in the population dynamics, distribution, and effective management of Fall Armyworm (S. frugiperda). Temperature, rainfall, and humidity directly influence the pest’s life cycle, reproductive rate, and migratory behaviour. Warmer temperatures can accelerate the development of FAW, leading to more generations per season and increased pressure on crops. Extended drought or irregular rainfall can weaken plant health, making crops more vulnerable to infestation, while excessive rain can wash away eggs or larvae, temporarily reducing pest populations.In this study for the sustainable and environment friendly management of S. frugiperda,neem oil and NSKE (neem seed kernel extract),Trichogramma pretiosum and T. chilonis have been used as parasitoid flies, and Beauveria bassiana as a fungal pathogen.Among the evaluated treatments, Beauveria bassiana exhibited the highest efficacy, demonstrating superior performance compared to all other control measures.

Characterizing the symbiotic relationship between Wolbachia (wSpic) and Spodoptera picta (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae): From genome to phenotype.

Parasitoids are effective biocontrol agents against Spodoptera frugiperda. Here, we studied four egg parasitoids (Trichogramma chilonis, Trichogramma pretiosum, Trichogrammatoidea bactrae, and Telenomus remus) on S. frugiperda eggs under laboratory conditions [25±1 °C, 70±5% RH, 14/10-h (L:D) photoperiod]. Then, Tr. chilonis (the best trichogrammatid species in the laboratory) was studied inside cages (1m×1m) under maize-field conditions. Egg-to-adult periods (days) were recorded among different species, with Te. remus having the longest (10.00±0.89days) and Tr. bactrae the shortest (7.80±0.66days) periods. Furthermore, Te. remus exhibited the greatest adult longevity (days) for both males and females, with and without food. Lifespan parasitism under laboratory conditions was the highest for Te. remus (73.60±7.23 eggs), followed by Tr. chilonis (45.40±2.56 eggs) and Tr. pretiosum (42.00±3.70 eggs). Adult emergence (%) was always higher than 90% and the sex ratio was higher than 0.60 for the studied egg parasitoid species. In the cage experiments set up in uncontrolled field conditions, different release densities of Tr. chilonis (50,000, 100,000, and 150,000 parasitoids/ha) were studied. Release densities of 100,000 and 150,0000 parasitoids per hectare were the most effective rates for managing S. frugiperda, with recorded egg parasitism of 71.36% and 72.88%, respectively. These findings provide crucial insights into the biological attributes and parasitism potential of these parasitoids, indicating the optimal release density of 100,000 Tr. chilonis/ha as an integrated pest management strategy against S. frugiperda in maize ecosystems.

Eggs of the greater wax moth, Galleria mellonella (L.) and the Indian meal moth, Corcyra cephalonica Stalion were evaluated as hosts for mass-rearing Trichogramma pretiosum Riley. The efficacy of the Trichogramma reared on both the hosts were studied on fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda (J.E. Smith). Parasitoids developed from each source were evaluated on the source host and on the target host, S. frugiperda. T. prestiosum reared on the two factitious hosts viz., C. cephalonica and G. mellonella were able to parasitize S. frugiperda eggs under laboratory conditions. Parasitoids reared on G. mellonella (GF) exhibited significantly higher parasitism rate and lower host larval emergence than the parasitoids reared on C. cephalonica (CF) when tested against S. frugiperda. The results demonstrate that the choice of rearing host influences the parasitism efficiency, host suppression, and fitness traits of T. pretiosum. These findings support the development of optimized mass-rearing protocols and the application of this parasitoid in biological control strategies targeting S. frugiperda.

