Trends In Emigration Research Articles

A Capacity Audit of Medical Geneticists and Genetic Counsellors in South Africa, 2024: A National Crisis.

Community genetic services were introduced in South Africa almost seven decades ago, with medical geneticists and genetic counsellors being formally recognized for the past 30 years. Initial training platforms were established at academic centres countrywide, and posts for relevant healthcare professionals, including medical geneticists and genetic counsellors were created in the public sector. Despite these early advances, the number of these specialists required to address the rising burden of congenital disorders in the country remains far below required targets established by the National Department of Health. The aim of this study was to analyse the retrospective, current and projected number of medical geneticists and genetic counsellors in South Africa. The results indicate the number of practicing medical geneticists (n = 13) and genetic counsellors (n = 28) are currently at 10% and 5% of capacity targets, respectively. There is unequal distribution of these specialists between the public and private healthcare sectors, and geographical maldistribution. An alarming trend of emigration is particularly prevalent among newly qualified genetic counsellors. With the proportion of congenital disorders expected to continue to rise in coming years, together with the increasing proportion of ageing South Africans, it is imperative that health workforce planning addresses the ever-widening gap between the supply, demand and unmet need for these crucial specialists in South Africa.

Co-evolutive Resilience: The Hidden Identity of Phoenicia

Finiq is the biggest town in its municipality and has served as an administrative center for various years. Most of the dwellings are placed during the 1990-2000 decade, referring to the previous and the current maps. Because of massive emigration trends in the past, there are many abandoned and unfinished houses. The uninhabited villages that have been abandoned in recent decades make up a serious problem, which is all too common in many Balkan countries. As a result, various buildings are semi-finished and in a degraded state, both architectural and structural. Also, on top of the hill of Finiq, there is an archeological site of the old Phoenicia city. It serves as the main touristic attraction for the town, along with the bucolic scene of the countryside. By analyzing the territory of Finiq we figured out that there is a hidden identity of the urban structure. As the town lays morphologically on the strip, it fragmentises from the second and third row of buildings, showing a “missed typological block”. On the other hand, it shows the creation of spontaneous empty spaces, that suggest this hidden spirit of the town, created imaginatively by connecting them. The simple disposal of each building to the nearest one creates what Franco Purini calls the “border distance”, a distance that, like in Michelangelo’s fresco, creates a necessary situation for one to feel the magnetic force of attraction or repulsion between the two bodies. The space where this magnetic force is exerted is the key point from which to draw the hidden spirit of Finiq. It is precisely the shape of that space that will determine the rules for the evolution of the town's identity. We will analyze in this paper how this space "between" can “co-evolve” if the institutions and the people who live there find a common language to reinvent a new but existing architecture of the place. As spotted in the analysis, we can confirm that there is an identity in Finiq. A “hidden spirit” lies in empty and fragmented spaces. It’s a millennial town, therefore something stronger than the constructions exists there. The resilience of the context’s form, space, and time coexist in lost identity, which we can strongly expose by intervening surgically. the co-evolution of these public spaces must start from precise rules which, through the careful analysis of the architect and urban planner, must be able to direct the inevitable spontaneity of the place’s history, without having a drastic top- down effect.

Motivational Factors Influencing the Choice of Medical Studies and Future Career Plans among Montenegrin Students.

There is a concerning trend of emigration among highly educated individuals in Montenegro. This includes medical professionals who seek better job opportunities abroad. The aim of the present study was to identify the primary motivational factors driving Montenegrin medical students to pursue a career in medicine, and whether these factors undergo changes over the course of their studies. A cross-sectional study included 210 medical students in Montenegro, 27.62% were males, and 72.38% were females. The mean age of the students was 21.90 years (SD=3.05) (range 19-39). Their academic motivation was analysed using the Academic Motivation Scale, previously validated in various cultural contexts. The results showed that autonomous motivation levels were higher than controlled motivation levels (p<0.001) among students in Montenegro, which has been previously associated with better learning outcomes. Students with medical doctors among their family members had higher extrinsic motivation related to rewards and punishments (extrinsic motivation with external regulation p=0.018). Amotivation showed a trend of increasing as the students got closer to graduation (p=0.057). Only 8.1% of students planned a career in primary healthcare, and 1% wished to specialize in family medicine. This study's findings, which indicate high levels of autonomous motivation among medical students, are of significant importance. They contribute to a comprehensive understanding of the motivation factors among medical students and young healthcare professionals in Montenegro. Moreover, they provide a basis for the implementation of strategic interventions to retain highly skilled medical professionals within the country's workforce, thereby addressing the concerning trend of emigration among this group.

