Tribal Leaders Research Articles

Phenomenological Study of the Role of Sentani Women in the Family in Jayapura Regency in 2021

This research is motivated by the role of women in the household environment, so this role is considered an obligation that must be done hereditary by women. It can be described that the role of women in life ranging from pregnancy, childbirth and breastfeeding children, maintaining the survival of children to adulthood is a nature that must be lived by a woman. This study examined the role of Papuan women in the Sentani tribe as a family booster and health resilience for the community from the cultural point of view of the Sentani tribe, Papua. This research uses qualitative research methods of phenomenology in May - October 2021. The data collection was conducted with interviews with 14 informants consisting of tribal chiefs, community leaders, fathers, mothers and young women sentani. The results showed sentani women began their role in the household by preparing all the needs of family members as an early education for young women about their obligations as women. Mothers have an important responsibility to keep young women in a pattern of association and behave with boys. Sentani women have a dual role, in addition to shouldering the responsibility of being a mother who gives birth and prepares all the needs of children and her husband, they also play a role to prepare foodstuffs such as gardening or looking for fish in the lake. This role is always attached and passed down to their daughters.

Understanding the Reasons for Transition from Iranian Constitutional State to Authoritarian State: an Analysis in the Framework of Laclau and Mouffe’s Discourse Theory

Throughout the history, the formation of the constitutional state has been the first experience of the modern state in Iran. The change in power relations and the restriction of authoritarian power were among the most important issues of constitutional state. The current study aims at investigating the reasons for transition from Constitutional state to an authoritarian bureaucratic state by adopting Laclau and Mouffe’s framework to political discourse analysis. Research methodology is descriptive-analytical conducted by library–based data. The results showed that the constitutional revolution transformed the power structure and traditional state, but the constitutional revolution failed to create a new order. Despite legal provisions such as the formation of the parliamentary system and the constitution, the constitutional state was unable to exercise its legal power. The co-existence of traditional and reactionary components such as the Khānins, tribal leaders, tribal populations and owners in line with modern elements, intellectuals and the heterogeneity of the ruling political elites made the constitutional revolution incapable of producing profound politico-social changes. As a result, a number of internal and external factors such as financial crisis, tribal power, the imperialist treaty of 1907,disillusionment of political elites, the formation of centrifugal forces, insecurity and global chaos and development of neighboring countries, diversity of ideological in line with geopolitical points of view have been the most important factors in the transition to the authoritarian bureaucratic state of Pahlavi and the failure of the nation – building process and the collapse of politico-constitutional system in Iran.

In Our Sacred Voice – An Exploration of Tribal and Community Leader Perceptions as Health Communicators of Disease Prevention among American Indians in the Plains

ABSTRACT American Indians (AI) are disproportionately and significantly impacted by disease morbidity, mortalityand poor behavioral health outcomes. Health promotion and health communication programs exist to address these health disparities and health conditions; however, few programs fully integrate holistic approaches when targeting AI populations. The objective of this study was to explore how tribal and community leaders throughout the Central Plains (Kansas, Iowa, Missouri, and South Dakota) viewed themselves as health communicators and health promoters within their communities. Members of the Center for American Indian Community Health (CAICH) conducted 39 in-depth interviews with members of federally recognized tribes living in reservation communities as well as urban tribal communities across the region. Results from the sample show that these individuals do not necessarily see themselves as the “authority” health communicator or health promoter within their tribe or community. They did perceive themselves and others as gatekeepers of pertinent health information. Social and cultural authority within culturally centered messaging and collective delivery of this type of health information from trusted sources within tribes and communities is perceived to bolster health communication programs and positively impact health outcomes among AI populations.

