Far-UVC photolysis of chlorine to mitigate ultrafiltration membrane fouling: Unraveling the molecular transformation mechanism of natural organic matter.

Water-soluble vitamins including thiamine (vitamin B1), riboflavin (vitamin B2), niacin (vitamin B3), pantothenic acid (vitamin B5), pyridoxine (vitamin B6), biotin (vitamin B7), 5-methyltetrahydrofolic acid (vitamin B9), and ascorbic acid (vitamin C) are essential micronutrients functionally important for human health. Reliable and accurate quantification of the water-soluble vitamin profiles is of vital importance for evaluating their deficiency and related diseases. However, simultaneous determination of these water-soluble vitamins in complex biological fluids such as plasma is a challenge. Herein, an automated liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) method for quantifying water-soluble vitamins was developed using a robotic workstation. The optimized sample preparation was conducted through a two-step procedure, protein precipitation using trichloroacetic acid (TCA) and liquid-liquid extraction using methyl tert-butyl ether (MTBE). The entire sample preparation workflow was fully automated with a Hamilton robotic workstation. Eight water-soluble vitamins including B1, B2, B3, B5, B6, B7, B9, and C were simultaneously measured in 8min by LC-MS/MS. The automated LC-MS/MS method was validated for measuring human plasma samples in clinical application. The water-soluble vitamins showed good linearity in their calibration ranges. The limits of detection (LOD) and quantification (LOQ) were 0.01-1.73ng/mL and 0.13-7.30ng/mL, respectively, for B-complex vitamins. For vitamin C, the LOD and LOQ were 36.2ng/mL and 72.3ng/mL, respectively. Satisfactory coefficients of variation (CVs) were obtained, with the intra-batch and inter-batch CVs of 0.9-5.3% and 2.5-14.8%, respectively. Recoveries were considered adequate in the range of 83.2-111.9%, 85.1-118.0%, and 76.5-112.2% for high, medium, and low concentration levels of the eight vitamins, respectively. Matrix effect factors were 80.3-116.0%, 73.2-101.7%, and 76.6-110.5% for high, medium, and low concentration levels, respectively. Robustness of the method in routine clinical practice was further demonstrated by quantifying clinical plasma samples in vitamin screening. The automated LC-MS/MS method for the simultaneous determination of water-soluble vitamins in plasma showed great promise for clinical application.

Global metabolomic responses of dogwhelk and mussel during different stages of predation.

High-value utilization of renewable biofuel tree species waste: Inhibition mechanism of carbon steel in trichloroacetic acid by Jatropha curcas L. cake meal carbon dots

Objective: To compare the efficacy of Cryotherapy using liquid Nitrogen versus Trichloroacetic acid 90% in treatment of common warts. Study Design: Randomized Control Trial (ClinicalTrials.gov: NCT05712811). Place and Duration of Study: Department of Dermatology, Combined Military Hospital Abbottabad, Pakistan from Jun to Nov 2022. Methodology: Sixty patients with common warts (hard lesions, raised lumps with rough surfaces at the back of fingers, around nails and palm of hands) diagnosed by consultant dermatologist on clinical presentation were included in this study. The sample size was calculated by WHO Sample Size calculator. After randomization, patients were divided into two groups. Group-A was managed with Cryotherapy using liquid Nitrogen and Group-B was managed with topical Trichloroacetic acid 90%. Clinical evaluation was done at the end of twelfth week and then three months after the end of therapy to ascertain efficacy. Efficacy was established in terms of absence of all lesions with no recurrence/reappearance in both groups. Results: Cryotherapy using liquid nitrogen was more efficacious (83.3%) in terms of absence of all lesions with no recurrence/reappearance of warts as compared to 90.0% topical Trichloroacetic acid (60.0%) (p-value 0.045). Conclusion: This randomized controlled trial showed that Cryotherapy using liquid nitrogen was significantly more efficacious in treating common warts as compared to topical Trichloroacetic acid 90%.

