Tributary Population Research Articles

“Not even blood mixture could make them unworthy”: political loyalty and tribute in Bourbon New Spain

ABSTRACTThis article examines the shifting meanings of calidad and political loyalty as they applied to tributary status in Bourbon New Spain. While tribute had long remained a symbol of the relationship between crown and subject, Bourbon bureaucrats began to employ the language of calidad to explain tributary obligations. The use of calidad led to the creation of a robust tributary population that by mid-century produced record amounts of revenue. Despite the late-colonial expansion of tribute, bureaucrats would never reach a consensus regarding the precise nature of tributary status or calidad. I examine claims to conquistador ancestry from the early-eighteenth century to explore the uses of genealogy, calidad, and physical appearance as determinants of tributary status. Comparing an early case study with bureaucratic opinions from the end of the century, I argue that petitions for tribute exemption provided a forum for ordinary people and bureaucrats to debate the meanings of political loyalty and family history. Bureaucrats attempted to limit the extent to which the privileges granted to descendants of conquistadors could coexist with Afromexican calidad, while Afromexicans used petitions to establish a lineage of loyalty and services which could exempt them from tribute.

Strong population structure of Schizopygopsis chengi and the origin of S. chengi baoxingensis revealed by mtDNA and microsatellite markers

The Tibetan Plateau underwent dramatic geological and climatic changes, which had important implications for genetic divergence and population dynamics of freshwater fish populations. Fluctuations of the ecogeographical environment and major hydrographic formations might have promoted the formation of new subspecies or species. In order to understand the impact of plateau uplift on freshwater fish evolutionary history, we estimated the genetic diversity and population structure in two subspecies of Schizopygopsis chengi (S. c. chengi and S. c. baoxingensis) in upper Yangtze River in Tibetan Plateau area using mitochondrial DNA control region and eight microsatellite markers, which suggested that there was a close genetic relationship. S. chengi showed some significant genetic structure that did not correlate with geographic distance. Bayesian assignment tests indicated that S. chengi samples in the study could be divided into four populations: upstream population, midstream population, tributary population and S. c. baoxingensis population. S. c. chengi and S. c. baoxingensis showed significant genetic divergence. However, phylogenetic analysis, population structure analysis and historical gene flow estimation suggested that there was close genetic relationship between S. c. baoxingensis and the Dawei population which belongs to populations of S. c. chengi. The time that Dawei population suffered from a bottleneck and S. c. baoxingensis underwent population expansion was congruent with the last glacial period on the Tibetan Plateau. The results confirmed the hypothesis that the Dawei River and Baoxing River were once connected, and the Dawei and Baoxing populations originated from a single population, but were isolated into separate populations because of crustal movements and the Baoxing population evolved as S. c. baoxingensis.

Estimating the size of the spawning population and evaluating environmental controls on migration for a critically endangered Asian salmonid, Sakhalin taimen

Sakhalin taimen Parahucho perryi, an east Asian fish noted to be one of the largest salmonids in the world, is threatened throughout its range in northern Japan and neighboring Russian Federation. We report here on the first effort to enumerate and characterize the spawning run of a river population. We applied sonar and video methods in a tributary of the Sarufutsu River in Hokkaido, Japan, and evaluated environmental controls on migration. Over two years we estimated the tributary population to range from 335 to 425. We found passage rate by our site to increase with temperature and decrease with river discharge, and migratory cues were reinforced by strong diel fluctuations in environmental conditions. Finally, we report evidence of males arriving early to the spawning grounds in this species. Given our results and data on the recreational fishery, we conclude that a substantial number of individuals in the population are affected by angling, underscoring the need to establish fishing regulations. Further, our study indicates passage success can vary over the migration period, and efforts at modifying or removing impediments, and devoting more research to factors controlling passage, could ultimately improve the status of this species.

