Trichloride Solution Research Articles

Controllable construction of ultrathin graphene quantum dots/polyamide nanofilms via electrospray interfacial polymerization

Ultrathin polyamide (PA) nanofilms with a controllable structure are of great significance in nanofiltration (NF). We report on a novel approach to preparing PA nanofilms based on electrospray and interfacial polymerization (E-IP) by incorporating graphene quantum dots (GQDs) in piperazine (PIP) solution and co-reacting with 1,3,5-benzenetricarbonyl trichloride (TMC) solution on the surface of a polyvinyl chloride (PVC) substrate membrane. The physicochemical structures of the PA nanofilms (like the crosslinking degree, zeta potential, pore size distribution, surface roughness and the thickness) were tailored by adjusting the electrospray time and GQDs concentrations. The results showed that the addition of GQDs significantly reduced the electrospray time required for the resulting membrane to achieve a Na2SO4 rejection of over 95 %, with a significantly reduced skin layer thickness in the PA nanofilms. Compared to the PA/PVC NF membrane without the addition of GQDs, the GQDs-PA/PVC NF membrane formed at an electrospray time of 15 min exhibited enhanced separation performance, with the Na2SO4 rejection increasing from 75.0 % to 98.8 % and water flux increasing from 34.5 to 41.0 L/(m2·h). In addition, the NF membranes formed at short electrospray times (i.e., 2, 4, and 5 min) could achieve more than 98 % Congo Red (CR) rejection and exhibit a minor increase in permeation flux after the addition of GQDs. This study provided an insight into the uniform addition of nanomaterials into PA nanofilms to fine-tune the membrane structure.

Generation of excited Sm2+ ion and luminescence during sonochemical reduction of Sm3+ by solvated electron

Spectra of moving single-bubble sonoluminescence have been obtained for trichloride solutions of Sm, Tm and Yb in water and ethylene glycol. In addition to continuum solvent, the spectrum of Sm3+ salt in ethylene glycol contains a wide luminescence maximum at 754 nm. This maximum is related to 4f55d → 4f6 radiative transition *Sm2+ → Sm2+ + hν. Based on the analysis of available data on the nature of sonoluminescence of different lanthanide ions and the influence of the H+ electron acceptor on it, it is concluded that *Sm2+ formed by reduction of Sm3+ by electron solvated in ethylene glycol. The latter is generated during the solvent sonolysis. The formation and sonochemiluminescence of *Tm2+ and *Yb2+ under the same conditions of sonolysis was not found. Analysis of published literature shows that this new discovered example of generation and light emission of *Men + metal ion upon reduction of Me(n+1)+ by solvated electron, apparently, is a general phenomenon for transition metals if the reduction reaction energy is sufficient for electronic excitation of Men+.

Brass wires with different surface wettability used for in-tube solid-phase microextraction

Metal wires have been widely used as substrates for solid-phase microextraction (SPME) fibers instead of commonly fragile silica fibers, but complicated coating modification of their surface is required. Herein, a series of brass wires were soaked in an acidic iron trichloride solution with ultrasonication, which etched the brass surface through a redox reaction. The surface wettability of the pristine brass wire was transformed from hydrophobic to hydrophilic owing to the formation of micro/nanoscale hierarchical structures. After modification with n-octadecanethiol (ODT) and 2-naphthalenethiol (NT), respectively, both wires exhibited superhydrophobicity. Characterization of the resulting wires was conducted using SEM and EDS, and the surface wettability was measured by a contact angle goniometer using identical brass meshes. To build an in-tube SPME–high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) online system, the extraction tube was connected with HPLC equipment by replacing the sample loop of a six-port valve. Four types of wires, including the pristine hydrophobic brass wire, the hydrophilic wire after chemical etching, and both superhydrophobic wires, were comparatively applied to the extraction of six estrogens. The optimized extraction conditions were a sample volume of 60 mL, an injection rate of 2 mL/min, and a desorption time of 2 min at a flow rate of 1 mL/min. The results showed that the highest estrogen extraction efficiency was obtained using the superhydrophobic wire modified by NT, with the enrichment factors in the range of 36–350. Furthermore, the superhydrophobic NT wire exhibited a higher extraction efficiency than the ODT wire with identical superhydrophobicity. This demonstrated that the higher extraction efficiency was mainly dependent on π–π interactions between the sorbent containing naphthalene rings and the target compounds containing benzene rings, rather than surface wettability.

