Triangular Patch Antenna Research Articles

Neurospectral Computation for the Resonant Characteristics of an Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna on Suspended Substrates

Modeling and design of an equilateral triangular patch antenna on suspended and single substrate are accomplished in this paper. The spectral domain approach is important due to its accuracy, but has a high computational cost. On the other hand, the Artificial Neural Networks (ANNs) have recently become a fast and flexible vehicle for modeling and designing microwave antennas. This paper introduces electromagnetic knowledge combined with ANNs to compute the resonant frequency of the fundamental and higher order modes and to eliminate the difficulties of handling the singularity points encountered in the numerical evaluation of integrals. The resonant frequency results obtained from the neural model are in very good agreement with the experimental and theoretical results available in the literature.

Differentially Fed Shorted Triangular Patch Antenna with High Cross-Polar Discrimination and Pattern Symmetry

A differentially fed shorted triangular patch antenna with high cross-polar discrimination (XPD) and pattern symmetry about the boresight is presented. A new shorted triangular patch configuration is projected that uses a shorting wall at the middle apart from the widely explored back short. Two dedicated L-probes have been conceived for the excitation of the antenna in the TM11 and TM20 modes. The differentially fed antenna exhibits 49.43% impedance bandwidth and produces XPD ≈ 43 dB without any pattern tilt and 9 dBi gain. The achieved high XPD, patterns without tilt, and wider bandwidth are the superiority of the proposed antenna compared to earlier reports. An X-band prototype has been realized and experimentally validated. Relevant experimental results are also presented.

High-gain TM11 mode equilateral triangular patch antenna with shorting pins and triangular short horn

Abstract Normally, the reported gain of the microstrip patch antenna is within 8 dBi. Using properly located three shorting pins on three bisectors, the present work reports a method to convert the non-radiating TM11 mode of equilateral triangular patch antennas (ETPAs) to a deformed TM11 radiating mode. The boresight gain of ETPA operating in TM11 mode is enhanced from −10.75 to 12.1 dBi at 5.43 GHz. The boresight measured gain is further enhanced to 14.2 dBi at 5.52 GHz by using a triangular surface-mounted short horn (SMSH) of about ${{\lambda }}/5$ height. The aperture efficiency of the ETPA with the shorting pins is 84.2%. The aperture efficiency is further improved to 94.2% using the SMSH. The measured boresight cross-polarization and side-lobe level are −40 and −29 dB, respectively. The nature of the electricfield and surface current distribution is analyzed, using both the characteristic mode analysis method and high-frequency structure simulator, to understand the role of shorting pin and coaxial feed in converting the non-radiating TM11 mode to the radiating mode. A systematic design process also is presented for a fast design of shorting pin-loaded ETPA on the suitable substrate at a specified frequency.

Miniaturized Wideband Circularly Polarized Triangular Patch Antennas based on Characteristic Mode Analysis

A miniaturized, wideband circularly polarized (CP) antenna based on coupled triangular patches is presented. Initially, two identical triangular patches with shorting pins are placed close to each other in a perpendicular orientation. Hence, a pair of orthogonal modes can be produced based on the coupled resonators. Under the characteristic mode analysis (CMA), it can be found that the 90∘ phase difference is achieved by modulating gap distance and shorting pins numbers. Both the shape of triangle patches and shorting pins contribute to the miniaturization. To further improve the AR bandwidth, a third patch is added to form a new mode. Thanks to the triple modes produced by the three patch elements, two AR minima are constructed to broaden the AR bandwidth. With this compact arrangement and shorting pins, a miniaturized wideband CP patch antenna with a 5.2% AR bandwidth is successfully implemented. The overall size of the antenna is merely 0.34λ0×0.33λ0×0.046λ0.

Minimally Invasive Shorting Technique to Suppress Cross-Polarization in Triangular Patch Antennas Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

Minimally Invasive Shorting Technique to Suppress Cross-Polarization in Triangular Patch Antennas Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

Design and analysis the performance of triangular patch antenna for THz applications

Modern technology advancement requires a more extensive data rate to convey information more rapidly than ever. Improved bandwidth can satisfy the need for high-speed transmission demand. In order to achieve significantly increased bandwidth for a high data rate communication, the antenna design at the THz band is essential. The microstrip patch antenna is one of the most prominent antennas for THz band applications such future 5G communication systems and advanced wireless communication system. This paper proposed a triangular patch antenna for THz applications where FR4 is used at the substrate as an insulator and Graphene at the patch as a conductor. Moreover, we improve the performance of the proposed antenna by modifying the shape of the patch and ground (GND) layer. We modify the patch shape by cutting the corner edge of the triangular patch. Moreover, the GND layer is modified with horizontally partial ground. The size of the proposed antenna is set to 160×120 µm2. We analyze the performance of the proposed antenna using CST simulation software. Based on the simulation results, the proposed antenna with a modified patch and GND shape shows wide bandwidth of 1.27 THz and minimal return loss of -33.22 dB at a resonant frequency of 2.28 THz. Additionally, the gain and efficiency of the suggested antenna show good improvement. Therefore, the proposed triangular patch antenna with a modified patch and GND shape is expected to be suitable for high-speed THz applications.