Understanding phenomena of criminality: from dogmatic views to scientific theories

Criminality accompanies humanity for millennia. Despite the fact that this phenomenon has received much attention from researchers of different times and countries, its joint understanding is still missing. Taking into account the previous experience of cognition of this phenomenon, of course, should be the key to effective preventive action in current conditions. The purpose of the paper is to explore the main approaches in understanding criminality from prehistoric times to the present. It is claimed that historically the first awareness of mankind of socially dangerous behavior occurred during the reign of the primary tribal communities. People’s knowledge of the world around them was minimal at that time, and explanation of incomprehensible and undesirable was based only on the authority of tribal leaders and respect for social traditions. Given the actual lack of scientific and methodological basis as such, this format of views on violations of social norms can be described as a dogmatic approach. Religions have in their arsenal views on unacceptable behavior based on the authority of the Creator. At the same time, in the theological approach there is a variety of interpretations of the causes and essence of forbidden behavior – from purely fatalistic views to the recognition of human free will in the commission of encroachments. Examples in this regard are the Laws of Manu, the Old Testament. Genesis”, Books by J. Sprenger and G. Institoris “The Hammer of Witches”, “The Sum of Theology” by Thomas Aquinas,“Confession” by Augustine Aurelius and others. The scientific approach is characterized by the use of scientific methods of cognition in substantiating theories of criminality. The variety of views here includes theories of social causes, anthropological theories, theories of multiplicity of factors, and others. According to the anthropological direction, the essence of criminality was associated with the manifestation of biological (anthropological) properties of a human (genetic features, endocrine system, mental state, etc.). Sociological direction asserts the influence of social factors as factors in the formation of criminality (internal contradictions, class conflict, social exclusion, stigmatization, etc.). In this regard, there are theories that, along with the circumstances of social content as factors of crime outline also biological (anthropological). It is concluded that in the future understanding of the phenomenon of crime should take place on the basis of a scientific approach

Protecting Indigenous heritage objects, places, and values: challenges, responses, and responsibilities

ABSTRACT This paper examines ongoing challenges facing Indigenous peoples and their heritage, the consequences of inadequate heritage protection, and new initiatives that counter this. Indigenous scholars, tribal leaders, and others have done much to educate outsiders as to their heritage values and ways of life. My goal is to identify areas where governments, industry, the public, and even academic researchers have failed to understand this. I first examine seven significant challenges: 1) heritage site destruction and disturbance; 2) repatriation of ancestral remains; 3) unauthorised study of ancestral remains; 4) restrictions on access to or protection of sacred places; 5) dismissal of oral histories and traditional knowledge; 6) cultural appropriation and commodification; and 7) limited consultation or participation in heritage management. I then review six areas where informed and innovative actions are providing effective, respectful, and responsible heritage protection therein: 1) Indigenous participation, decision making and benefits flow; 2) Indigenous intellectual property; 3) research ethics; 4) new applications of archaeological methods; 5) policy development and implementation; and 6) corporate responsibility, public outreach and education.

Perspectives on Genetic Research: Results From a Survey of Navajo Community Members.

The Navajo Nation placed a moratorium on genetic research studies in 2002, in part due to concerns about historical distrust, exploitation, limited expertise and resources, and the lack of a genetics policy. Navajo tribal leaders, scientists, and policy experts are exploring the possibility of lifting the moratorium, developing a genetic research policy, and discussing its potential health implications. This study aimed to identify the key concerns, needs, and desires of Navajo people regarding genetic research. We conducted a survey of Navajo individuals to assess knowledge of the moratorium and research, gauge interest in genetic research, and quantify appropriate genetic research topics to understand broad views and concerns. We performed descriptive statistics and tested associations between relevant categorical variables using Chi-square tests. We hypothesized that individuals with more knowledge about the moratorium and health research increased the likelihood of supporting and participating in genetic research. A total of 690 surveys from Navajo respondents were analyzed. Of these, 63% of respondents reported being unaware of the Navajo Nation’s moratorium on genetic research. There were positive associations between those who knew about the moratorium and willingness to donate biospecimens for research under certain conditions, such as community involvement, review and approval by community leaders, research on diseases affecting the community, and support for lifting the moratorium (p-values < 0.001). We found no significant differences between age, gender, religious/spiritual beliefs, or agency affiliation with knowledge levels of genetics and related topics, participation in relation to beliefs, and donation of biospecimens. Interestingly, respondents who resided off the Navajo Nation were positively associated with having knowledge of the moratorium, having heard of discussions of genetics on the Navajo Nation, and the lawsuit filed by the Havasupai Tribe. Most respondents agreed that it was very important to develop a policy that incorporates cultural knowledge (56%), is beneficial (56%), and has data sharing protections (59%) before allowing genetic research on the Navajo Nation. Overall, a large proportion of respondents (46%) were unsure about lifting the moratorium and instead wanted more genetics education to assess its potential implications. The study results can inform the direction of future guidelines and policies.