A sustainable biorefinery strategy: Conversion and fractionation in a facile biphasic system towards integrated lignocellulose valorizations

A sustainable and integrated biorefinery strategy was achieved by a facile biphasic system, ferric trichloride (FeCl3) solution assisted by methyl isobutyl ketone (MIBK), yielding multiple products: furfural, sugars, and lignin nano-particles simultaneously. For the highest yield of furfural, the conditions were optimized resulting in 75.55% and over 69.38% of the yields from xylose and some typical biomasses respectively. Both the catalyst and MIBK can be recycled. Eucalyptus was lucubrated on the valorizations of three major-components with 75.18% of furfural yield, 97.54% of cellulase digestibility from the residue and lignin nano-particles. Meanwhile, the regularities of biomass degradation under this biphasic system were summarized as well as high digestibility which was resulted by hemicellulose and lignin removal in cooperation with the amount of the cellulase binding sites. Based on the proposed biorefinery strategy, 65.82% of the initial mass can be valorized into high-value end-products.

New sonochemiluminescence involving solvated electron in Ce(III)/Ce(IV) solutions

The moving single-bubble sonoluminescence of Ce3+ in water and ethylene glycol solutions of CeCl3 and (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6 was studied. As found, a significant part of intensity of the luminescence (100% with cerium concentration less than 10–4 M) is due to the sonochemiluminescence. A key reaction of sonochemiluminescence is the Ce4+ reduction by a solvated (or hydrated in water) electron: Ce4+ + es (eaq) → *Ce3+. Solvated electrons are formed in a solution via electrons ejection from a low-temperature plasma periodically generated in deformable moving bubble at acoustic vibrations. Reactions of heterolytic dissociation of solvents make up the source of electrons in the plasma. In aqueous CeCl3 solutions, the Ce4+ ion is formed at the oxidation of Ce3+ by OH radical. The latter species originates from homolytic dissociation of water in the plasma of the bubble, also penetrating from the moving bubble into the solution. The sonochemiluminescence in cerium trichloride solutions are quenched by the Br− (acceptor of OH) and H+ ions (acceptor of eaq). In water and ethylene glycol solutions of (NH4)2Ce(NO3)6, the sonochemiluminescence also quenched by the H+ ion. The sonochemiluminescence in CeCl3 solutions is registered at [Ce3+] ≥ 10–5 M. Then the sonochemiluminescence intensity increases with the cerium ion concentration and reaches the saturation plateau at 10–2 M. It was shown that sonophotoluminescence (re-emission of light of bubble plasma emitters by cerium ions) also contributes to the luminescence of Ce3+ in solutions with [Ce3+] ≥ 10–4 M. If the cerium concentration is more than 10–2 M, a third source contributes to luminescence, viz., the collisional excitation of Ce3+ ions penetrating into the moving bubble.

Synthesis of Titanium Trichloride

We have studied the preparation of titanium trichloride solutions by reducing aqueous titanium tetrachloride solutions with metallic aluminum. The results demonstrate that aqueous titanium tetrachloride solutions have higher reactivity with metallic aluminum than does pure titanium tetrachloride. The highest stability is offered by solutions prepared from aqueous 25 to 40% titanium tetrachloride solutions. We have examined how the temperature and time of the reduction of aqueous titanium tetrachloride solutions influence the titanium trichloride yield and assessed the feasibility of preparing aqueous titanium trichloride solutions using aluminum waste (incineration plant slag) as a raw material. In our experiments, we have obtained combined samples of titanium trichloride solutions that can be used as catalysts or reagents in water purification processes.

