Mobility Trends Research Articles

An update on wealth mobility

We measure wealth mobility in the United States. Using the latest wave of the Panel Study of Income Dynamics (PSID), we update Carroll and Hoffman (2017), who document a decreasing trend in wealth mobility over the past 30 years. We confirm another of their findings that large upward movements in wealth are associated with families’ owning businesses and real estate other than a primary residence. Finally, we turn to the much larger Survey of Income and Program Participation (SIPP) data and document that these “large mover” households are evident even over three-year periods.

Analyzing mobility trends of tracked vehicles on fine-grained soils in a progressive slip condition using full-scale test data presented in DROVE 3.0

In 2013, an extensive effort began to create a consolidated off-road vehicle mobility database named DROVE (Database Records for Off-road Vehicle Environments). DROVE consists of over 8,500 experimental test records measured over several decades for wheeled and tracked vehicles over various terrains. This paper introduces the third release of DROVE, which adds results from 193 tests primarily consisting of data for tracked vehicles on fine-grained soils in a progressive slip condition. Performance parameters considered in DROVE 3.0 include drawbar pull, torque, sinkage, and traction. These parameters were compared to mobility numerics, such as soil-track mobility number, contact pressure to cone index ratio, and mean maximum pressure. These parameters were used to develop mobility trends in this paper. DROVE is intended to be a resource for the mobility community applicable to many situations, including evaluating and advancing numerical simulations, improving closed-form algorithms, and understanding vehicular trends that can be used for development or purchase specifications.

Comparing morphological investigation with χ index and gilbert metrics for analysis of drainage rearrangement and divide migration in inland plateaus

Drainage rearrangements and consequently divide migration are important processes in the dynamic evolution of landscapes. Two approaches have been used to identify, analyze, and describe these processes: traditional studies based on morphological and sedimentary evidence; and topographic metrics analysis, highlighting the χ index and Gilbert's three metrics (gradient, relief, and elevation). However, the two approaches have not been tested together for catchments located in areas of tectonic stability and low relief (i.e., inland plateaus). The present study uses traditional methods (morphological evidence) and topographic metrics to analyze drainage rearrangements and divide migration in an inland volcanic plateau: the high drainage divide between the Uruguai and Paraná rivers (two of the largest basins in South America). The results indicate that drainage divides in low reliefs with symmetrical characteristics on both sides have different behaviour of divide migration than asymmetrical ones. For symmetrical divides, past, present and future trends of mobility may occur in different directions, resulting in a back-and-forth movement. Because of similarities on both sides of the divide, local factors such as structural lineaments can be the lead causes of the imbalance that induces bidirectional migration. In this sense, current/future migration trends predicted by topographic metrics may not relate to the way the divide moved in the past. On the other hand, traditional analysis of evidence of stream capture does not guarantee that the drainage divide behaves the same in the present and/or in the future. Therefore, the combination of the two approaches can be helpful to better understand drainage divide migration dynamics through time, especially in areas of low relief such as inland plateaus.

Race and Occupational Mobility in the National Football League

The Rooney Rule was implemented in the National Football League (NFL) in 2003 to increase levels of employment for ethnic-minority coaches by requiring teams within the league to interview candidates of color for head coaching and executive level positions. However, only three coaches of color were employed at the beginning of the 2020 season. Framed within the larger context of occupational mobility, the present study aims to identify mobility trends for white coaches and coaches of color and analyzes the root causes for the difficulties that candidates of color experience when seeking higher-level positions within NFL organizations. Results illuminate a variety of institutional issues that exist within the NFL and allow for the development of recommendations that are useful for scholars and practitioners alike.