Emigration and fiscal gap in population-exporting region.

This paper analyzes how emigration impacts fiscal gap of population-exporting region in the long term. We construct a general equilibrium model of emigration and fiscal gap and make empirical verification using two-step system GMM model. Among the major lessons from this work, five general and striking results are worth highlighting: (1) the economic losses of emigration are the immediate cause of widening the fiscal gap. (2) in the short and long term, emigration can expand the fiscal revenue gap through the superimposed effect of tax rate and tax base. (3) the gap in fiscal expenditure is widened by the outflow of people in the short term. However, local governments would change the strategy to keep the spending gap from widening in the long run. (4) a positive impact of emigration on the fiscal gap. the more severe population emigration, the larger the fiscal gap. (5) when the trend of emigration becomes irreversible, the subsequent efforts of local governments to expand fiscal expenditure for attraction population would not only fail to revive the regional economy, but aggravate the expansion of fiscal gap. The contribution of research is twofold. On the one hand, it fills the theoretical gap between emigration and fiscal gap because previous studies have paid little attention to the fiscal problems of local government of population outflow. On the other hand, the selection of Northeast China that has been subject to long-term out-of-population migration is good evidence to verify this theory, which is tested very well using the 2S-GMM model. The comprehensive discussion on the relationship between emigration and fiscal gap is helpful to guide those continuous population-exporting regions that are facing a huge fiscal gap how to solve the fiscal gap and unsustainability from the perspective of fiscal revenue and expenditure.

AN EMPIRICAL STUDY OF POTENTIAL FACTORS IMPACTING STUDENT SATISFACTION – A STUDY FOCUSED ON STUDENTS LIVING IN THE NORTH OF ALBANIA AND ATTENDING PUBLIC UNIVERSITIES (CASE: UNIVERSITY OF SHKODRA, UNIVERSITY OF TIRANA AND THE UNIVERSITY OF MEDICINE, TIRANA

Objective: This study aims to explore the factors influencing student satisfaction among attendees of public universities in the northern region of Albania, against the backdrop of declining student enrollment and significant emigration trends. Theoretical Framework: Student satisfaction is understood as a crucial aspect of educational evaluation, influenced by various factors such as educational experiences, services, and facilities (Chatzoglou et al., 2021). Emphasis is placed on understanding the interplay between demographic variables and their impact on satisfaction levels. Method: Data was collected via questionnaires distributed to students at the University of Shkodra, Tirana, and the University of Medicine in 2023. Factor and reliability analyses were employed to identify significant factors affecting student satisfaction. Multiple regression analysis was conducted, with variables including reputation, cost of study, course quality, employability prospects, and service quality. Results and Discussion: The findings indicate that demographic variables exhibit a notable influence on student satisfaction levels. Moreover, the regression analysis identified several factors—such as reputation, cost of study, and service quality—as significant predictors of student satisfaction. Research Implications: This study contributes to understanding the nuanced dynamics of student satisfaction within the Albanian higher education context. The findings hold implications for university administrators and policymakers in devising strategies to enhance student satisfaction and address the challenges of declining enrollment. Originality/Value: By focusing on the specific context of northern Albanian public universities, this research sheds light on understudied aspects of student satisfaction amidst broader socio-economic challenges. The study's findings underscore the importance of tailored interventions to improve overall student experiences and retention rates.