Prediction of compressive strength of mortar near sodium chloride by artificial neural network

The compressive strength value of cement mortar is usually affected by the amount of sodium chloride, chemical admixture and cement grade. Therefore, the artificial neural network model is used to predict the mortar strength values of different cement grades and sodium chloride (NaCl) content. In order to predict the compressive strength of the mortar, an artificial neural network model of cement grade, different water-cement ratio, sodium chloride solution content, an output neuron and four input neurons was established. After immersion in 0%, 5%, and 10% sodium trichloride solution for 60 days, the compressive strength was measured using 12 different ratios. Artificial neural network (ANN) analysis shows that ANN as a nonlinear statistical data modeling tool can establish a strong correlation between sodium chloride content and compressive strength of cement mortar. In addition, modeling tools have a greater impact on different cement grades (42.5, 32.5 MPa).

Modelling of the Elementary Steps Involved in the Aluminum Electrochemical Deposition from Ionic Liquid Based Solution: The BMImCl/AlCl3 System

The energy hierarchy, of the main chemical species involved in the reaction mechanism relevant to the electrodeposition of aluminum in 1-Butyl-3-methylimidazolium chloride/aluminum trichloride solution (BMImCl/AlCl3), is studied by using ab-initio based theoretical calculations. Eventually, a reasonable theoretical estimate of energies, involved in the principal reactions ruling the aluminum electrodeposition from BMImCl ionic liquid solutions, is obtained. For screening purposes (geometry optimization and Hessian calculations) the CAMB3LYP density functional, DFT, has been used. Then single point (exploiting CAMB3LYP optimized geometries) energy data are obtained at the Møller-Plesset (MP2) level of the theory. They are used to cross-check DFT results. A reaction mechanism emerges in which, although the species AlCl−4 is formed with very high efficiency from the neutral species AlCl3, the competing reaction points to an almost complete conversion of aluminum to the dimeric form into bulk solution. This is observed in the absence and, most importantly, in the presence of a coordinating BMIm+ cation. In this respect, the presence of BMIm+ does not seem to affect significantly the equilibrium between the monomeric and dimeric forms of aluminum. This outcome is very interesting because the dimeric species is directly reduced to yield the metal aluminum. Indeed, a larger concentration of Al2Cl−7 gives due reason for a more effective electrodeposition process, as it is experimentally observed in the ionic liquid medium.

Design, preparation and biological evaluation of a 177Lu-labeled somatostatin receptor antagonist for targeted therapy of neuroendocrine tumors.

Somatostatin receptor-targeted radionuclide therapy has become an effective treatment in patients with neuroendocrine tumors. Recently, investigations on the development of antagonistic peptides are increasing with possible superior biological properties as opposed to the agonists. Herein, we have reported the development of a new somatostatin receptor peptide ligand labeled with 177Lu to achieve a therapeutic ligand for tumor treatment. The interactions of selected and drown ligands using Avogadro software were docked on somatostatin receptor by Dink algorithm. The best docked peptide-chelator conjugate (DOTA-p-Cl-Phe-Cyclo(d-Cys-l-BzThi-d-Aph-Lys-Thr-Cys)-d-Tyr-NH2) (DOTA-Peptide 2) was synthesized using the Fmoc solid-phase method. DOTA-Peptide 2 was radiolabeled with the 177Lu Trichloride (177LuCl3) solution at 95 °C for 30 min and radiochemical purity (RCP) of 177Lu-DOTA-Peptide 2 solution was monitored by radio-HPLC and radio-TLC procedures. The new radiolabeled peptide was evaluated for stability, receptor binding, internalization, biodistribution and single-photon emission computed tomography (SPECT) imaging using C6 glioma cells and C6 tumor-bearing rats. DOTA-Peptide 2 was obtained with 98% purity and efficiently labeled with 177Lu (RCP > 99%). 177Lu-DOTA-Peptide 2 showed a high value of stability in acetate buffer (91.4% at 312 h) and human plasma (>97% at 24 h). Radioconjugate exhibited low internalization (<5%) and high affinity for somatostatin receptors (Kd = 12.06 nM, Bmax = 0.20 pmol/106 cells) using saturation binding assay. Effective tumor uptake of 7.3% ID/g (percentage of injected dose per gram of tumor) at 4 h post-injection and fast clearance of radiopeptide from blood and other organs led to a high tumor-to-normal organ ratios. SPECT/CT imaging clearly showed the activity localization in tumor. The favorable antagonistic properties of 177Lu-DOTA-Peptide 2 on the somatostatin receptors can make it a suitable candidate for peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT). In the future study, the therapeutic application of this radiopeptide will be evaluated.