The oxidative potential (OP) of airborne particulate matter (PM) has emerged as a promising metric to assess the capacity of particles to induce oxidative stress and related health effects. Thus, ensuring the reliability and comparability of OP measurements is essential for accurate environmental and toxicological assessment. This study aimed to develop and evaluate a quality control approach for the dithiothreitol (DTT) assay used in OP determination. The DTT assay provides an estimation on how harmful PM can be to human health through oxidative stress, relating it to the consumption of DTT during the test period. Two experiments were conducted using the Standard Reference Material (SRM) 1648–Urban Particulate Matter (NIST, USA). The first assessed the effect of trichloroacetic acid (TCA) addition order and the feasibility of using SRM 1648 as a reference material. The second evaluated the stability of the SRM solution over a 63-day period. Statistical analysis (Mann–Whitney test) indicated that the order of TCA addition did not significantly affect OP values (p > 0.05). SRM 1648 solution determination showed high reproducibility (mean DTTₘ = 14.6 ± 2.4 pmol·min−1·µg−1), although a gradual increase in DTT metrics was observed over time, consistent with progressive dissolution. The results support the application of SRM 1648 as a reference material for DTT assay quality control, supporting methodological harmonization in OP determination, provided that a freshly prepared solution is used.

Rapid evaluation of water toxicity requires biological methods capable of detecting sub-lethal physiological changes without depending on chemical identification. Conventional microscopy-based bioassays are limited by low throughput and difficulties in observing small, transparent and fast-moving microorganisms. This study applies a laser-biospeckle, non-imaging microbioassay to assess the motility responses of Paramecium caudatum and Euglena gracilis exposed to two organic pollutants, trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) and acephate. Dynamic speckle patterns were recorded using a 638 nm laser diode (Thorlabs Inc., Tokyo, Japan) and a CCD camera (Gazo Co., Ltd., Tokyo, Japan) at 60 fps for 120 s. Correlation time, derived from temporal cross-correlation analysis, served as a quantitative indicator of motility. Exposure to TCAA (0.1–50 mg/L) produced strong concentration-dependent inhibition, with correlation time increasing up to 16-fold at 500× PL in P. caudatum (p < 0.01), whereas E. gracilis showed a delayed response, with significant inhibition only above 250× PL. In contrast, acephate exposure (0.036–3.6 mg/L) induced motility enhancement in both species, reflected by decreases in correlation time of up to 57% in P. caudatum and 40% in E. gracilis at 100× PL. Acute trends diminished after 24–48 h, indicating time-dependent physiological adaptation. These results demonstrate that biospeckled-derived correlation time sensitively captures both inhibitory and stimulatory behavioral responses, enabling real-time, high-throughput water toxicity screening without microscopic imaging. The method shows strong potential for integration into automated water-quality monitoring systems.

Abstract Electrocatalytic deuterodechlorination of trichloroacetic acid with D 2 O provides a high single‐pass deuterium ratio avenue for the synthesis of acetic‐ d 3 acid at room temperature. However, increasing C─Cl dipole moments via stepwise dechlorination, and gradual active site deactivation make active and stable complete dechlorination highly challenging. Here, metastable Cu δ+ /CuO x dual sites are constructed in situ and maintained under pulsed electrolysis, enabling 70 h of stable electrosynthesis of acetic‐ d 3 acid with a 97% deuterium ratio. Surface copper oxides are formed in situ and then convert to Cu δ+ /CuO x when the oxidation and reduction potentials are intermittently applied, which enhances C─Cl adsorption to promote electron transfer to Cl atoms and attracts ─COOH to increase the electronegativity of the C atom of C─Cl, remarkably reducing the C─Cl dipole moment and promoting complete dechlorination. The fast electrosynthesis of 20 g of CD 3 COOH with applications in the deuterium labeling of drugs and DNA bases and markedly increased yields in the hydrogenation/deuteration of other chlorides and bromides demonstrate the methodology's potential.

