Trends In Levels Research Articles

Effects of very early exercise on inflammatory markers and clinical outcomes in patients with ischaemic stroke- a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundApart from the limited evidence of the effects of very early exercise (VEE) on clinical outcomes (COs) in stroke, better knowledge is required to understand the cellular action induced by VEE. This study investigated the effects of VEE on inflammatory markers (IMs) and COs. It further evaluated the association between acute changes in IMs and COs at follow-up in individuals with first-ever mild-to-moderate ischaemic stroke.MethodsA prospective, single-center, single-blind, randomized controlled trial (retrospectively registered: PACTR202406755848901; 10–06-2024) was conducted. Forty-eight patients randomized (1:1) into the VEE group (VEEG) and usual care group (UCG) completed the follow-up. Within 24 h of stroke onset, patients in VEEG underwent 45 min of VEE twice daily, amounting to 1.5 h/d, for seven days while patients in UCG received regular turning and positioning. The levels of IMs including interleukin-6 (IL-6), fibrinogen, leucocytes, neutrophils, lymphocytes, and monocytes were assessed at baseline, 4th, and 7th day for both groups. Thereafter, each patient received 90-min follow-up physiotherapy twice weekly for three months. Motor impairment, physical disability, functional independence, anxiety, depression, and cognition were evaluated at 1st and 3rd month of follow-up.ResultsOn the 4th and 7th day, patients in VEEG show trends of lower levels of IL-6, leucocytes, neutrophils, and monocytes and higher levels of lymphocytes. However, a non-linear effect of VEE on plasma fibrinogen was observed compared to UC. Furthermore, better improvement in motor impairment, physical disability, functional independence, anxiety, depression, and cognition were observed in VEEG. The positive modulation of IMs by VEE was associated with COs over time, including associations between changes in IL-6 at days 4 and 7 and 3-month functional independence (rs = -0.33; p = 0.019; rs = -0.33; p = 0.021), and at day 7 and 3-month motor impairment (rs = 0.30; p = 0.039).ConclusionsInitiating moderate-intensity exercise within 24 h appears beneficial in positively modulating IMs, including IL-6, at the acute stage and improving the physical, motor, cognitive, and affective functions at 1-and 3-month follow-up. The association between exercise-induced acute changes in IMs and improved COs over time highlights the potential role of moderate-intensity VEE in enhancing stroke recovery through positive inflammatory modulation.

The efficacy of atorvastatin on inflammation and coagulation markers in high-risk thrombotic cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy: a randomized controlled trial

BackgroundDeep vein thrombosis (DVT) is a prevalent complication associated with malignancy. Clinical use of thromboprophylaxis is recommended, however its usage is limited due to bleeding complications, more cost associated, and reluctance to receive anticoagulant injections. Rivaroxaban a relatively easy to administer anticoagulant but it has a risk of bleeding and is expensive. Inflammation is the important factor in pathogenesis of cancer-associated thrombosis. Statins have the anti-inflammatory property that could decrease proinflammatory cytokines. Consequently, statins may be used as thromboprophylaxis for cancer patients receiving chemotherapy.ObjectiveTo provide comparison between atorvastatin and rivaroxaban on affecting inflammatory biomarkers (interleukin 6 [IL-6], C reactive protein [CRP]) and coagulation activation biomarkers (Tissue Factor [TF], prothrombin fragment 1 + 2 [F1 + 2], D-Dimer) in cancer patients at high risk of thrombosis receiving chemotherapy.MethodsA randomized controlled study that was double-blinded and involved high-risk cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy. For up to ninety days, participants were randomized to receiver either atorvastatin 20 mg or rivaroxaban 10 mg daily. The level of plasma of IL-6, CRP, TF, F1 + 2, and D-dimer were assessed 24 h before chemotherapy, 30, 60, and 90 day after chemotherapy. The latest observation carried forward (LOCF) approach was used to examine the data. The laboratory results were evaluated using an independent T test or Mann-Whitney U test prior to and after chemotherapy.ResultsEighty-six randomized patients were enrolled, although both groups showed a decreasing trend in plasma level of IL-6, CRP, TF, F1 + 2, and D-dimer, there were no significant differences between the two groups (p > 0.05). In the atorvastatin group, there was a significant correlation between delta level of IL-6 and F1 + 2 (r = 0.313, p = 0.043) and delta level of CRP and F1 + 2 (r = 0.398, p = 0.009), whereas in the rivaroxaban group there was a significant correlation between delta CRP and D-dimer level (r = 0.387, p = 0.009).ConclusionAtorvastatin decreases IL-6 and CRP level, which also decreases F1 + 2 level. Atorvastatin did not substantially differ from rivaroxaban in decreasing plasma levels of inflammatory biomarkers IL-6, CRP, and coagulation activation biomarkers TF, F1 + 2, D-dimer in high-risk cancer patients undergoing chemotherapy.Trial registrationISRCTN71891829, Registration Date: 17/12/2020.