Influence of precursor solution concentration on the structural, optical and humidity sensing properties of spray-deposited TiO2 thin films

In the present paper, the influence of precursor concentration on the structural, optical, and humidity sensing properties of spray-deposited titanium dioxide (TiO2) films are investigated. The TiO2 thin films were successfully deposited by spraying different precursor concentrations such as 0.075 M, 0.1 M, and 0.125 M of titanium trichloride solution onto glass substrates. X-ray diffractometry (XRD) studies confirmed the polycrystalline anatase phase of TiO2 with dominant (101) plane. The crystallite size was found to increase with the increase in precursor concentration. The micro-strain and dislocation density in the film was observed to decrease as the crystallite size increased. The UV–vis spectra confirmed the optical absorbance edge of the samples shifted toward lower wavelengths with increased precursor concentration. The humidity sensing properties of the synthesized material were measured by monitoring the change in resistance of the sample with the change in relative humidity. The material synthesized with 0.1 M precursor concentration, by using the spray pyrolysis method, shows good sensitivity and has a response time of 77.5 s and fast recovery time of 3 s.

Effect of film thickness on humidity sensing of spray deposited TiO2 thin films

In the present paper, the effect of thickness of the spray deposited TiO2 thin films on structural, optical and humidity sensing properties have been explored. The TiO2 thin films were successfully deposited onto glass substrate by spraying 20 ml, 40 ml and 60 ml of 0.1 M titanium trichloride solution. The X ray diffractometric (XRD) studies revealed that deposited films were polycrystalline in nature and had TiO2 with anatase phase. The variation of thickness of film showed change in crystallite size which increased with film thickness. The inverse relation between crystallite size, dislocation density and specific surface area in the films were observed. Humidity sensing properties of the synthesized samples were measured. The maximum sensitivity of 88.86% at relative humidity of 95% with smaller hysteresis was observed for sample having thickness 1508.4 ± 0.5 nm. The results of humidity sensing for all samples are discussed in this paper.

On-line mini-column flow injection electrochemical method for researching on resuscitation and dehydration performance of deeply-fouled cation-exchange resins

For rapidly and accurately obtaining the performance parameters of ion-exchange resins, an especial online column flow-injection electrochemical method and system (FIA-ECM) was designed. In the research, the waste strong acid type cation-exchange resin (WSCR) was used as test sample, which was again immersed in the saturated ferric trichloride solution and lubricant oil for long time and heated at 110 °C to further deteriorate its ion-exchange performance. And then, the orthogonal and the single factor experiments on WSCR were conducted by using the FIA-ECM system. Under optimized conditions, the resuscitation rate of WSCR reached to 90% which can reuse in industry for various water treatments. Besides, a new conclusion was also obtained by using the FIA-ECM system, namely, exchange capacity of SCR being in drying state is higher than that in wetting state, and new SCR can be transported and saved in drying state, thus can notably reduce transport costs. The conclusion has very important significance in water treatment industry using resins. Merits of FIA-ECM were higher in automation extent, lower in reagent consumption in the test, inexistent in personal errors, and conducive to environmental protection. It can be extended to automatically and rapidly determine performances of various resins or new developed materials with cation-ion exchange capacity and screening of various revitalizers for resins.

Green Synthesis of Silver Nanoparticles using Extract of Pinus merkusii Jungh & De Vriese Cone Flower

The paper studies recent application of cone flower waste from Pinus merkusii Jungh & De Vriese for an environmentally unclear method for synthesis silver nanoparticle. Phytochemical characterization using iron trichloride solution showed the extract of Pinus merkusii cone flower contains of phenolic group of secondary metabolite. This group acts as both reducing and stabilizing agents. For the synthesis of silver nanoparticle, solution of silver nitrate is added to the extract at 60°C. The effect of extract concentration (5-20%) and time reaction (15-60 min) is investigated. The formation of silver nanoparticle is confirmed by the color change from yellowish to brown. Meanwhile, UV-Vis characterization of silver nanoparticle in extract 20% and 60 min reaction showed surface plasmon resonance (SPR) at 431 nm, and transmission electron microscope (TEM) revealed the particle size range in between 8 and 23 nm with a spherical in shape.