Mutual Effects of pH and Competing Cations on the Mobility of Metoprolol in Saturated Quartz Sand: Parameter Estimation and Mobility Prediction Using Retardation Modeling

Predicting the fate of organic compounds in the aquatic environment remains a challenge due to the complexity of natural systems and diverse interactions with surfaces. In this study, the transport behavior of the β-blocker metoprolol (MTP) was studied in water-saturated columns filled with quartz sand (pH 3–11; [NaCl] of 1, 10, and 100 mmol L–1). A significant dependence of MTP retardation on pH and [NaCl] was observed ranging from a 10-fold retardation at pH 6 and 1 mmol L–1 NaCl to virtually none at pH 11. A retardation model was implicated considering (1) the speciation of MTP, (2) the surface reactions of MTPH+, and Na+ with charged surface silanol groups SiO– of quartz, and (3) the protolysis reaction between SiO– and SiOH. Modeling was performed using the complete dataset of 43 retardation values at once (R2 = 0.998). Exemplary predictions were performed for three aquifer settings to illustrate general trends in mobility. This comprehensive approach is an important basis for environmental fate prediction of organic contaminants in the future.

Genome Evolution and Early Introductions of the SARS-CoV-2 Omicron Variant in Mexico.

A new variant of severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), named Omicron (Pango lineage designation B.1.1.529), was first reported to the World Health Organization by South African health authorities on 24 November 2021. The Omicron variant possesses numerous mutations associated with increased transmissibility and immune escape properties. In November 2021, Mexican authorities reported Omicron's presence in the country. In this study, we infer the first introductory events of Omicron and the impact that human mobility has had on the spread of the virus. We also evaluated the adaptive evolutionary processes in Mexican SARS-CoV-2 genomes during the first month of the circulation of Omicron. We inferred 160 introduction events of Omicron in Mexico since its first detection in South Africa; subsequently, after the first introductions there was an evident increase in the prevalence of SARS-CoV-2 during January. This higher prevalence of the novel variant resulted in a peak of reported cases; on average 6 weeks after, a higher mobility trend was reported. During the peak of cases in the country from January to February 2022, the Omicron BA.1.1 sub-lineage dominated, followed by the BA.1 and BA.15 sub-lineages. Additionally, we identified the presence of diversifying natural selection in the genomes of Omicron and found six non-synonymous mutations in the receptor binding domain of the spike protein, all of them related to evasion of the immune response. In contrast, the other proteins in the genome are highly conserved; however, we identified homoplasic mutations in non-structural proteins, indicating a parallel evolution.

Back to the Future: How the Convergence of Globalization and Technology is Changing Labour and Mobility

Abstract Throughout this research we reflect on how the convergence of technology and migration is changing highly skilled labour mobility and the relationship between place and value production. We reflect on the impact of these transformations on the tech sector and IT labour market in Cluj-Napoca. We aim to understand how the pandemic coupled with the current trends in labour mobility and value production have affected labour markets and highly skilled labour migration. The paper stems as reflection from a fieldwork which are currently conducting in Romania with a focus on transnational entrepreneurship, social networks of innovation and labour migration in the tech industry. The article brings forward findings from the field, drawing on the developments that accelerated and changed the way we work in the post-pandemic period and analysing what implications these trends could have on the nature of migration and the connection between value production and place.

The Apple Mobility Trends Data in Human Mobility Patterns during Restrictions and Prediction of COVID-19: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis.

The objective of this systematic review with PRISMA guidelines is to discover how population movement information has epidemiological implications for the spread of COVID-19. In November 2022, the Web of Science and Scopus databases were searched for relevant reports for the review. The inclusion criteria are: (1) the study uses data from Apple Mobility Trends Reports, (2) the context of the study is about COVID-19 mobility patterns, and (3) the report is published in a peer-reviewed venue in the form of an article or conference paper in English. The review included 35 studies in the period of 2020-2022. The main strategy used for data extraction in this review is a matrix proposal to present each study from a perspective of research objective and outcome, study context, country, time span, and conducted research method. We conclude by pointing out that these data are not often used in studies and it is better to study a single country instead of doing multiple-country research. We propose topic classifications for the context of the studies as transmission rate, transport policy, air quality, re-increased activities, economic activities, and financial markets.

Is the multimodality related to urban mobility changes during the pandemic?