‘There sails the ships; there is the Leveathon’: A Transatlantic Missionary's Journeys

A first-person account of a missionary's return transatlantic voyage linking the Scottish Highlands and Upper Canada in the 1850s offers a valuable insight into church operations and migrant networks as well as the realities of travel at a time of profound societal change. By considering the journal in its local contemporary situations, and by drawing on modern scholarship, this article considers the motivations for keeping the journal, push and pull factors related to religious and socioeconomic influences and observes that previous scholars have been correct in identifying an ongoing trend of episodic or temporary emigration for Highlanders and Scots in the mid-nineteenth century.

Migration anxieties in Eastern Europe. Material grounds for an anti-migrant turn in a global-historical perspective?

ABSTRACTSeeking to understand how socio-historical factors shaped global emigration trends in the new globalization cycle and how Eastern Europe’s integration into these processes might be linked to the rising nationalism and anti-migrant attitudes of this region, we created macro-models on a worldwide sample of 77 countries and examined the impact of the socio-economic change of the early 90’s on later emigration trends. The key research question refers to the macro-historical processes, which facilitated the spread and the rise of anti-migrant nationalism in Eastern Europe. Based on log-linear regression results, we found evidences, which support Bibó’s idea on how the historically evolving “misery” and insecurity of East European nations triggered migration anxieties in the opening-up phase of globalisation. Even though somewhat different developmental trajectories and structural pathways characterize the countries of this region – in terms of the cumulative impacts of opening up to global capital markets, the increasing incomes or re-ruralisation – an ex-socialist Eastern Europe at the fringe of an unequal and open market block seems to be a prime example of how the above pathways could have shaped public mentalities.

Incidence and prevalence of psychotic disorders, a county population study of Tirana hospital admissions

Objective: To estimate incidence and prevalence of first admissions for mental health diagnoses in the Tirana county catchment area and related admissions from other Albania counties to Tirana University Hospital Center “Mother Teresa”. Method: We used the historic dataset of mental health diagnoses composed of electronic patient records discharges. Tirana county, was the focus of the age standardized mean annual incidence (first admissions) per 100,000 population per region for ICD-9 three-digit codes - 295 (Schizophrenic psychoses), 296 (Affective psychoses) and 295-299 (Other psychoses), 2007 – 2021. Taking in consideration internal migration and emigration trends of the Albanian population we subdivided the study period in three periods, PI (2007-2011), PII (2012-2016), PIII (2017-2021). Mean annual incidence (first admissions) per 100,000 population per region and period prevalence, Albania, 2005 – 2021 were calculated. Results: During the study period, 2005 – 2021, resulted 21,287 diagnoses discharged as Mental Disorders (290-319) - ICD, 9th edition, period 2005-2021. First admissions were 12,251 cases, which were responsible for 57.6% of total admissions, of which 6,525 (53.3%) were males. Mean age (median) first admissions was 37.0 ± 15.5 (36.3) years. Age standardized mean annual incidence (first admissions) per 100,000 population (95% CI), Tirana county, Schizophrenic psychoses, Affective psychoses and Other psychoses, were respectively PI (15.48 [12.68 - 18.29], 19.38 [16.21 - 22.54] and 48.92 [43.69 - 54.16]), PII (10.05 [7.90 - 12.20], 14.29 [11.73 - 16.85] and 32.82 [28.93 - 36.71]) and PIII (9.24 [7.30 - 11.18], 18.82 [15.89 - 21.75] and 34.25 [30.29 - 38.20]). Tirana county, 17-year prevalence, of first hospitalizations was respectively by code, 224.8, 323.2 and 666.7 per 100,000 population. Conclusion: This aproach, from a tertiary hospital first admissions viewpoint can serve as a posible aproximation towards holistic studies. The synchronic study produces suficient backgroud information for next prospective level longitudinal studies.