Dual-electrospray synthesis: A method of studying unique coordination complexes in the gas phase

Tris(2,2′-bipyridine)ruthenium(II) and similar complexes containing the 1,10-phenanthroline ligand were formed by spraying a ligand solution and a ruthenium trichloride solution through two independent electrospray (ESI) emitters. This was confirmed by comparing ion mobility drift time, mass spectra, and energy-resolved collision-induced dissociation (CID) breakdown curves with the corresponding reference standards. The complexes of 2,2′-bipyridine and 1,10-phenantroline with iron(II), and their mixed-ligand complexes formed by dual-spray exhibited two additional hydrogen atoms. By CID, these unique gas phase complexes showed similar initial ligand loss to the reference standards, however the sequential ligand loss showed unique dissociation channels and energetics. Density functional theory calculations of the [Fe(phen)3+2H]2+ complex and its fragment ions suggest that, after the initial loss of one ligand, the additional hydrogen atoms transfer to the central iron atom. The relative energy of the dissociation channels showed good agreement with experimental breakdown curves.

Superior selectivity and enhanced response characteristics of palladium sensitized vanadium pentoxide nanorods for detection of nitrogen dioxide gas

Vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanorods have been deposited onto the glass substrates by spraying 75ml of 30mM vanadium trichloride (VCl3) solution at optimized substrate temperature of 400°C. The XRD study confirms the formation of orthorhombic crystal structure of V2O5 nanorods. The FE-SEM micrograph shows the nanorods-like morphology of V2O5. The presence of palladium (Pd) in the Pd-sensitized V2O5 nanorods is confirmed using EDAX study. The gas sensing measurements show that the Pd-sensitized V2O5 sensing material is an outstanding candidate for nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas detection. Obtained results demonstrate that the Pd-sensitized V2O5 nanorods show the superior selectivity for NO2 gas in comparison with other gases such as NH3, H2S, CO, CO2 and SO2 at an operating temperature of 200°C. It shows the 75% response for 100ppm NO2 gas concentration with response and recovery times of 22s and 126s, respectively. Finally, the gas sensing mechanism based on chemisorption process is proposed to illustrate how Pd nanoparticles affect the gas sensing characteristics (response and response-recovery times).

Fast response of sprayed vanadium pentoxide (V2O5) nanorods towards nitrogen dioxide (NO2) gas detection

The V2O5 nanorods have been successfully spray deposited at optimized substrate temperature of 400°C onto the glass substrates using vanadium trichloride (VCl3) solution of different concentrations. The effect of solution concentration on the physicochemical and NO2 gas sensing properties of sprayed V2O5 nanorods is studied at different operating temperatures and gas concentrations. The XRD study reveals the formation of V2O5 having an orthorhombic symmetry. The FE-SEM micrographs show the nanorods-like morphology of V2O5. The AFM micrographs exhibit a well covered granular surface topography. For direct allowed transition, the band gap energy values are found to be decreased from 2.45eV to 2.42eV. The nanorods deposited with 30mM solution concentration shows the maximum response of 24.2% for 100ppm NO2 gas concentration at an operating temperature of 200°C with response and recovery times of 13s and 140s, respectively. Finally, the chemisorption mechanism of NO2 gas on the V2O5 nanorods is discussed.