Essential oils (EOs), from plants’ secondary metabolism, present bioactive compounds that may have insecticidal activity. Their use associated with parasitoid hymenoptera can be an alternative, however, little is known about the impact of EOs on the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella and parasitoids. This work aimed to evaluate the effect of oils from Eucalyptus citriodora (EOEC) and Schinus terebinthifolius (EOST) (0.5% and 1%) on eggs and larvae of P. xylostella and on Trichogramma pretiosum. P. xylostella eggs were immersed in solutions containing EOs and in water (control). Treated cabbage leaf discs were offered to larvae. Eggs with EOs were offered to T. pretiosum females to evaluate parasitism and emergence. Already parasitized P. xylostella eggs were immersed in the treatments to observe the effect on the emergence of parasitoids. The survival of T. pretiosum adults exposed to EOs was recorded. The average number of inviable eggs was higher in treatments with EOs, ranging from 6.9 ± 1.31 to 13.0 ± 1.12 than in the control (3.5 ± 0.32) (p < 0.05). The average number of dead caterpillars was higher in treatments with EOs, ranging from 1.4 ± 0.24 to 2.2 ± 0.19 than in the control (0.1 ± 0.06) (p < 0.05) Leaf consumption in 48 h did not differ between the EOST treatment (0.05) (5.42%) and the control (9.7%). For the other treatments it was significantly lower: 3.8% (EOEC 0.5), 1.6 (EOEC 1), and 3.4 (EOST 1). Eggs treated with EOs prior to exposure to the parasitoid had lower parasitism rates than eggs that were already parasitized and subsequently treated with EOs. The mortality of adults exposed to EOs was 3% to 6%. The EOs of E. citriodora and S. terebinthifolius were toxic to eggs and larvae of P. xylostella, acted as feeding deterrents, and had minimal impact on parasitoids. As a result, they are promising for use in IPM.

There is a global demand for reducing the adoption of traditional chemical insecticides in agriculture. Among the most promising alternatives, botanical insecticides have been increasingly gaining attention due to their efficacy combined with a more environmentally safe impact. Among the different botanical insecticides commercially available, oxymatrine is an alkaloid found in the roots of Sophora flavescens which exhibits wide insecticide activity. However, their side-effects on non-target organisms have not been extensively evaluated. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate in laboratory conditions the insecticidal potential of a commercial botanical insecticide (Matrine®) based on ethanolic extract of S. flavescens roots at 0.2; 0.6; 1.0; 1.4; 1.8; and 2.2 L of commercial product per hectare to control third-instar larvae of Rachiplusia nu and its selectivity in the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum. Overall, our results showed that the ethanolic extract of S. flavescens is an efficient tool to control R. nu from 0.6 to 2.2 L/ha, with similar R. nu mortality at 48 and 72 h after spraying (close to 100% mortality) associated with no impact to pupae and minimum impact to adults (slightly harmful) of the egg parasitoid. The botanical insecticide was classified as harmless to the pupae and slightly harmful to the adults of T. pretiosum according to the International Organization for Biological Control (IOBC) protocols. Thus, the use of the ethanolic extract of S. flavescens emerges as a relevant alternative to control R. nu, which needs to be confirmed in future field trials.

Abstract The fall armyworm, Spodoptera frugiperda, is a highly polyphagous pest, native to the tropical and subtropical regions of the Americas that invaded the Australian mainland in 2020. Since its incursion into Australia, management has largely relied on the use of different synthetic insecticides. Given pesticide resistance genes and reduced sensitivities to a variety of pesticides are already present in the population, there is a need to investigate alternative management approaches that can be incorporated into an IPM programme such as biological control. A fundamental step in establishing the potential of biological control is identifying the potential natural enemies that may be deployed in pest management. In this study, we undertook a series of surveys to identify potential parasitoids for fall armyworm and assessed parasitism rates in Western Australia (WA) and the Northern Territory (NT). Approximately, 1900 larvae of fall armyworm were sourced from maize, sweet corn, okra and sorghum fields, reared and observed for the emergence of parasitoids. Ten species of larval parasitoids from five families were recorded during the surveys with Cotesia ruficrus (Haliday) (56.14%) and Exorista xanthaspis (Wiedemann) (50%) being the most abundant larval species in WA and NT, respectively. Other parasitoids found include four recently described species, Euplectrus frugiperdata Fagan‐Jeffries, Chelonus trojanus Fagan‐Jeffries, Coccygidium necatrix Atkin‐Zaldivar & Fagan‐Jeffries, Coccygidium mellosiheroine Atkin‐Zaldivar & Fagan‐Jeffries, and previously named species, Megaselia scalaris (Loew) and some unidentified Tachinidae. Two species of egg parasitoids, Trichogramma pretiosum (Riley) and Telenomus remus (Nixon), were recovered with field parasitism rates of 7.81% and 10.16%, respectively. Overall, the occurrence of potential egg and larval parasitoids in Australian horticulture systems provides a unique platform to develop a conservation or augmentative biological control approach to manage fall armyworm in Australia.