COVID introduced new considerations and changed the urban mobility ecosystem and perception. During the pandemic, mobility patterns change according to several factors. Few studies have investigated the impact of the mobility system features on the dynamic of people during the pandemic. This research attempts to understand the relationship between the urban mobility system advancement and the behaviour of people throughout different stages of the pandemic. This study uses big data for day-to-day mobility in different regions in Germany and employs the correlation coefficient matrix to analyze the impact of the smart mobility indices on the trends of mobility and the number of contacts between people. The study covers the whole pandemic period, from 2019 to mid-2022, to derive a pandemic crisis travel mobility patterns for each wave. Overall, a negative correlation between developed mobility systems and mobility trends means that the smarter cities and regions have, the fewer people tend to travel; the second wave marks the greatest mobility decline in correlation with more advanced mobility systems. While sophisticated and advanced mobility systems are often cited as having more attractiveness and a positive effect on the traveller's satisfaction, our findings suggest no clear and discernible impacts during the pandemic were observed. On the contrary, more multimodal trips, sharing options, and smarter mobility, in general, were associated with less mobility of people, yet it does not interfere with the contact between people, during the different stages of COVID in Germany.

Did the COVID-19 vaccine rollout impact transportation demand? A case study in New York City

IntroductionThis study investigates the influence of vaccination along with other pandemic-related factors on driving, transit, and walking in New York City (NYC). The results of this study help inform policymakers of the weight of their decisions in a pandemic setting as well as factors to consider when modeling transportation during a pandemic. MethodsIn this study, ARIMAX time series analysis was performed on driving, transit, and walking data from Apple Mobility Trends Reports. The data was segmented into two categories “pre-vaccine” and post-vaccine” for both Manhattan and Brooklyn. The independent variables were primarily COVID-19 statistics (vaccination, case counts, deaths, etc.) along with additional predictors aggregated from Google Community Mobility Reports, Google Trends, Citi Bike, National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA), and the Oxford Covid-19 Government Response Tracker (OxCGRT). ResultsVaccination led to increases in driving, transit, and walking in Brooklyn but was not as statistically significant in Manhattan (the only effect being on walking trips). Despite this, vaccination was not the strongest influencer on transportation. The COVID-19 policy score variable had the highest standardized β in nearly every model, indicating that stricter lockdown policies were the main factor discouraging travel. Furthermore, the lifting of these policies contributed to increases in travel numbers more than vaccination. ConclusionsIn the event of future pandemics or health crises, NYC policymakers should be aware that they play a significant role in mitigating infectious diseases. The public is seemingly more responsive to policy than anything else. Similar studies should be conducted in other cities as the public response may vary based on other factors.

Modeling Real-Life Urban Sensor Networks Based on Open Data

Epidemics and pandemics dramatically affect mobility trends around the world, which we have witnessed recently and expect more of in the future. A global energy crisis is looming ahead on the horizon and will redefine the transportation and energy usage patterns, in particular in large cities and metropolitan areas. As the trend continues to expand, the need to efficiently monitor and manage smart city infrastructure, public transportation, service vehicles, and commercial fleets has become of higher importance. This, in turn, requires new methods for dissemination, collection, and processing of data from massive number of already deployed sensing devices. In order to transmit these data efficiently, it is necessary to optimize the connection structure in wireless networks. Emerging open access to real data from different types of networked and sensing devices should be leveraged. It enables construction of models based on frequently updated real data rather than synthetic models or test environments. Hence, the main objective of this article is to introduce the concept of network modeling based on publicly available geographic location data of heterogeneous nodes and to promote the use of real-life diverse open data sources as the basis of novel research related to urban sensor networks. The feasibility of designed modeling architecture is discussed and proved with numerous examples of modeled spatial and spatiotemporal graphs, which are essential in opportunistic routing-related studies using the methods which rely on graph theory. This approach has not been considered before in similar studies and in the literature.

Trend of Mobile Learning Implementation in Science Education from 2010 to 2021

The use of mobile learning has increased since the digitalization era. The progress of digitalization also has an impact on the world of education. The trend regarding mobile learning use is a hot topic discussed and attractive to its developers. This study aims to determine the mobile learning trend in science education for the last 11 years. This study uses qualitative bibliometric analysis of Scopus metadata. Results show that the trend of mobile learning increases yearly based on the trendline. Hence, further researchers could develop or conduct research on this keyword as an improvement to science education fields. Furthermore, future researchers can study more deeply to top contributed authors to improve the lack of previous research and complete the novelties of the research.