Urban Sustainability Through the Lens of Migration - Case Study: City of Leskovac, Serbia

Abstract Sustainable spatial transformation, urban governance, and the constraints of urban-rural development can be traced through migration. In the Republic of Serbia, after the rapid increase in the number of people living in urban areas due to internal migration, structural changes in settlements have begun with natural decline and emigration. However, the far-reaching effects of migration on shrinkage have received little attention in policy or practice. To shed light on and predict possible future patterns, this paper looks at the attitudes and intentions of the population towards migration and identifies determinants that influence migration plans for possible future flows inside and from the Republic of Serbia. The paper is based on data from a survey and interviews conducted in the area of the City of Leskovac (N = 1124) with the population 20 + years, local authorities, civil society and the private sector, i.e. those who play a central role in addressing the challenges and optimizing the opportunities created by the growing trend of migration. The survey results show that most respondents support the emigration process, which is mainly influenced by economic factors. In this context, the trend of emigration is expected to continue in the future, and it is perceived as an obstacle to achieving sustainability goals and rarely as an opportunity.

УКРАЇНСЬКА ЕМІГРАЦІЯ В НІМЕЧЧИНІ (2014 – 2023 РР.)

The article, based on journalistic materials of the mass media, examines the situation of Ukrainian emigration to Germany in the period from 2014 to September 2023.The relevance refers to the fact that the demographic issue in Ukraine has become acute, and Germany is the second EU country with the largest number of Ukrainian refugees. There has been determined an approximate number of Ukrainians living in German territories in September 2023, whose contribution to the further development of both states is enormous. There are a few interesting aspects for research such as socio-cultural, economic, political etc. They provide insight into further trends of Ukrainian emigration in Germany. The purpose of the article is to represent comprehensive coverage of the key aspects and trends of Ukrainian emigration to Germany in the period from 2014 to September 2023. In result, nowadays Germany is a priority country for Ukrainian citizens seeking asylum because of Russian-Ukrainian war. There are several reasons for this, the most important of which is good social security. It is emphasized that Germany continues to enjoy popularity among the Ukrainian emigration, even despite a number of obstacles, such as language barrier, bureaucratization of many routine processes, housing rent, etc. Given the challenges faced by the author in this research, it was decided to use general scientific (analysis, induction) and special historical (systemic, comparative, retrospective, etc.) methods. Finally, the article analyzes and systematizes materials related to Ukrainian emigration to Germany in the period from 2014 to September 2023. It also identifies the peculiarities of the development of migration processes, represents the conditions offered to the Ukrainian refugees by the German government and clarifies Ukrainian emigrants’ attitudes towards their further stay in Germany.

Trends in emigration of Polish health professionals. Where are we heading?

Abstract Background Migration of health professionals is one of the key challenges for many healthcare systems. In Poland this phenomenon is still under-researched. The aim of our study was to explore the estimated trends and directions of emigration among Polish health professionals. Methods The research was based on the data analysis of specifying the number of people who applied for the certification of their professional qualifications (the right to practice a profession) at five national registers maintained by chambers of health professionals: 1) doctors and dentists, 2) nurses and midwives, 3) physiotherapists; 4) pharmacists and 5) laboratory diagnosticians. The gathered data reported information which allows for an approximate determination of how many professionals are considering a decision to migrate from Poland. Additionally exploration of data from the European Commission Regulated Profession Database in the EU Single Market was performed. Results About 7-9% of Polish doctors and nurses have applied for certificates, which confirm their right to practice their profession in other European countries. The number of such certificates applied for by physiotherapists is also worrying. Emigration among pharmacists and laboratory diagnosticians is rather marginal. The biggest number of certificates, was issued to health professionals in the years 2004-2007, right after Poland joined the EU. In the period 2008-2015 the trend was not constant and it was related to the healthcare reform and changes in health professionals’ remuneration. Since 2016 the number of health workers applying for the certificates is by to a certain extent falling. The main destination of Polish emigrants were and are: United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, Spain, Ireland, and EFTA countries (Norway, Switzerland). Conclusions Implementation of a mechanism for monitoring emigration is necessary, but systemic improvement of working conditions in Polish healthcare system is also needed. Key messages • The emigration, especially of young generations of medical staff, causes significant problems for the Polish healthcare system. • More in-depth research on migration of health professionals is necessary.