ABSTRACT In pest control, understanding insecticide compatibility and selectivity is crucial to effectively integrate the use of insecticides and parasitoids. The aim of this study was to evaluate the compatibility of mixtures of insecticides and fungicides recommended for melon and their selectivity in Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae). The were evaluated the compatibility of six mixtures: 1) Spinetoram + Pyraclostrobin and Fluxapyroxad; 2) Cyromazine + Pyraclostrobin and Fluxapyroxad; 3) Cyproconazole + Spinetoram; 4) Cyantraniliprole + Abamectin + Metiram and Pyraclostrobin; 5) Spinetoram + Azoxystrobin and Difenoconazole; 6) Abamectin + Cyantraniliprole; and a Control (distilled water). The compatible mixtures were applied to Anagasta kuehniella (Zeller, 1879) (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae) eggs, before and after T. pretiosum parasitism. Was evaluated: mortality of adult T. pretiosum females after exposure to treated eggs, parasitism, emergence and number of parasitoids emerged/egg. Only treatment 4 showed change in physical stability after 5 minutes. In selectivity tests, treatments 1, 3, and 5 caused greater mortality (>47%) of female adults. In pre-parasitism, parasitism (>77%) and emergence (>76%) were observed in all treatments, and all the mixtures were classified as innocuous to the parasitoid in these parameters. In post-parasitism, treatments affected negatively emergence (>51%) and number of parasitoids/egg at the three ages studied. Therefore, all mixtures were considered stable and viable for use with T. pretiosum, as long as they were applied before parasitoid releases.

Effective biological control of Spodoptera frugiperda (J. E. Smith) (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae), a major pest of maize, relies on the attraction and efficiency of natural enemies such as parasitoids. This study investigates the role of chemical elicitors in modifying maize volatile emissions and their subsequent impact on parasitoid attraction to S. frugiperda when applied exogenously. This study hypothesises that chemical elicitors such as Salicylic Acid (SA), enhance plant defence responses by altering the blend of Volatile Organic Compounds (VOCs) released by maize, thereby improving the recruitment of parasitoids. Using controlled laboratory and field experiments, we applied SA to maize plants and analysed the resulting changes in volatile emissions using Gas Chromatography-Mass Spectrometry (GC-MS). Additionally, the behaviour of the egg parasitoid, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley and its parasitism rates in treated and untreated maize were monitored. The results demonstrate that treated maize released a distinct VOC profile, leading to a significant increase in parasitoid attraction and parasitism of S. frugiperda. These findings suggest that the exogenous application of SA can enhance biological control strategies by promoting a more robust natural enemy response through modified plant volatile emissions. This eco-friendly approach offers a promising tool for sustainable pest management in maize production systems.

The annual worldwide costs associated with the diamondback moth, Plutella xylostella L. (Lepidoptera: Plutellidae), are estimated to be between four and five billion dollars in yield losses and management costs. Studies aimed at better understanding this pest and its natural enemies are essential for the development of new control strategies to increase production and meet world demand for healthy foods produced in ways that protect the environment for future generations. The present study was aimed at (i) describing population fluctuations of P. xylostella in collard greens, (ii) identifying its larval parasitoids, and (iii) evaluating biotic and abiotic factors that affect the population dynamics of this pest and its parasitoids in commercially grown collard greens in the municipality of Tangará da Serra, Mato Grosso State, Brazil. Fluctuations in the population of P. xylostella were assessed from March 2016 to February 2017. During 12 months of sampling, 4,310 larvae and pupae were collected, of which 640 (15%) were parasitized by native natural enemies. Three species of larval parasitoids were observed: Oomyzus sokolowskii (Kurdjumov) (Hymenoptera: Eulophidae), Apanteles piceotrichosus Blanchard and Cotesia sp. (Hymenoptera: Braconidae). Precipitation and release of the egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were the factors that most influenced the population fluctuations of P. xylostella. Also, native parasitoids were affected by the use of non-selective insecticides. Our findings are a contribution to the understanding of interactions between this pest and its environment to improve control strategies and preserve biodiversity.