English

Alangium salvifolium wang is a medicinal plant of the Alanginaceae family which was used as a traditional medicine to cure or prevent a variety of ailments. The aim of the study was to investigate and compare the phytochemical profiles, antioxidant and anticholinesterase effects of ethanol (EASR), dichloromethane (DASR), chloroform (CASR) and aqueous (AASR) extracts of A. salvifolium root. Phytochemical screening was done by using qualitative methods whereas total phenol content (TPC), total flavonoid content (TFC) and total flavonol content (TFlC) were determined by Folin-Ciocalteau reagent, aluminium trichloride and sodium acetate solution methods, respectively. Antioxidant activities were assessed by DPPH radical scavenging, ferric reducing antioxidant power (FRAP) and total antioxidant content (TAC) assay. Ellman's assay was applied to investigate acetylcholinesterase (AChE) and butyrylcholinesterase (BChE) enzyme inhibitory effect. Preliminary phytochemical screening revealed the presence of valuable phytochemicals with significantly (P*<0.05, P**<0.01, P***<0.001) different content of TPC, TFC and TFlC. CASR, among the extracts, had shown the highest TPC (492.38±22.34 mg/g gallic acid), followed by TFC (276.25±17.23 mg/g quercetin) and TFlC (332.92±7.07 mg/g quercetin). Moreover, maximum antioxidant potential, including DPPH radical scavenging (IC50: 11.26±1.29 µg/ml), FRAP (EC50: 26.64±2.17 µg/ml) and TAC (639.55±10.51 mg/g ascorbic acid) was found in the CASR. Donepezil, a standard drug, showed maximum inhibitory effect of AChE (IC50: 7.94±1.12 µg/ml) and BChE (IC50:12.58±2.15 µg/ml). CASR followed by DASR had potent inhibitory effects while AASR had mild and EASR practically had no inhibitory effects of the enzymes. The present study has demonstrated that the root extracts of the A. salvifolium have moderate to potent antioxidant and enzyme inhibitory effects. Key words: Alangium salvifolium, antioxidant, Anticholinesterase effect, phenol content, flavonoid content, 2,2-diphenylpicrylhydrazyl (DPPH), reducing power.

Controlled Electrodeposition of Bismuth Nanocatalysts for the Solution–Liquid–Solid Synthesis of CdSe Nanowires on Transparent Conductive Substrates

Semiconductor nanowires (NWs) composed of cadmium selenide (CdSe) have been directly grown on transparent conductive substrates via the solution-liquid-solid (SLS) approach using electrodeposited bismuth nanoparticles (Bi NPs) as catalyst. Bi NPs were fabricated on indium tin oxide (ITO) surfaces from a bismuth trichloride solution using potentiostatic double-pulse techniques. The size and density of electrodeposited Bi NPs were controlled by the pulse parameters. Since the NW diameter is governed by the dimension of the Bi catalyst, the electrodeposition is a reliable method to synthesize nanowires directly on substrates with a desired size and density. We show that the density can be adjusted from individual NWs on several square micrometer to very dense NW networks. The diameter can be controlled between thick nanowires above 100 nm to very thin NW of 7 nm in diameter, which is well below the respective exciton dimension. Hence, especially the thinnest NWs exhibit diameter-dependent photoluminescence energies as a result of quantum confinement effects in the radial dimension.

Thermolysis of acidic aluminum chloride solution and its products

A saturated acidic aluminum chloride solution with a total composition of AlCl 3 ·HCl·12H 2 O was obtained, and its behavior under thermal treatments was studied using thermogravimetry, differential scanning calorimetry and mass spectrometry techniques. The thermolysis solid products were characterized with XRD and SEM. Four stages of the thermolysis could be distinguished. Initially, the solution lost free water molecules, and an amorphous precipitate with an approximate composition AlCl 3 ·HCl·12 H 2 O was obtained as a product. The precipitate released eight water molecules in the temperature range 390–425 K. Then, all chlorine atoms in the form of HCl and two water molecules were outgassed at 425–485 K. The product completely lost water up to 650 K. The crystallization of the solid begins with appearance of the phase γ -Al 2 O 3 at 1073 K, and the final product, α -Al 2 O 3 , is observed at 1323 K. The application of the saturated trichloride solutions as a binder and a promoter for activated sintering of composite ceramics on the base of alumina was examined.

The Formation Process of Black Trivalent Chromium Conversion Coating on Zn Electrodeposit

A black trivalent chromium conversion coating (CCC) was obtained on Zn deposit in chromium trichloride solution at 55 °C. The formation process of trivalent CCC on Zn deposit were thoroughly investigated by using X-ray fluorescence spectrometer and X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy in combination with atomic force microscopy surface analysis. The trivalent CCC on Zn deposit is consisted of Zn, Cr, O, Ni, Co, P and N elements, with visible micro-cracks on the film’s surface. The growth rate, the surface color and the morphology of this conversion coating vary with the dipping time.