حـرکــة الإصـــلاح العثمانــــی وانعکاساتها على المیدان الثقافی فی المشرق العربی

حرکة الإصلاح العثماني وانعکاساتها على الميدان الثقافي في المشرق العربي موحدة أحمد قسم الحضارات ،کلية الدراسات والبحوث الآسيوية، جامعة الزقازيق ،جمهورية مصر العربية. البريد الالکتروني :Sewary2016@gmail.com الملخص: لقد شملت النهضة العربية التي بدأت منذ منتصف القرن التاسع عشر مختلف جوانب الحياة العربية السياسية والاقتصادية والاجتماعية والثقافية، ولما کانت لکل حرکة قومية تضمن لنفسها واقعا تعمل من خلاله فقد أثمرت تلک النهضة الفکرية وأخذ صداها يترک آثاره على الأوضاع السياسية. حيث کانت للتنظيمات العثمانية وما أحدثته من تغيرات في الواقع الاقتصادي والاجتماعي وخاصة فيما يتعلق بحدوث انقلاب في طبيعة العلاقات الاجتماعية داخل القبيلة، وتعاون رؤساء العشائر وأثرياء المدن في الاستحواذ على کثير من الأراضي الزراعية والقرى وظهور طبقة الملاک. لقد ازداد الطلب على المنتجات الزراعية والحيوانية نتيجة التغلغل الاستعماري في الوطن العربي وتدفق رؤوس الأموال الأجنبية نحو الولايات العربية واتجاه التجار الأوربيين إلى جعل تلک الولايات کلها منتجة للمواد الأولية والغذائية، وسوقا لتصريف بضائعهم المصنوعة ومجالا لاستثمار أموالهم، في إقامة المشروعات أو تقديم القروض محاولين ربط اقتصادها بالسوق العالمية. الکلمات المفتاحية: الاصلاح، النهضة، المطابع، الصحافة، البعثات. The Ottoman reform movement and its repercussions on the cultural field in the Arab Mashreq Muahada Ahmad Department of Civilizations , College of Asian Studies and Research , Zagazig University, Egypt. E-mail: Sewary2016@gmail.com Abstract I've included the Arab renaissance that began since the mid-nineteenth century has included various aspects of Arab political, economic, social and cultural life and what was for each national movement to ensure for themselves a reality working through it that intellectual renaissance yielded and took resonate leaves its effects on the political situation and we are going first to the motives of the intellectual movement . The regulations of the Ottoman and caused changes in the economic and social reality, especially with regard to happen coup in the nature of social relations within the tribe, and the cooperation of tribal leaders and wealthy cities in the acquisition of a lot of agricultural land and villages and the emergence of landlords layer. Demand for agricultural and animal products has increased as a result of penetration of the colonial in the Arab world and the flow of foreign capital towards the Arab States and the direction of traders Europeans to make those States are all productive and raw food materials and a market for the disposal of their goods manufactured and scope to invest their money, to establish projects or provide loans, trying to link its economy market Global. Keywords: Reformation, Renaissance, Presses, Journalism, Missions

Precision medicine research with American Indian and Alaska Native communities: Results of a deliberative engagement with tribal leaders

Amid calls for greater diversity in precision medicine research, the perspectives of Indigenous people have been underexplored. Our goals were to understand tribal leaders' views regarding the potential benefits and risks of such research, explore its priority for their communities, and identify the policies and safeguards they consider essential. This article reports on the participants' perspectives regarding governance and policy, stewardship and sharing of information and biospecimens, and informed consent. After informal local dialogs with 21 tribal leaders, we convened a 2.5-day deliberation with tribal leaders (N= 10) in Anchorage, Alaska, in June 2019 using a combination of small group and plenary discussion, ranking, and voting exercises to explore the perspectives on precision medicine research. Tribal sovereignty was central to participants' ideas about precision medicine research. Although views were generally positive, provided that the appropriate controls were in place, some kinds of research were deemed unacceptable, and the collection of certain biospecimens was rejected by some participants. Differences were observed regarding the acceptability of broad consent. Tribal leaders in this study were generally supportive of precision medicine research, with the caveat that tribal oversight is essential for the establishment of research repositories and the conduct of research involving Indigenous participants.