Biological and population parameters of Telenomus remus and Trichogramma atopovirilia as biological control agents for Spodopterafrugiperda

Egg parasitoids, particularly Trichogrammatidae, play a crucial role in global biocontrol efforts. Their behavior is influenced by chemicals emitted by their hosts, such as kairomones. Among them, Trichogramma pretiosum(Riley)(Hym.; Trichogrammatidae)shows promise as a biocontrol agent on destructive Fall Armyworm (FAW), Spodoptera frugiperda(J.E. Smith) (Lep.; Noctuidae). Given the invasiveness and widespread impact of FAW, early-stage prevention in the field is imperative. This study aimed to assess the potential of host insects viz.,Corcyra cephalonica (Stainton) (Lep.; Pyralidae) and S. frugiperda kairomones in optimizing the performance of T. pretiosum while parasitizing S. frugiperda.The top two hexane extracts from each host insect were also sent to JNU, AIRF in New Delhi for detailed GC-MS analysis. A four-armed olfactometer was developed to track the movements of T. pretiosum and validated with olfactory cues. Laboratory bioassays revealed that extracts from C. cephalonica and S. frugiperda eggs and moths effectively enhanced the performance of T. pretiosum. Optimal concentrations were determined through Petri dish bioassays, with C1 (10%) concentration of C. cephalonica eggs extract showing the highest Parasitoid Activity Index (PAI), percent parasitization, and adult emergence. Meanwhile, C2 (1%) concentration of S. frugiperda female extract exhibited the highest parasitization percentage and adult emergence. Further assessments in a polyhouse setting demonstrated that treated egg cards positioned 1m from the release point achieved the highest mean percentage parasitization. Chemical composition analysis via GC-MS revealed that distinctive hydrocarbon and alcohol profiles in the extracts, suggesting their potential for manipulating parasitoid activity in biocontrol efforts. In the S. frugiperda female extract, 12 hydrocarbons and 3 alcohol groups were identified, with tetracontane as the predominant hydrocarbon compound followed by octane, heneicosane, and others. Meanwhile, the C. cephalonicaegg extract displayed 9 hydrocarbons and 1 alcohol group, with dodecane leading in area percentage among the hydrocarbons followed by decane, nonane and others. The outputs of current study highlighted that T. pretiosum's utilization of kairomones from C. cephalonica and S. frugiperda, enhancing its search behavior for host eggs. The identification and synthesis of these kairomonal compounds have the potential to revolutionize pest management, emphasizing the role of kairomones in empowering natural predators and parasitoids for sustainable agriculture.

Body size is an important morphological characteristic that covaries with the quality of parasitoids and predators. Data show that the larger the organism is, the better the biological parameters and the host location by natural enemies in the field. The standard way of evaluating the size of parasitoids of the genus Trichogramma (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) is by measuring the tibia, but using only one body part to estimate the size of organisms can lead to miscalculations. In this paper, commercial Trichogramma pretiosum Riley, 1879 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Trichogramma galloi Zucchi, 1988 (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) were mounted on slides for microscopy and photographed, and the photographs were used to measure their antennae, scutellum, ovipositor, tibia, and wing. Principal component analysis (PCA) and linear discriminant analysis (LDA) were performed to select the body part that best represents their size. PCA showed that all body parts represented size in a similar way, and LDA showed that the ovipositor was the most representative. We conclude that the best body parts for representing the size of the Trichogramma species studied are the wing and ovipositor, and at least two body parts are needed to detect two size groups.

Abstract Soybean, Glycine max (L.) Merr. (Fabaceae), is one of the most important crops worldwide, but caterpillars of various species (Lepidoptera) may greatly reduce its annual yield. Nowadays, the main method of controlling these pest species is based on the use of broad‐spectrum insecticides, which are harmful to human health and increase environmental contamination. Therefore, other sustainable methods of control, such as biological control, are in increasing demand. The present study aimed to identify the egg parasitoid species that attack lepidopterans defoliating soybeans in South America's subtropical regions, as well as evaluate their effectiveness at various stages of soybean development. The research was conducted in a commercial soybean field (80 ha) located in Tucumán, Argentina, which was surrounded by wild vegetation as a way to promote biological control. Every week, throughout three consecutive soybean seasons, 20 soybean plants were randomly selected and brought to the laboratory in search of lepidopteran eggs. Over the course of the three crop seasons, the soybean plants were attacked by Anticarsia gemmatalis Hübner (Erebidae), Rachiplusia nu (Guenée), and Chrysodeixis includens (Walker) (both Noctuidae). Six egg parasitoid species were identified, but only three of them were frequently found during the current study. Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) was the most predominant species attacking all lepidopteran pests across all soybean phenological stages. Encarsia porteri (Mercet) (Hymenoptera: Aphelinidae) preferred to attack R. nu eggs, whereas Telenomus cyamophylax Polaszek (Hymenoptera: Scelionidae) parasitized only A. gemmatalis and R. nu eggs. Despite the use of insecticides in the soybean field, the parasitism rates recorded were high. This suggests that using conservation tactics such as native vegetation patches and surrounding alternative crops may result in higher rates of natural control.