Revolutionary Triangular Patch Antenna with Dumbbell-Shaped Defected Ground Structure for 5G at 3.7 GHz: A Disruptive Design Innovation

This research proposes the use of a triangularshaped printed antenna operating at 3.7 GHz as a Defected Ground Structure (DGS) for a 5G communication system. The design of triangular antenna is incorporates with a printed Dumbbell shaped DGS structure in order to reduce the cost of antenna fabrication. The aim is to improve service performance, effectiveness, and quality of 5G communication systems. The proposed antenna has been analyzed and found to have return losses of -28.73 dB at the resonant frequency of 3.73 GHz, and an antenna gain of 3.23 dB. The DGS design is expected to increase the performance and this antenna be a choice for 5G communication systems.

Study and Development of a Multi-band Triangular Patch Antenna for 2.45/5.8 GHz WLAN and Wi-Fi Applications

Study and Development of a Multi-band Triangular Patch Antenna for 2.45/5.8 GHz WLAN and Wi-Fi Applications

Simulation and Study of a Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna

This study considers the simulation and study of a probe fed triangular microstrip patch antenna developed on a FR4 type substrate. The antenna design is first simulated using Sonnet Lite™ electromagnetic (EM) analysis software. Sonnet Lite™ is memory limited free version of commercial Sonnet™ electromagnetic analysis tool. It is based on method of moments technique to solve electromagnetic boundary value problem. The simulation predicted antenna resonant frequency to be 2360 MHz, Return Loss bandwidth of 36 MHz and input impedance of 52.72 Ohm. The antenna is then studied for its return loss (RL), voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR) and impedance (ZIn1) to determine its resonant frequency. The antenna resonant frequency is found to be 2380 MHz and its return loss bandwidth to be 60 MHz. The antenna radiation pattern is then measured at 2380 MHz. The RL, VSWR and ZIn1 of antenna predicated by Sonnet Lite™ are compared with their measurements which show a good agreement.

Radiation Performance of Different Triangular Microstrip Patch Antenna Configuration Shapes Operating at 28 GHz

The radiation performance of different triangular microstrip patch antenna (TMPA) shapes such as right triangle (RTMPA), isosceles triangle (ITMPA), obtuse triangle (OTMPA), and equilateral triangle (ETMPA) operating at (28 GHz) are computed and compared using inset-fed techniques and Rogers-RT5880 substrate material of permittivity and (h=0.15 mm) height. The directivity, gain, efficiency, bandwidth, VSWR, S11 and 2D-radiation pattern for each mentioned triangular patch shapes are computed utilizing CST and HFSS method. The computed results reveal generally that the ETMPA provide better radiation performance whereas the OTMPA displays lower antenna radiation parameter values compared to the other considered ones. In addition, the antenna parameters of ETMPA with the use of coaxial probe fed are also simulated and the results are compared to those previously achieved experimentally and theoretically by other researchers. Generally, a good agreement between mentioned antenna parameter results is displayed and reliability of those achieved by CST with inset fed techniques is clearly observed. Moreover, the overall antenna parameter obtained, respectively, with CST and HFSS techniques for inset fed ETMPA are S11 (-28.68, -20.64), VSWR (1.076,1.20), gain (5.82, 6.29) dB, directivity (6.85, 7.09) dB, bandwidth (0.452, 0.369) GHz, efficiency (78.9%, 83.2%) and with a small antenna size of about (3.88 mm3) which is most reliable for 5G technology application systems.

A New Compact Triple-Band Triangular Patch Antenna for RF Energy Harvesting Applications in IoT Devices.