Experiences of Health Insurance among American Indian Elders and Their Health Care Providers.

American Indian elders have a lower life expectancy than other aging populations in the United States because of inequities in health and in access to health care. To reduce such disparities, the 2010 Affordable Care Act included provisions to increase insurance enrollment among American Indians. Although the Indian Health Service remains underfunded, increases in insured rates have had significant impacts among American Indians and their health care providers. From June 2016 to March 2017, we conducted qualitative interviews with 96 American Indian elders (age 55+) and 47 professionals (including health care providers, outreach workers, public-sector administrators, and tribal leaders) in two southwestern states. Interviews focused on elders' experiences with health care and health insurance. We analyzed transcripts iteratively using open and focused coding techniques. Although tribal health programs have benefitted from insurance payments, the complexities of selecting, qualifying for, and maintaining health insurance are often profoundly alienating and destabilizing for American Indian elders and communities. Findings underscore the inadequacy of health-system reforms based on the expansion of private and individual insurance plans in ameliorating health disparities among American Indian elders. Policy makers must not neglect their responsibility to directly fund health care for American Indians.

Impact of Hospital Strain on Excess Deaths During the COVID-19 Pandemic - United States, July 2020-July 2021.

Surges in COVID-19 cases have stressed hospital systems, negatively affected health care and public health infrastructures, and degraded national critical functions (1,2). Resource limitations, such as available hospital space, staffing, and supplies led some facilities to adopt crisis standards of care, the most extreme operating condition for hospitals, in which the focus of medical decision-making shifted from achieving the best outcomes for individual patients to addressing the immediate care needs of larger groups of patients (3). When hospitals deviated from conventional standards of care, many preventive and elective procedures were suspended, leading to the progression of serious conditions among some persons who would have benefitted from earlier diagnosis and intervention (4). During March-May 2020, U.S. emergency department visits declined by 23% for heart attacks, 20% for strokes, and 10% for diabetic emergencies (5). The Cybersecurity & Infrastructure Security Agency (CISA) COVID Task Force* examined the relationship between hospital strain and excess deaths during July 4, 2020-July 10, 2021, to assess the impact of COVID-19 surges on hospital system operations and potential effects on other critical infrastructure sectors and national critical functions. The study period included the months during which the highly transmissible SARS-CoV-2 B.1.617.2 (Delta) variant became predominant in the United States.† The negative binomial regression model used to calculate estimated deaths predicted that, if intensive care unit (ICU) bed use nationwide reached 75% capacity an estimated 12,000 additional excess deaths would occur nationally over the next 2 weeks. As hospitals exceed 100% ICU bed capacity, 80,000 excess deaths would be expected in the following 2 weeks. This analysis indicates the importance of controlling case growth and subsequent hospitalizations before severe strain. State, local, tribal, and territorial leaders could evaluate ways to reduce strain on public health and health care infrastructures, including implementing interventions to reduce overall disease prevalence such as vaccination and other prevention strategies, as well as ways to expand or enhance capacity during times of high disease prevalence.