Spodoptera frugiperda is a migratory agricultural pest with fast-spreading speed, long migration distance, and wide host range, which seriously threatens the safety of economic crops. To predict the trends of S. frugiperda and its parasitoid wasp Trichogramma pretiosum in their habitats under current and future climatic conditions, based on MaxEnt model and geographic distribution data of their historical occurrence, we project the feasibility of introducing T. pretiosum to control S. frugiperda by evaluating on their potential global distribution. The results show that, under the current greenhouse gasconcentration, the potential distribution area of S. frugiperda is concentrated in 50° N-30° S, with a total area of 1.74 × 106 km2 , and the potential distribution area of T. pretiosum in the whole world is 2.91 × 106 km2 . The suitable areas of T. pretiosum cover almost all the suitable areas of S. frugiperda, which indicates that T. pretiosum can be introduced to control S. frugiperda. The results of this study can provide a theoretical basis for the monitoring and early warning of S. frugiperda and the use of T. pretiosum to control S. frugiperda.

Abstract South American Tomato Moth, Phthorimaea absoluta is a key pest of tomato causing a yield loss of 80-100 per cent. Over relying on synthetic insecticides, as a primary option for managing this devastating pest has resulted in the development of resistance to the novel insecticides too. In this direction by integrating different IPM tools, wherein Light cum Suction Trap (LCST) as one of the component was evaluated against P. absoluta. Efficacy of LCST was found 5 times higher trapping of insect when compared to conventional light trap without suction mechanism. In LCST, 8496 moths were trapped as against 1674.67 moths in conventional trap. Further the integration of the LCST with the IPM module resulted in significant reduction of tomato fruit damage. The IPM implemented plots recorded a tomato fruit damage of 12.05 and 8.79 per cent in two seasons which was significantly lower than the control plots (up to 35.87 %). The findings suggests that, IPM module by including light cum suction trap, egg parasitoid Trichogramma pretiosum, need based spray of insecticides resulted in effective management of P. absoluta.

A study was conducted to examine the parasitic efficiency of different egg parasitoids viz., Trichogramma chilonis Ishii, Trichogramma pretiosum Riley (Hymenoptera: Trichogrammatidae) and Telenomus remus Nixon (Hymenoptera: Scelionadae) of Spodoptera frugiperda J.E. Smith (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) and Corcyra cephalonica Stainton (Lepidoptera: Pyralidae), respectively under the laboratory condition at 28 ± 3°C. The investigation showed that T. chilonis displayed a parasitic efficiency ranging from 85 to 87 per cent, T. pretiosum from 80 to 89 per cent, and T. remus from 7 to 90 per cent. Both host species were accepted for parasitization, but C. cephalonica was identified as more suitable for the development of T. chilonis and T. pretiosum, while S. frugiperda was deemed the most suitable host for rearing T. remus. These findings contribute valuable insights into the host preferences and parasitic efficiencies of these parasitoids, essential information for potential applications in biological control strategies against agricultural pests.

ABSTRACT Objective: to evaluate the seasonal fluctuations of S. frugiperda and its natural enemies in maize farming in Togo. Methodology and Results: It consisted in surveying fields in twenty-seven (27) prefectures during the period from October 2019 to November 2021. It consisted in surveying fields and collecting data such as egg, larva and pupa clusters, infestation rates and the main natural enemies encountered according to the FAO "W" method. Then, the collected data were reared in the laboratory for the emergence of potential natural enemies over two seasons. Conclusions and application of findings: It was found that infestation rates; number of egg clusters and larvae; emergence rate and natural enemies of S. frugiperda varied not only according to the survey area, but also and especially according to the season. The infestation rates over the two seasons ranged from 62.55 to 32.55%. On average, the number of larvae was higher in the great season (0.87) compared to the short season (0.41). Meanwhile, the adults emergence ranged from 38.22 to 100.00%; therefore, there are many natural enemies obtained such as Cotesia icipe; Campotelis sp., Trichogramma pretiosum, Winthemia trinitatis, Doru luteipes, Geocoris punctipes and Hexamermis sp. candidate to control S. frugiperda. Additional experiments are however necessary to evaluate climatological aspects on the life table parameters of the main candidate natural enemies. Keywords: maize, S. frugiperda, natural enemies, sustainable management, Togo.