Migración y tributación en los Andes: Chichas y Lípez a fines del siglo XVII

The article makes a comparative analysis of the visita veneral of viceroy La Palata (1683) to two provinces located in the south of the present-day Bolivia. The main objective is to contribute to the general discussion on the causes of migration in the seventeenth Century in the Andes. Our analysis shows, how the mita system not only affected the movements of the indigenous tributary population, but also contributed to the formation of a group of migrants related to mining activities.

Genetic structure of a native cyprinid in a reservoir‐altered stream network

Summary1. Reservoirs modify riverine ecosystems worldwide, and often with deleterious impacts on native biota. The immediate effects of reservoirs on native fish species below dams and in impounded reaches have received considerable attention, but it is unclear how reservoirs may affect fish species at larger spatial and temporal scales. Documented declines of stream fish populations in direct tributaries of reservoirs suggest reservoir pools may reduce gene flow among historically connected populations.2. Because of increased predator densities in reservoirs and the extent of habitat alteration in impounded reaches, I predicted reservoir habitats would reduce gene flow among small‐bodied fish populations separated by reservoir habitat. I used microsatellite markers to assess the spatial genetic structure of populations of the red shiner (Cyprinella lutrensis), in a reservoir‐fragmented stream network (Lake Texoma, U.S.A.). I also tested the prediction that populations in two direct tributaries that have experienced population declines would have low genetic diversity. Individuals were collected from six sites upstream of the reservoir, three sites in the reservoir and three sites in direct tributaries of the reservoir during 2008 and 2009.3. Results indicate that most populations were isolated by distance with little divergence among populations. In one direct tributary population, however, there was substantial genetic divergence, and genetic diversity was significantly lower than in other populations. Gene flow also seemed to be lower in reservoir habitats than in intact stream habitats, suggesting reservoir habitats may be reducing gene flow among the reservoir‐separated populations. These results indicate that reservoirs may reduce gene flow among reservoir‐fragmented stream fish populations, altering the evolutionary trajectories of fragmented populations.

Parameters Affecting the Success of Protected Shoals Spider Lily,Hymenocallis Coronaria, in the Savannah River Basin, Georgia

ABSTRACT: Populations of state protected Augusta Shoals spider lily (Hymenocallis coronaria) are declining throughout its southeastern range in Alabama, Georgia, and South Carolina. Artificial flow rates and deer herbivory appear to be the major detriments to the three remaining populations of this species in the Augusta Shoals of the Savannah River, Georgia, where it was first discovered in 1773 by William Bartram. High and fluctuating flow rates in the Savannah River during the May–October portion of the growing season adversely affect flowering and seedling establishment compared to a tributary population in Stevens Creek east of Plum Branch, South Carolina. Water quality parameters and non-deer herbivory were similar in both populations as were asexual ramet formation and general clump size. Seed production and seedling establishment were examined in H. coronaria to determine how these were affected by flow rates. Cooperation between state and federal agencies regulating stream flow rates and deer her...

Genetic Structure and Diversity among Brook Trout from Isle Royale, Lake Nipigon, and Three Minnesota Tributaries of Lake Superior

AbstractBrook trout Salvelinus fontinalis from Isle Royale, Michigan, three Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior, and Lake Nipigon in Ontario were analyzed for genetic variation at 12 microsatellite DNA loci. Analysis of molecular variance, genetic distance measures, and cluster analysis were used to examine the diversity, gene flow, and relatedness among the samples. The diversity estimates for the samples from Isle Royale were similar to those for the samples collected from Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior, and all estimates were lower than those reported in other studies of brook trout from eastern North America. Genetic differences were detected among the brook trout at Isle Royale, Lake Nipigon, and the Minnesota tributaries of Lake Superior. Further, the population in Tobin Harbor at the eastern end of Isle Royale was distinct from the populations from tributaries at the southwestern end of the island. The Minnesota tributary population formed a group that was genetically distinct from those from Isle Royale and Lake Nipigon. The Isle Royale population should be managed to preserve the genetic and phenotypic variation that distinguishes it from the other brook trout populations analyzed to date.