Educational migration from Tajikistan to Russia: trends and consequences

The article considers the scale of emigration from Tajikistan to Russia, the distribution of Tajik migrants on the territory of Russia, the importance of the educational migration development for Tajikistan . As well as the trends of educational emigration from Tajikistan to Russia, the prospects of educational migration from Tajikistan and practical recommendations for Tajikistan on the preservation and return of highly qualified specialists to the country are proposed . Tajikistan , as a country with a young return structure of the population , has become a significant participant in various migration flows in recent years . Migrants from Tajikistan can be divided into two parts according to the level of education : the first is young people with secondary or incomplete secondary education , very rarely – with vocational education . The second group consists of middle-aged and older people , skilled workers , and specialists with secondary specialized and higher education . Traditionally , Tajik youth went to study in Russia and Kazakhstan. Half of Tajik university graduates are trying to continue their studies and / or find a job abroad using the Internet. Many people see educational migration as one of the channels of emigration . This process is accompanied by the receipt byTajik citizens of another education orretraining , the recognition of Tajik diplomas , the passage of appropriate courses in the receiving countries . The socio-economic situation in Tajikistan and the opportunity to earn money and improve living conditions both inside the country and abroad were primarily the driving factor of migration from Tajikistan to Russia. The main reasons why migrants do not want to return to Tajikistan are not only low wages at home , but also great opportunities abroad , which have not only economic , but also political and social dimensions ( freedom of political views , the possibility of self-expression , the possibility of realizing abilities ). As a result of this wave of migration , Tajikistan is losing not only young people , but also bright potential . We need a policy of attracting highly qualified people to the country , which is impossible without real changes in the socio-economic and political sphere . The purpose of the article is to identify trends and prospects for the development of educational migration from Tajikistan to Russia, as well as the consequences of educational emigration for Tajikistan .

Emigration from Guinea and the Contribution of the Guinean Diaspora to the Socio-Economic Development of the Country

The article analyzes the trends of emigration from Guinea, which is one of the poorest countries in the world. The purpose of this study was to identify the contribution of the Guinean diaspora to the socio-economic development of the country. The article identifies the factors and main directions of emigration from Guinea, analyzes the current situation of the Guinean diaspora in the host countries, assesses the impact of emigration and diasporas on the demographic and socio-economic situation in Guinea, and also offers recommendations for managing migration and interacting with the diaspora for development. The study is based on the analysis of statistical data from international and foreign organizations, and also analyzes the results of sociological surveys conducted among various categories of Guinean migrants. Emigration from Guinea has a long history and is quite diverse in terms of factors and trends. Guinea's location in the ECOWAS zone plays a decisive role in the formation of emigration. But gradually emigration diversifies and reorients itself towards Europe and North America. Also, oil-producing countries of the Maghreb and the Middle East have become new directions for the emigration of Guineans over the past five years. Emigration flows from Guinea are distinguished by a high proportion of young people who see emigration as a means of socio-economic mobility and a way to implement life plans and strategies. The involvement of women in the flows of emigrants is increasing, primarily in the European direction. Unfortunately, the share of illegal emigrants from Guinea to European countries in the total emigration flow is increasing, primarily in the Italian direction. A significant differentiation of the educational level of emigrants was revealed depending on the channels and goals of migration, as well as the geography of emigration. Remittances and investments from the diaspora take place, but do not yet play a decisive role in the socio-economic development of the country. Rather, remittances represent a hidden and underutilized development potential of a country.