Quantitative resilience assessment of the network-level metro rail service's responses to the COVID-19 pandemic

The metro rail system has proven to be the most efficient high-capacity carriers. During the unprecedented coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) challenge, non-pharmaceutical interventions become a widely adopted strategy to limit physical movements and interactions. For situational awareness and decision support, data-driven analytics about serviceability are invaluable to metro agencies and decision-makers of cities. This paper presents a data-driven analytical framework that quantitatively evaluates COVID-19-caused resilience performance of metro rails. Several characteristics (e.g., vulnerability, robustness, rapidity, and degree to return) of the metro system's responses to the disturbance were identified and modeled with multivariate multiple regression. The applicability and rationality of the resilience evaluation model were validated by the metro transit data of the United States. The preliminary results disclosed that metro rail transit encountered more vulnerability (90.6%) in passenger trips than motorbus and light rail (around 70%). A set of statistical models were employed to disentangle the effect of socio-demographic variables and COVID-19-related factors on the metro transit. The disclosed emerging knowledge of resilience provides an in-depth understanding of mobility trends for the public and time-sensitive decision support for the policy effects, to further improve the service and management of the metro system under the spread of the epidemic.

Autologous Peripheral Blood Stem Cell Mobilisation Techniques, Stem Cell Yields and Practice Variation-By-Country in Patients with Myeloma Undergoing First Autologous Stem Cell Transplants in EBMT Centres between 2012 and 2021

The techniques employed to mobilise autologous peripheral blood stem cells in patients with myeloma have evolved over time and vary between countries. The most common methods are (1) Cyclophosphamide and Granulocyte - Colony Stimulating Factor (G-CSF) (Cyclophosphamide), (2) G-CSF only, (3) G-CSF and Plerixafor, and (4) Other. In general, chemotherapy, usually Cyclophosphamide, is used in Europe and single agent G-CSF in North America. We performed a retrospective analysis of the EBMT database to analyse stem cell mobilisation techniques in European patients undergoing a first ASCT for myeloma over the last decade. This data was available on a select cohort of patients for whom Med B form data had been submitted. A total of 76,923 patients received a first autologous stem cell transplant for myeloma in 501 EBMT-affiliated centres between 2012 and 2021. Detailed Stem cell mobilization data including CD34 results were available on 4,710 (M 58%: F 42%) patients from 87 centers. The Median (IQR) age was 61.3 (54.7-66.1) years. MM subtypes were IgG, IgA, Light Chain and Other in 56.6%, 19.2%, 20.8% and 3.4%, respectively. The stage at first transplant was CR, VGPR/PR, SD/MR, and Rel/Prog in 17.5%, 78.4%, 2.8% and 1.3%, respectively. The frequency of use of each of the stem cell mobilization techniques were as follows: Cyclophosphamide (n=3,017, 67.1%), G-CSF only (n=1,207, 26.9%), G-CSF + Plerixafor (n=222, 4.9%) and Other (47, 1.0%). Peripheral blood stem cells were the sole stem cell source in 4,705 (99.9%) of the transplants. The comparative median annual CD34 yields (x10e6/kg) are shown below and reveal that the yields following Cyclophosphamide-based mobilization were consistently higher (6.14-7.8) than those following either G-CSF (4.46-6.1) or G-CSF and Plerixafor (2.5-5.6). When analyzed in aggregate, the median (IQR) stem cell yields (x10e6/kg) following Cyclophosphamide, G-CSF, G-CSF and Plerixafor, and Other were 7.32 (4.9-10.14), 5.25 (3.88-7.38), 4.94 (3.42-6.85) and 4.9 (3.82-7.54), respectively. When analysed by MM subtype, there was no significant difference in yield between the IgG, IgA, Light Chain and Other categories (p=0.523). We next analyzed the median annual CD34 yields (x10e6/kg) by induction regimen (no. of pts): CTD (Cyclophosphamide, Thalidomide, Dexamethasone) (n=712) 7.56, Other (n=623) 5.86, PAD (Bortezomib, Adriamycin, Dexamethasone) (n=256) 5.8, VAD (Vincristine, Adriamycin, Dexamethasone) (n=172) 5.03, VCD (Bortezomib, Cyclophosphamide, Dexamethasone) (n=1,735) 6.21, VD (Bortezomib, Dexamethasone) (n=603) 5.97, VRD (Bortezomib, Lenalidomide, Dexamethasone) (n=811) 5.42 and VTD (Bortezomib, Thalidomide, Dexamethasone) (n=3,192) 7.12 (p<0.001), the highest yields being collected following CTD and VTD (<0.001). We finally examined mobilization trends in the seven largest countries in the dataset (France, Germany, Italy, the Netherlands, Spain, Turkey, and the United Kingdom) over time. Data was available for between 9.6% and 22.8% of patients in 6 of the 7 countries; however, it was only available in 2.9% of patients from Germany. Within these clear limitations, there were wide national variations in clinical practice both over time and between countries, as shown below. Over the last decade, two-thirds of patients in EMBT centres underwent autologous stem cell collection following Cyclophosphamide and G-CSF, one quarter following single agent G-CSF and 5% following G-CSF and Plerixafor. As reported previously, yields were consistently higher following chemotherapy-based mobilization. However, we have no data on associated morbidity such as the incidence of infection, the need for hospital admission or costs. As regards the effect of prior induction regimens, the highest yields were seen in patients who had received either CTD or VTD induction, possibly reflecting less stem cell toxicity due to chemotherapy and/or deeper remissions following these regimens. Finally, limited data on trends in practice appears to show considerable variation between countries combined with significant changes in some countries over the last decade. Figure 1View largeDownload PPTFigure 1View largeDownload PPT Close modal