Movements of Channel and Flathead Catfish between the Missouri River and a Tributary, Perche Creek

The lower segments of tributary streams provide the only remaining backwater habitat for much of the lower Missouri River. We describe the movements of adult channel catfish Ictalurus punctatus between a 13-km segment of the Missouri River and a tributary, Perche Creek, that enters the river in this segment to determine the extent to which river-dwelling fish use the tributary habitats. We used mark-recapture techniques to describe movements offish larger than 250 mm in total length between these habitats during a 22-month period. Most fish (59%) initially caught, recaptured, or both in the Missouri River moved into or out of Perche Creek, and most of these transient fish (72%) used the lower 8 km of the tributary. The tributary population was made up predominantly of resident fish (79%), which were initially caught and recaptured in Perche Creek. Channel catfish moved greater distances in the spring than in the fall and were more likely to move upstream in the spring and downstream in the fall. Fish shorter than 250 mm were more abundant in the river than in the creek and made up 45 and 35% of the catches in each area, respectively. Furthermore, of the fish longer than 280 mm, a greater proportion of the fish resident in the river (44%) than in the creek (33%) were longer than 380 mm. More fish longer than 380 mm moved from the creek to the river (44%) than from the river to the creek (26%). Thus, the tributary habitat was used most frequently by fish 280–380 mm long. Flathead catfish Pylodictis olivaris were much less abundant in the creek than in the river and did not provide sufficient sample sizes to evaluate movement patterns. However, based on abundances in our catches, the proportion of river flathead catfish using the creek was much lower than for channel catfish. Most of the few flathead catfish found in the creek were longer than 280 mm.

Cost minimizing positions, lengths and headways for parallel public transit lines having different speeds

In this paper, a model of a transit system is built in order to find for parallel lines in a rectangular city the lengths, positions, and headways which minimize user (travel time) and operating costs in response to a general population density function and differing line speeds. It is found that, at some point, low speed lines should be cut off, this point depending upon the relative positions, headways and speeds of adjacent lines. Further, it is found that the optimum position depends upon the tributary population and the changes in operating costs due to changes in line position. The optimum headway depends upon the tributary population, the operating cost and the change in operating cost due to changes in headway. Simplifying the problem by assuming a uniform population density, it is found that the optimum headway depends upon the average headway and the deviations of the reciprocal speed from the average reciprocal speed. Furthermore, if the fleet size is constrained, the optimum headway depends not only on these, but also on the variance of the headway and the covariance of the headway and reciprocal speed among the lines.

CLUSTERING OF SERVICES IN CENTRAL PLACES

Within a tertiary system entrepreneurs frequently must choose between places that command the largest local tributary population and places that possess the most desirable collection of complementary service activities. When command of tributary population is chosen over functional complementarity, the central place system increasingly assumes the clustering of activities in centers of a Losch-like system and diverges from those to be expected in a Christaller-like system. From 1960 to 1970 some activities in central Iowa were becoming more closely associated with other activities, but others were becoming more independent. Overall, there were more departures from Christaller's conditional order of entry principle at the end of this ten-year period than at the beginning. Seven functions in southern Minnesota from 1930 through 1970 showed departures from an order of entry scale that could be explained in terms of tributary areas which were larger than average for activities in places which lacked complementary activities, and smaller than average for activities absent from places which had a full complement of supporting activities.Agglomeration principle, Central place theory, Christaller, Losch, Iowa, Minnesota, Scalogram, Trade area.

Desirable Locations for Theater Sites<!--<xref ref-type="other" rid="fn1-10.5594_J15206">*</xref>-->

Land economics, sociology, and physical planning have enabled us to determine with scientific exactness the characteristics of the urban retail structure, of which the theater is a part. Today, the selection of the location of the theater is more important than ever before because of various new trends adversely affecting the motion picture industry. The following is the basic information required to determine the suitability of a location and site for a theater: size of the tributary population; living and spending habits; the retail pattern; physical characteristics; and the anticipated development of the area. Once these factors are ascertained, we can determine the relation between seating capacity and population in the tributary area and evaluate the economics involved.