TRIBAL DEVELOPMENT THROUGH PANCHAYATI RAJ SYSTEM IN ODISHA

Indian democracy, like all other democracies of the Western World, believes in sharing of power that necessitates the popular participation of these poor, illiterate and culturally deprived communities of the County. As most of the people in this County live in villages, so democracy in India can be successful with the progressive involvement of these Tribes in the institutions at the grass-roots level (Panchayati Raj Institutions). This noble goal can only be achieved with the emergence of the development-oriented institutional leadership from among these communities who make the rural people conscious of participating in developmental activities in villages. Accordingly, it is the aim of this study to know the attitude of the tribal people and elected tribal leaders (of Panchayati Raj Institutions), their level of political awareness, the factors of motivation for their political participation and to perceive how these leaders participate in various political activities especially relating to the rural self-governing institutions. Planning for promoting socio-economic development of marginalised people has emerged as a key function of Panchayats in India. This scenario is also found in the case of the scheduled areas of Odisha. This article argues that institutional arrangement and functioning of Panchayats have paved the way for formulation of decentralised development plans in these areas. The Panchayats have been playing a key role in the ways of formulating decentralised development plans and fostering the participation of tribal people in planning process. Many important issues related to socio-economic development of tribal people have been discussed in the meetings involving planning. Despite this, the goals of promoting socio-economic development of tribal people through formulating decentralised development plans have not achieved the desired results. Inadequate infrastructure and poor data management system at the Panchayat level and weak coordination among the various tiers have created hurdles in the path of formulation of decentralised development plans in the districts of Odisha. It is on this basis, that this article suggests decentralised planning as a systemic process in the scheduled areas under the guidance of the Panchayats. This article also says some conservative attitudes of tribes push them back because they feel that the election has harm to their culture and tradition, if the people get away from politics their society will be saved.

THE EXISTENCE AND POWER OF “NINIAK MAMAK” IN PRESERVING THE LUAMBEK DANCE WITHIN THE SINTUAK COMMUNITY

Niniak Mamak is part of a social group within Minangkabau tribe. He acts as a customary leader in Minangkabau clan. Niniak Mamak plays an important role in sustaining and continuity of cultures and customs which exist in the village. Thus, the role of Niniak Mamak becomes important in socio-cultural life of Minangkabau community. This article describes the role of Niniak Mamak in maintaining Luambek art in Sintuak village, Padang Pariaman district. The role and efforts of Niniak Mamak with his power as tribal leaders is the focus of attention in this study. This study is a qualitative research using descriptive analysis method. Qualitative data were obtained through literature study, direct observation, and various interviews with informants. Interviews and observations were based on indicators designed to refer to research questions. The analysis was carried out by combining the ethnographic and phenomenological analysis model as well as referring to the Miles and Huberman model. The result shows that the existence of Niniak Mamak with his power as rulers of relatives can encourage nephews and people in the community to be involved in preserving Luambek dance and cultivate it as a cultural heritage of their ancestors. In addition, through his role as a customary leader, Niniak Mamak places Luambek art as a symbol of his greatness in Sintuak community, Padang Pariaman district.

Wiederhergestellter Gottesdienst: Eine Deutung der zweiten Tempelvision Ezechiels (Ez 40-48) am Beispiel der Aufgaben der Priester und Leviten

Wiederhergestellter Gottesdienst: Eine Deutung der zweiten Tempelvision Ezechiels (Ez 40-48) am Beispiel der Aufgaben der Priester und Leviten

SOSIALISASI RAGAM HIAS ARSITEKTUR MELAYU DESA RANTAU BAIS SEBAGAI WISATA BUDAYA

Socialization of the decorative variety of Malay architectural buildings in Rantau Village can be useful to introduce cultural heritage in the form of Malay architectural buildings that have unique shapes. The implementation of the socialization introduces and provides understanding to the Rantau Bais village community about the cultural potential that can be developed into a cultural tourism destination. The socialization was carried out by presenting village officials, community leaders, tribal leaders and Tourism Awareness groups in one meeting and in the field. To determine the participants' understanding, pretest and posttest were conducted. From the results of the socialization from the beginning, many participants did not know about the potential and uniqueness of Malay architects in house buildings.

Beburughen Becce’ dalam Saloka Madura Sebagai Nasehat bagi Auditor

Every ethnicity and culture is unique and contains good ethics for society. Various advice and advice from parents, teachers, and tribal leaders can be conveyed in unique ways such as through the typical proverb of the culture itself. This paper explores how beburghen becce' (good advice) contained in saloka Madura can be advice for auditors in carrying out the audit process so that accounting scandals such as Arthur Andersen and Enron do not recur. The research method used is the study of literature obtained from various sources. This paper explains that beburughen becce' (good advice) contained in saloka Madura such as pakoh ngenneng ka kaju (nails stuck to wood), lakona lakone kennengnganna kennengnge (employees work on the place they live in), mon kerras paakerres (if it is hard it must be crispy), oreng jhujhur mate ngonjhur (honest people die long), and sweet jhe' dhuli kalodhu' pae' jhe' dhuli paloa (sweet, don't swallow bitter, don't immediately spit it out) can provide advice for auditors to carry out audits with independence, responsibility, objectivity, integrity, and skeptical.&#x0D; &#x0D;