Problems and Strategies of Allocating Public Service Resources in Rural Areas in the Context of County Urbanization.

Imbalances in allocating public service resources are a universal problem worldwide, especially in urban and rural areas. As a developing country with a significant imbalance between urban and rural areas, China is representative of the unbalanced allocation of public service resources. Presently, China has entered the county urbanization stage. Therefore, this study can provide a new way to realize the equalization of urban and rural public services with the county as the basic unit. Taking counties as the primary study area, this paper analyzes the new trends of population mobility in China's counties. It combines large-scale questionnaires and field surveys to investigate the new demand of rural residents for public services and the shortcomings of public service resource allocation. First, the county seat attracts a concentration of the county's rural residents and returning population, whose high expectations for the county seat's education and medical services have not yet been met. Second, the township assumes the vital function of elementary school education and medical services in rural areas, and the rural children have a great demand for elementary school education services in the township. However, there are still apparent shortcomings in support of teaching facilities and the quality of education services. Third, the problem of aging and hollowing out in rural areas is serious, and the education, medical and elderly service needs of left-behind children and the elderly are difficult to be guaranteed. Finally, this paper proposes targeted planning strategies and policy recommendations for allocating county public service resources at three levels based on the "county-town-village" hierarchy.

Descriptive Exploratory Study to Understand Postpartum Anxiety Using Multiple Measures

ObjectiveTo compare a general anxiety instrument plus a depression instrument with a specific postpartum anxiety instrument plus a depression instrument to detect postpartum anxiety and to explore trends in daily postpartum anxiety. DesignProspective, longitudinal cohort study. SettingAcademic tertiary center in the mid-Atlantic United States. Study activities were remote. ParticipantsPregnant women (N = 73) in the third trimester of pregnancy. MethodsWe administered the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI), Postpartum Specific Anxiety Scale (PSAS), and Edinburgh Postnatal Depression Scale (EPDS) at 1 and 8 weeks after birth. We used mobile ecological momentary assessment prompts to measure daily anxiety levels (0–10) from 1 to 8 weeks after birth. We defined the presence of anxiety and depression by using the established instrument cutoff scores. We used repeated-measures analysis of variance and dependent-samples t tests to determine the stability of the determined anxiety instruments during the study time frame. We used linear mixed modeling to explore mobile ecological momentary assessment anxiety trends. ResultsThe PSAS and EPDS detected more participants with anxiety and/or depression (26.8%, 19/71) than the STAI and EPDS (23.9%, 17/71) at 8 weeks after birth. PSAS scores increased from 1 to 8 weeks after birth (p = .003); STAI scores decreased (p = .01). Daily anxiety ratings changed nonlinearly during the study period, were greatest at 2 weeks, declined and stabilized, and then trended upward toward Week 8. ConclusionDetection of postpartum anxiety in clinical settings can be improved through addition of the PSAS in routine screening. Timing of anxiety assessment should be considered between 6 to 8 weeks after birth.