Хилиастический мираж Н.А. Бердяева и евразийство

The article is devoted to the problem of N. A. Berdyaev’s ambiguous and contradictory attitude to Eurasianism - the ultra-right political trend of Russian emigration in the 1920s and 1930s. The author sees the reasons for Berdyaev’s rapprochement with the Eurasians in the collapse of the religious and mystical ideal that captured the philosopher’s imagination during the First World War. Under the influence of religious excitement that seized part of the Russian intelligentsia in the pre-war period, he believed in the nearness of the end of history and the onset of the millennial Kingdom of God on earth. According to Berdyaev, Russia was called upon to fulfill its historical mission in this final act of the world drama. This role (the “Russian Idea”) was to unite the East and the West in a global religious and cultural synthesis. The revolution of 1917 destroyed Berdyaev’s eschatological ideal and forced him to radically reconsider his view. From a Christian anarchist, he turns into a statesman, a defender of conservative values and social hierarchy. During this period, his social philosophy is very close to the ideology of fascism. But fascism was a pan-European phenomenon and in each country had its own original versions. The Eurasian movement was one of the varieties of Russian fascism. Berdyaev’s political sympathies brought him closer to this movement and became the main reason for long-term cooperation with its leaders. However, the commitment to the values of individual freedom and Christian personalism as the basis of his worldview did not allow Berdyaev to go far in his passion for right-wing conservative ideas. In the late 1920s, he sharply criticized the totalitarian features of the Eurasian ideology. After the National Socialists came to power in Germany, Berdyaev gets the opportunity to compare European far-right regimes and creates a general theory of totalitarianism. In this theory, he uses Eurasian concepts and terminology. Thus, Eurasianism becomes a model for him, on the basis of which he develops his theory of totalitarianism. After the end of the Second World War, the philosopher got deeply disappointed. After the end of the Second World War, the disappointment of the philosopher was due to the failure of his hopes for a softening of the political regime in the USSR. He was again seized by gloomy forebodings of an unsuccessful end to human history. And although the hope for a favorable outcome of the struggle between good and evil did not leave Berdyaev until the end of his life, a sense of realism weakened those hopes and faith in the feasibility of the “Russian Idea”.

Exploration of Estimated Emigration Trends of Polish Health Professionals.

Background: Due to the significant staff shortages, emigration of health professionals is one of the key challenges for many healthcare systems. Objective: The aim of this article is to explore the estimated trends and directions of emigration among Polish health professionals. Methods: The emigration phenomenon of Polish health professionals is still under-researched and the number of studies in this field is limited. Thus, the authors have triangulated data using two methods: a data analysis of five national registers maintained by chambers of professionals (doctors, nurses, midwives, physiotherapists, pharmacists, and laboratory diagnosticians), and data analysis from the Regulated Profession Database in The EU Single Market. Results: According to the data from national registers, between 7–9% of practicing doctors and nurses have applied for certificates, which confirm their right to practice their profession in other European countries (most often the United Kingdom, Germany, Sweden, Spain, and Ireland). The relatively high number of such certificates applied for by physiotherapists is also worrying. Emigration among pharmacists and laboratory diagnosticians is rather marginal. Conclusions: Urgent implementation of an effective mechanism for monitoring emigration trends is necessary. Furthermore, it is not possible to retain qualified professionals without systemic improvement of working conditions within the Polish healthcare system.

Decenija populacionih promena u Evropi i Srbiji (2011 - 2020)

The period 2011 - 2020 was full of challenges that shook the slow demographic trends. The impact of the global economic crisis, war conflicts, and pandemics has been remarkable on population dynamics around the world, especially in Europe. The main goal of this paper is analysis of basic demographic indicators of births, deaths, migrations, as well as age structure and changes in the total population in Europe and Serbia. Fertility continues to decline in most countries. Only Eastern European countries have a positive trend, while the lowest values are in the countries of the southern part of Europe. Serbia belongs to a smaller group of countries that have recorded a modest increase. The trend of increasing life expectancy in Europe stops abruptly in the year of the pandemic (2020) and returns to the level of 2013. The situation in Serbia was even more unfavorable than the European average. The migrant crisis in Europe, starting in 2015, is culminating with inflows of between 2.4 and 2.7 million migrants annually. Germany, Spain, France and Italy have the highest inflows. Half of the migrants are under 30 years old. In Serbia, the trend of emigration has continued, and depending on estimates, the negative annual migration balance amounts to 15 to 20 thousand people. Demographic aging of the population continues in most European countries. The population of Serbia has been one of the oldest in Europe and the world for many years, and the process in the period 2011-2020, compared to other European countries, is of moderate intensity. Half of the analyzed European countries have a negative natural increase, which will be an introduction to depopulation for many in the coming period. The forecast for Serbia is that the next census will show that the population of Serbia has decreased to the level of 60 years ago.