Electrocatalytic deuterodechlorination of trichloroacetic acid with D2O provides a high single-pass deuterium ratio avenue for the synthesis of acetic-d3 acid at room temperature. However, increasing C─Cl dipole moments via stepwise dechlorination, and gradual active site deactivation make active and stable complete dechlorination highly challenging. Here, metastable Cuδ+/CuOx dual sites are constructed in situ and maintained under pulsed electrolysis, enabling 70h of stable electrosynthesis of acetic-d3 acid with a 97% deuterium ratio. Surface copper oxides are formed in situ and then convert to Cuδ+/CuOx when the oxidation and reduction potentials are intermittently applied, which enhances C─Cl adsorption to promote electron transfer to Cl atoms and attracts ─COOH to increase the electronegativity of the C atom of C─Cl, remarkably reducing the C─Cl dipole moment and promoting complete dechlorination. The fast electrosynthesis of 20g of CD3COOH with applications in the deuterium labeling of drugs and DNA bases and markedly increased yields in the hydrogenation/deuteration of other chlorides and bromides demonstrate the methodology's potential.

Toxicological studies have demonstrated that disinfection byproducts (DBPs) can disrupt thyroid function; however, human epidemiological evidence remains limited. The existing studies focus on a limited number of compounds and lack detailed investigation of mixed exposure effects. To address these gaps, we developed a three-tier analytical approach that includes exposure assessment, qualitative association, and quantitative attribution. A total of 435 community-dwelling adults in Shanghai, China, were enrolled, and urinary concentrations of 16 DBPs, including halomethanes (HMs) and haloacetic acids (HAAs), and five serum thyroid function indicators were measured. We detected HAAs at higher concentrations than HMs and chlorinated DBPs, generally exceeding brominated and iodinated species. Key DBP exposure risk factors include age, occupation, education, indoor time, occupational water contact, income, body mass index, and sex. Both individual and mixture-based DBP exposures were significantly associated with thyroid hormone indicators (triiodothyronine and free thyroxine) and immune-related markers (thyroglobulin antibody and thyroid peroxidase antibody). HAAs contributed more to thyroid disruption, with trichloroacetic acid identified as a compound of particular concern. This study offers the first systematic assessment of HAA and HM mixture effects on thyroid function indicators and provides an analytical framework for evaluating the health impacts of pollutant mixture exposures.

Chlorination of drinking water is the most widely utilized disinfection technique; however, its reaction with naturally occurring organic matter causes the production of disinfection byproducts (DBPs), such as haloacetic acids (HAAs), which are the second most common DBP after trihalomethanes. This study investigates the occurrence and spatial variation of five HAA species (monochloroacetic acid (MCAA), dichloroacetic acid (DCAA), trichloroacetic acid (TCAA), monobromoacetic acid (MBAA), and dibromoacetic acid (DBAA)) in drinking water samples collected from eight locations in Jamia Nagar, New Delhi, during March-April 2023. Among these, only two species, i.e., DCAA and TCAA, were quantified, with mean concentrations of 13.97 ± 2.87µg/L and 13.22 ± 3.47µg/L, respectively, and total HAAs ranging from 20.81 to 34.95µg/L. These concentrations were well below the maximum contamination limit of 60µg/L given by USEPA, whereas no corresponding standards exist in India. Statistical analysis revealed strong positive correlations of HAA formation with residual chlorine, total organic carbon, and pH, while temperature exhibited a weak negative influence. Principal component analysis confirmed that residual chlorine, total organic carbon, and pH were the dominant contributors to HAA variability. Spatial mapping using kriging interpolation demonstrated higher HAA concentrations at sampling locations farther from the water treatment plant, indicating the effect of longer contact time between chlorine and organic precursors. The results highlight the need to consider HAAs in Indian drinking water standards and suggest that spatial monitoring can guide treatment upgrades and evidence-based policy making to ensure safe drinking water.

Na+ influx is a critical pathological event in various conditions such as ischemia, hyperosmotic stress, and organ failure. Although persistent activation of the transient receptor potential cation channel subfamily M member 4 (TRPM4) by chemical agonist Necrocide 1 (NC1) triggers necrosis by sodium overload (NECSO), the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. Here, we demonstrate that Na+ influx promotes necrosis by suppressing mitochondrial energy production. TRPM4-mediated Na⁺ entry elevates mitochondrial Na⁺ and reduces mitochondrial Ca²⁺ via NCLX, inhibiting oxidative phosphorylation and the Trichloroacetic acid (TCA) cycle, leading to severe energy depletion. This results in Na/K-ATPase inactivation, loss of ion gradients, cellular swelling and lysis. Our study reveals how sodium overload in NECSO disrupts mitochondrial metabolism to cause energy failure, potentially underlying diseases with elevated Na⁺.