Tumandari System and Electoral Politics; A Case of D. G. Khan District

This study deals with electoral politics and its relationship with Tumandarana System (a local landlordism) in Dera Ghazi Khan, a historic base camp of such a unique feudal system. This study is an exploration of Tumandars involvement in politics and elections of National Assembly and Provincial Assembly from 1988 to 2013. So, there is a scarcity of scholarly literature on this issue and this study is an attempt to fill this gap. The concept of Tumandar derived from Mangol history which means of ten thousand armed men. It has been modified time-to-time. Now, these Tumandars of Dera Ghazi Khan called as Tribal leader. Why Tumandarana System is dominating electoral politics of this region? This is a primary research question which have been explored. by applying qualitative and quantitative approaches and concludes that the patterns of tribal society are related to reliance upon horticultural system farming, having a strong grip over social economic resources. Tribal leaders have used this system to remain in power politics as well. Tribal leaders not only lead the tribe but, they are also political and administrative head of their tribe. Moreover, Tumandars or Tribal leaders create hurdle for vote casting and in the way of democratic system in district politics.

Kedudukan Perempuan Dalam Masyarakat Hukum Adat Melayu Riau

The purpose of this paper is to determine the position and role of women in the Riau Malay customary law community and to find out the Rights and Obligations of Women in Leadership and Election of Riau Malay Customary Heads. It was found for the first time that the position and role of women in indigenous peoples in Riau differed between regions. This is because the customary system in Riau also varies from one region to another. The two rights and obligations of women in the Leadership and Election of Customary Heads are not too big. women do not even have the right to become tribal leaders, but in certain areas women have the special right to reject the chosen adat leader. This may result in re-election, provided it is in accordance with custom.

Reducing risk for gestational diabetes among American Indian and Alaska Native teenagers: Tribal leaders' recommendations.

To elicit feedback from tribal leaders and American Indian/Alaska Native (AI/AN) health system administrators as a national stakeholder perspective to inform the development of a gestational diabetes mellitus (GDM) risk reduction and preconception counseling intervention for AI/AN teenagers at high risk for GDM. A semi-structured focus group interview guide was developed by both principal investigators and qualitative methods experts. Using open-ended questions about the Reproductive-health Education and Awareness of Diabetes in Youth for Girls (READY-Girls) booklet and video clips, AI/AN health care system administrators and elected tribal leaders attending the 2015 National Indian Health Board Conference in Washington, DC, made recommendations on adaptation for an AI/AN audience. The focus group was recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analyzed by two researchers using an inductive coding technique with constant comparison method as supported by the grounded theory approach. Recommendations from the 12 participants included: (1) the best ways to communicate with AI/AN teenagers, (2) the importance of parental, family, and community education and engagement to support AI/AN teenagers in GDM risk reduction, and (3) building on traditional AI/AN cultural values and practices, while accommodating differences between tribes and regions. Findings from this focus group were used to inform the iterative development of a GDM risk reduction and preconception counseling intervention for AI/AN teenagers.

Development of a Tribally-led Gardening Curriculum for Indigenous Preschool Children: The FRESH Study

Development of a Tribally-led Gardening Curriculum for Indigenous Preschool Children: The FRESH Study

The Politics of Tribalization in Syria

International media outlets have covered the news of Syrian tribes since the beginning of the protest movement that erupted in the country in 2011. This started with the “Friday of Tribes,” when Syrian tribes participating in protests against the Syrian regime in the Syrian city of Dar‘a began chanting “faz‘a” (chanting for support), which meant that they were seeking solidarity from other tribes for defense against the regime's aggression. As the Syrian uprising turned into a civil war that involved many players, some media outlets focused on the scenes of tribal leaders pledging allegiance to the Islamic State of Iraq and Syria (ISIS), or of others being summoned to Geneva, Switzerland, to hold talks with Western powers about the possibility of mobilizing against ISIS militants. One could only wonder exactly why tribal loyalties continued to play such a significant role in the everyday events of the Syrian civil war when many civil society advocates had argued that tribal affiliation in Syria had diminished.