The economic dimension of migration: Kosovo from 2015 to 2020

This article investigates the link between economic development and emigration from Kosovo between 2015 and 2020. The wider contexts to this study include the empirical and theoretical debates on migration as both an individual choice and a social decision. The recent history of emigration from Kosovo is analysed to understand how the past has influenced present migration patterns. This work aims to unpick the threads connecting economic development, the labour market, educational disparities, unemployment, and EU integration. Demographics, economics, and the political relationship between Kosovo and the EU have all affected emigration trends in Kosovo. In particular, this article examines the brain drain phenomenon and economic stability as two variables that permanently influence one another.

INNOVATIVE DEVELOPMENT OF THE COUNTRY AS A DETERMINING FACTOR OF INCREASING NATIONAL COMPETITIVENESS

This publication is devoted to highlighting the problem of ensuring the appropriate level of national competitiveness and identifying ways to increase it in today's competitive market environment. In the context of the study, the main reasons for Ukraine's chronic lag in the system of international economic relations were identified, including: irrational use of the country's resource potential, high material consumption, energy-intensive economy, low efficiency of economic reforms, physical and moral depreciation, lack of sufficient funding for research and development, high unemployment and the progressive trend of emigration of scientists, unfavorable investment climate and others.&#x0D; According to the main factors used by the world community in determining the growth of competitiveness of the economy, three groups of indicators were identified, which are the main competitive advantages in an unstable market economy, namely: factors of production, income and investment and innovation potential.&#x0D; It was possible to analyze the indicators of the human development index and the level of competitiveness of the country on the basis of data from the International Institute for Development Management and the UNDP Report. Indicators of Ukraine in the ranking of innovative economies of the world helped to determine the main causes of technological backwardness of the country, based on which the main directions of innovation development were proposed: state support of science-intensive production, reorientation of raw materials orientation of Ukraine's exports to conduct innovative business.&#x0D; Attracting investment in technology development and innovative development of enterprises, stimulating the production of high-tech products and compliance with quality standards are the most important steps towards the reorientation of Ukraine's economy to an innovative model of socio-economic growth.

South African physician emigration and return migration, 1991-2017: a trend analysis.

Although critical for understanding health labour market trends in low- and middle-income countries (LMICs), longitudinal LMIC health worker emigration and return migration trends are not routinely documented. This article seeks to better understand SA's trends in physician emigration and return migration and whether economic growth and related policies affect migration patterns. This study used physician registry data to analyse patterns of emigration and return migration only among SA-trained physicians registered to practice in top destination countries such as Australia, Canada, New Zealand, the USA or the UK between 1991 and 2017, which represent the top five emigration destinations for this group. A linear regression model analysed the relationship between migration trends (as dependent variables) and SA's economic growth, health financing and HIV prevalence (as independent variables). There has been a 6-fold decline in emigration rates from SA between 1991 and 2017 (from 1.8% to 0.3%/year), with declines in emigration to all five destination countries. About one in three (31.8% or 5095) SA physicians returned from destination countries as of 2017. Annual physician emigration fell by 0.16% for every $100 rise in SA GDP per capita (2011 international dollars) (95% confidence interval -0.60% to -0.086%). As of 2017, 21.6% (11 224) of all SA physicians had active registration in destination nations, down from a peak of 33.5% (16 366) in 2005, a decline largely due to return migration. Changes to the UK's licensing regulations likely affected migration patterns while the Global Code of Practice on International Recruitment contributed little to changes. A country's economic growth might influence physician emigration, with significant contribution from health workforce policy interventions. Return migration monitoring should be incorporated into health workforce planning.

Labor Emigration Trends and Factors of Doctors and Nurses (on the Example of Slovakia)

Labor Emigration Trends and Factors of Doctors and Nurses (on the Example of Slovakia)