This work proposes a new compact triple-band triangular patch antenna for RF energy harvesting applications in IoT devices. It is realized on Teflon glass substrate with a thickness of 0.67 mm and a relative permittivity of 2.1. Four versions of this antenna have been designed and realized with inclinations of 0°, 30°, 60° and 90° to study the impact of the tilting on their characteristics (S11 parameter, radiation pattern, gain) and to explore the possibilities of their implementation in the architectures of electronic equipment according to the available space. The antenna is also realized on waterproof paper with a thickness of 0.1 mm and a relative permittivity of 1.4 for biomedical domain. All the antennas (vertical antenna, tilted antennas and antenna realized on waterproof paper) have a size of 39 × 9 mm2 and cover the 2.45 GHz and 5.2 GHz Wi-Fi bands and the 8.2 GHz band. A good agreement is obtained between measured and simulated results. Radiation patterns show that all the antennas are omnidirectional for 2.45 GHz and pseudo-omnidirectional for 5.2 GHz and 8.2 GHz with maximum measured gains of 2.6 dBi, 4.55 dBi and 6 dBi, respectively. The maximum measured radiation efficiencies for the three antenna configurations are, respectively, of 75%, 70% and 72%. The Specific Absorption Rate (SAR) for the antenna bound on the human body is of 1.1 W/kg, 0.71 W/kg and 0.45 W/kg, respectively, for the three frequencies 2.45 GHz, 5.2 GHz and 8.2 GHz. All these antennas are then applied to realize RF energy harvesting systems. These systems are designed, realized and tested for the frequency 2.45 GHz, −20 dBm input power and 2 kΩ resistance load. The maximum measured output DC power is of 7.68 µW with a maximum RF-to-DC conversion efficiency of 77%.

DESIGN AND REALIZATION OF WEARABLE ULTRAWIDEBAND ANTENNA TRIANGULAR PATCH FOR HEALTH APPLICATIONS WITH DEFECTED GROUND STRUCTURE METHODS

Wearable antenna is currently a very popular topic because it has the advantages of small size, light weight, and flexible shape. Because of their versatility, wearable antennas are often used in healthcare, as well as military applications. In this research, a wearable triangular patch antenna is designed at the Industrial, Scientific, Medical (ISM Band) 2.4 GHz frequency using Cordura Delinova 2000 textile as a substrate and copper tape as a conductor for the patch and ground plane. To obtain ultra-wideband characteristics, the Defected Ground Structure technique is used. From the simulation results carried out under normal conditions, a bandwidth of 1403.9 MHz is obtained with a VSWR value of 1.004 and a gain of 2.355 dBi. By adding a phantom with hand characteristics, the simulation results show a bandwidth of 1354.1 MHz, VSWR 1.36, Gain 7.35 dBi, and SAR 0.4 W/Kg at a distance of 30 mm from the phantom. From the measurements made under normal conditions, a bandwidth of 684.3 MHz, a VSWR of 1.1045 and a gain of 2.01 dBi are obtained. From the on-body measurement using wrist, the antenna obtains a bandwidth of 615.2 MHz and VSWR of 1.4027, at a distance of 30 mm from the phantom. Based on the parameters obtained in the measurement and simulation, the antenna can be used in the 2.4 GHz frequency.

Dual feed shorted triangular patch antenna at X-band

Dual feed shorted triangular patch antenna at X-band

Circularly Polarized Triangular Patch Antenna

Background: Circularly polarized (CP) antenna is an effective choice for wireless systems due to its insensitivity to the orientations of electromagnetic waves. Objective: A novel CP triangular patch antenna (CPTA) system is designed for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications. Methods: The CPTA, with a total size of 40.6 x 40.9 x 1.6 mm3, comprises a triangular patch positioned on the aperture of a V-shaped ground plane and a feeding network that powers the two corners of the patch. The network consists of a T-shaped divider with a 50 Ohm microstrip transmission line (MTL) and two 100 Ohm MTLs, and two matching strips are inserted at the end of the MTLs. Results: The antenna system shows UWB performance for both impedance bandwidth (IM-BW) of 4-11 GHz and axial ratio bandwidth (AR-BW) of 3.5-8.0 GHz. A detailed review is further carried out to manifest the superiority of CPTA over the state-of-the-art technology. Conclusion: It thus provides compatible IM-BW and AR-BW for UWB operations due to its optimal compact design.

Dual-Band Dual-Polarized Patch Antenna Using Characteristic Mode Analysis

In this research, a novel dual-band triangular patch antenna (TPA) with linear-orthogonal polarization is designed by utilizing degenerate modes (DMs). Current symmetries of fundamental DMs of TPA are exploited to achieve dual-band antenna operation. An equilateral triangular slot is inserted along one of the edges to separate resonant frequencies of DMs and simultaneously exciting them at different resonant frequencies. The location of the slot is chosen according to the current symmetries of the horizontal mode to elongate its current paths and moving it to a lower resonant frequency while keeping vertical mode at its fundamental resonant frequency. The prototype of the proposed single probe-fed antenna is fabricated and tested. The designed antenna exhibits low frequency ratio (FR) and broadside radiation patterns with gains of 4.96 and 6.10 dBi in the first and second bands, respectively. Low cross-polarization levels and linear-orthogonal polarization are achieved in both bands.