Human Mobility Restrictions and COVID-19 Infection Rates: Analysis of Mobility Data and Coronavirus Spread in Poland and Portugal.

This study examines the possibility of correlation between the data on human mobility restrictions and the COVID-19 infection rates in two European countries: Poland and Portugal. The aim of this study is to verify the correlation and causation between mobility changes and the infection spread as well as to investigate the impact of the introduced restrictions on changes in human mobility. The data were obtained from Google Community Mobility Reports, Apple Mobility Trends Reports, and The Humanitarian Data Exchange along with other reports published online. All the data were organized in one dataset, and three groups of variables were distinguished: restrictions, mobility, and intensity of the disease. The causal-comparative research design method is used for this study. The results show that in both countries the state restrictions reduced human mobility, with the strongest impact in places related to retail and recreation, grocery, pharmacy, and transit stations. At the same time, the data show that the increase in restrictions had strong positive correlation with stays in residential places both in Poland and Portugal.

Transforming educational space under the impact of the pandemic: student and teacher well-being in higher education

The article presents the study of some areas of educational space transformation under the COVID-19 pandemic influence. The focus of attention is on such problems as the cognitive well-being of the student, the tutor model of teacherstudent relations in the digitalising educational space, the functioning of academic mobility institution in a pandemic and post-pandemic world. Cognitive well-being of students implies mastering digital literacy with strict adherence to the norms of digital ethics. A tutor in modern education plays the role of not only a developer of an individual educational trajectory, but also a controller and educator. For the successful implementation of tutoring functions, the teaching staff of universities needs additional training. The main trends in academic mobility are internal and virtual mobility. The authors conclude that educational organisations need for adequate infrastructural policy, and educational space – inevitable transformations in budget financing. The results of the article can be used in further research on the higher education transformation problems, in the development of proposals and recommendations for specialists in the of higher education management field for use in practice.

‘Reproduction mobility’ and motherhood construction: Chinese education migrants in Chiang Mai

Abstract‘Reproduction mobility’ adopted in this article indicates a rising trend of social reproduction mobility serving the purpose of maintaining an alternative life that many middle‐class Chinese parents, mostly mothers, are taking their children out of the hyper‐competitive domestic education arena in mainland China to attend international schools in Chiang Mai. This escape implies macro‐level changes in the global education market on two fronts: Chinese national education is enveloping families into a national education competition from which they cannot withdraw; meanwhile, Thailand's international education market is being industrialized as part of the neoliberal marketization of international education in less developed countries. This paper analyses the calculation, evaluation and agentive selection of Chinese families as they pursue an increasingly popular education project of reproduction mobility. It identifies different modes of mothering that are similar to the domestic phenomenon of ‘mothering brokerage’ but practised in the international education environment of Southeast Asia.

Examining the varying influences of built environment on bike-sharing commuting: Empirical evidence from Shanghai

Commute behaviors, as the primary part of urban mobility, remains largely underexplored, especially for bike-sharing users. Recent development in data availability open up new possibilities to delve into bike-sharing commuting over long-term periods on a large scale. This study proposes a methodological framework that enables a logical identification of bike-sharing commuting activities and a comprehensive examination of urban built environment effects on shaping commuting patterns. To this end, a series of data mining methods are developed in support of the identification of regular bike-sharing commuting, and the concepts of home-work balance and mobility trend are proposed to describe underlying commuting patterns. The XGBoost model and Necessary Condition Analysis (NCA) method are then adopted respectively to test the sufficiency and necessity of built environment on commuting patterns. The results confirm the massive existence of individual-level bike-sharing commuting activities and the pivotal role of bike-sharing in urban commuting. Also, the spatial distributions of home-work balance and mobility trend driven by job-housing separation show different clustering patterns. Besides, the synergy of sufficiency analysis and necessity analysis investigates the complex interplay of built environment-commuting patterns. This critical analysis of bike-sharing commute provides insights into sustainable transit planning and urban design.