Additive manufacturing has emerged as a versatile platform for electrode fabrication, offering cost efficiency, design flexibility, and compatibility with a wide range of materials. Electrochemical dehalogenation represents a critical strategy for the removal of toxic halogenated organic pollutants, such as chloroacetic acids, which pose significant environmental and health risks. The use of earth‐abundant metals, including iron, copper, and nickel, as well as carbon‐based materials, further enhances the sustainability and scalability of this approach. This concept article describes the electrochemical reduction of trichloroacetic acid at conventional electrodes and reviews the current state of research on electrochemical dehalogenation at additively manufactured electrodes. From this perspective, the further integration of advanced fabrication techniques, along with the application of machine learning and artificial intelligence, presents significant opportunities for innovation in materials and processes. In addition to electrode fabrication, the incorporation of in situ spectroscopy is proposed to gain deeper insight into the underlying reaction mechanisms. To bridge the gap between fundamental research and the implementation of new processes in industrial applications, a series of process optimization strategies is also outlined.

Electrocatalytic deuteration of trichloroacetic acid (TCAA) with D2O is a promising strategy for the synthesis of acetic-d3 acid-d (AA-d4), but its efficiency is limited by high overpotentials caused by sluggish multiproton/electron transfer kinetics and difficult cleavage of the C-Cl bond. Here, a polypyrrole-modified copper electrocatalyst (Cu@PPy) with a strong built-in electric field (BEF) is designed, effectively reducing the overpotential by 100 mV for the high-selectivity electrosynthesis of AA-d4 with a 94% FE, outperforming pure Cu. The strong BEF at the Cu/PPy interface facilitates the migration of K·D2O to the electrode surface and promotes the reorientation of the interfacial D2O into a D-down configuration, thereby promoting the dissociation of D2O to supply *D for subsequent TCAA deuteration. Moreover, the enhanced adsorption and accelerated electron transfer arising from the electric field promote C-Cl bond activation, thus improving the dechlorination and deuteration kinetics. This strategy enables scale-up electrosynthesis of AA-d4 at 2.5 A with a high FE of 85%, operating at a lower cell voltage of 2.25 V, highlighting its potential.

Combined exposure of enrofloxacin and disinfection byproducts under environmentally relevant concentrations enhances antibiotic resistance risks in livestock wastewater.

Predicting regulated and emerging disinfection byproducts in small drinking water catchments using machine learning.

Combining complementary multiplex extraction chemistries enhances proteome coverage and analytical insights in tiny insects: A study on sweet potato whitefly Bemisia tabaci.

Effects of different deproteinization methods on the hepatoprotective activity of Smilax china L. polysaccharides against CCl4-induced acute liver injury in mice.

Gestational Trichloroacetic Acid Exposure Induces Miscarriage by Disrupting Iron Homeostasis in Trophoblasts via the KEAP1-NRF2 Pathway

Microalgae, such as Euglena cantabrica, are rich in secondary metabolites, including polyphenols, which are valued for their antioxidant and therapeutic properties. Here a rapid, cost-effective and efficient protocol using a trichloroacetic acid (TCA) solution was developed for the production of an extract from E. cantabrica (EuPoly). The potential environmental and biomedical applications of this new extract were evaluated. The effects of EuPoly extract were tested on normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDFs) and on breast cancer cells of the triple-negative MDA-MB-231 cell line. EuPoly was able to increase the NHDFs survival in oxidative -stress conditions and, on the contrary, to induce a decrease in cell viability of the breast cancer cells. EuPoly was also used to functionalize frustules (FEuPoly), mesoporous silica structures from diatoms. FEuPoly were investigated for the complexation of Cu2+ and Ni2+, as new potential tools for metal-ion decontamination. Finally, the scaffolding properties of FEuPoly were here assessed in the bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) growth and their osteo-differentiation. This study provides new insights into the sustainable valorization of algae extracts, showing that TCA E. cantabrica extract and functionalized frustules may serve as multifunctional, eco-friendly resources for biomedical applications, as antioxidants and cancer cell inhibitor, metal ions-trapping and tissue osteo-repair.