Design and analysis of triangular patch antenna with enhanced bandwidth for RF energy harvesting

A fractal antenna with triangular shape was introduced for Electromagnetic (EM) energy harvesting. Proposed antennas were designed at 10GHz using IE3D EM simulator software. Bandwidth plays very important role in wireless communication systems. More band width helps in collection of more energy from the atmosphere. Proposed multi band antenna of 0th iteration 9.8GHz, 15GHz and of 1st iteration 15.5GHz, 22GHz, 27GHz were achieved. Antennas with 0th and 1st iteration have 530MHz, 1220MHz and 410MHz, 1710MHz, 1820MHz respectively. The presented antenna can be very useful for radiofrequency (RF) energy harvesting system and can be used for many more applications.

Wideband Three-Port Equilateral Triangular Patch Antenna Generating Three Uncorrelated Waves for 5G MIMO Access Points

A wideband three-port equilateral triangular (ET) patch antenna capable of generating three uncorrelated broadside-radiation waves for 5G MIMO access-point application is presented. The three-port ET patch antenna has a simple structure for easy implementation. To our best knowledge, using a simple ET patch antenna to generate three uncorrelated waves for MIMO application is reported for the first time. The ET patch is mounted 11.5 mm above the ground plane and has three L-strip capacitive feeds placed below the patch’s three triangular tips. Three isolated fundamental TM <sub xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink">10</sub> modes polarized in three different directions can be excited to generate three uncorrelated waves at the same time. With a patch length of only 38 mm ( <inline-formula xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" xmlns:xlink="http://www.w3.org/1999/xlink"> <tex-math notation="LaTeX">$0.48\lambda $ </tex-math></inline-formula> at 3.75 GHz), the three-port ET patch antenna covers 3.3-4.2 GHz (5G N77 band) with impedance matching < −10 dB and port isolation >15 dB. Details of the three-port ET patch antenna are presented.

Triangular Ring Patch Antenna Analysis: Neuro-Fuzzy Model for Estimating of the Operating Frequency

In this study, a neuro-fuzzy (NF) analysis method is suggested for the estimation of the operating frequency of triangular ring patch antennas (TRPAs) that operate at ultra high band applications. Although the analysis of regular-shaped patch antennas (PAs) such as rectangular, triangle, and circle is easy, analysis of irregularly shaped patch antennas is difficult and time consuming. Here, this great effort and time has been eliminated by using an artificial intelligence technique such as NF. To create a data set for NF, 100 TRPAs with different physical and electrical properties (L, l, h, and εεrr) are simulated by using an electromagnetic simulator program. The currency and accuracy of the proposed approach is then confirmed on the measurement results of a prototype TRPA fabricated in this study. The results of NF model are compared with the simulation/measurement results and previously the method published in the literature.

MULTI BAND MICRO STRIP PATCH ANTENNA FOR WIRELESS APPLICATIONS

This research paper aims to design a new shape of the microstrip patch antenna. Combining a half circular and zigzag shape of a triangular patch antenna, we selected two different shapes of microstrip patch to obtained modern shape no one mentioned it before and it’s seems like a tulip rose, so this design achieved to works for multiband. The dimensions of the proposed antenna are (38×30×1.6) mm3 applied on the dielectric substrate FR-4, which has a relative dielectric constant of (εr=4.3) and loss tangent (tanδ=0.002). Both patch and ground are copper material with a thickness (t=0.035 mm). So four-band are achieved (5.1612-5.3874) GHz, (8.8729-10.067) GHz, (10.476-11.091) GHz, and (13.819-30) GHz. The return loss (S11) are (-20.784) dB, (-30.532) dB, (-19.246) dB and (-29.789) dB respectively. The antenna is printed by using FR-4 substrate and simulated by CST-Microwave studio software. This antenna works for various wireless applications such as Wi-FI, C band, X band, Ku band, Ka-band, cellular phones, and satellite communications.

Design and fabrication of compact triangular multiband microstrip patch antenna for C‐ and X‐band applications

SummaryModern portable communication devices require a compact antenna with superior performance and lower weight and size. The design and development of such a compact size antenna are a significant challenge for researchers. This proposed work compact slot‐based triangular patch antenna to work at the multiple resonance frequencies from 5 to 10 GHz using FR4 substrate is presented. The proposed antenna is simulated using High‐Frequency Structural Simulator (HFSS 2020R1). Simulated and fabricated antenna test results show that the proposed antenna can be suitably employed for the portable wireless transceivers in C and X bands. It has been inferred from the fabricated and measured results that the proposed slot‐based triangular patch antenna achieves the peak gain of 8 dBi and has excellent impedance matching properties such that return loss S11 is less than −10 dB and VSWR value is significantly closer to 1 at all the resonance frequencies.