Network Pharmacology-Based Elucidation of the Hypoglycemic Mechanism of Grifola frondosa GF5000 Polysaccharides via GCK modulation in Diabetic Rats

Background/Objectives: Our lab has previously reported that Grifola frondosa (maitake mushroom) GF5000 has antidiabetic potential owing to its ability to improve insulin resistance. This study aimed to gain insight into the system-level hypoglycemic mechanisms of GF5000 using transcriptomics, proteomics, and network pharmacology. This study provides new insights into the hypoglycemic mechanisms of GF5000, identifying key molecular targets involved in mitigating insulin resistance in T2DM. Methods: Liver protein and gene expression in normal control (NC), diabetic control (DC), and GF5000-treated (GF5000) rats were analyzed via iTRAQ and RNA-seq. The relationships between differentially expressed genes (DEGs), differentially expressed proteins (DEPs), and type 2 diabetes (T2DM) disease targets were studied using Metascape and the Cytoscape GeneMANIA plug-in. Results: One hundred and fifty-two DEGs and sixty-two DEPs were identified; twenty DEGs/DEPs exhibited the same trend in mRNA and protein expression levels when comparing the GF5000 vs. DC groups. The Metascape analysis revealed that the T2DM disease targets included four DEGs—Gck, Scd, Abcb4, and Cyp3a9—and two DEPs—glucokinase and acetyl-CoA carboxylase 2. A Cytoscape–GeneMANIA analysis of thirteen DEGs/DEPs related to T2DM showed that Apoa1/Apolipoprotein A-I, Gckr/glucokinase regulatory protein, and Gck/glucokinase had the highest connectivity and centrality in the topological network. The qPCR results confirmed that GF5000 increased the mRNA expression of GCK in GCK-knockdown HepG2 cells. Conclusions: These results provide theoretical evidence for the use of GF5000 as a potential active nutritional ingredient for the prevention and treatment of T2DM. Our findings suggest that GF5000 targets multiple pathways implicated in T2DM, offering a multi-faceted approach to disease management and prevention.

Analyzing Long-Term Land Use/Cover Change (LUCC) and PM10 Levels in Coastal Urbanization: The Crucial Influence of Policy Interventions

With the rapid acceleration of global urbanization, the impact of land use/cover change (LUCC) on the environment and ecosystems has become increasingly prominent, particularly in terms of air quality, which has emerged as a significant issue demanding attention. Focusing on the coastal city of Lianyungang, the spatiotemporal dynamics of land use/cover changes were explored by utilizing land use dynamic degree and land use transfer matrix methods. By integrating a comprehensive historical dataset, multiple linear regression analysis was used to analyze the driving mechanism of land use conversion and to explore the effect of LUCC on the variations in PM10 levels. The results showed an overall decreasing trend in PM10 levels over the 24-year period from 2000 to 2023, with distinct seasonal fluctuations, showing higher concentrations in winter and lower concentrations in summer. The impact of land use on PM10 variations can be categorized into three stages: initial (2000–2006), transitional (2007–2013), and deepening development (2014–2022). Notably, during the third stage, with the involvement of policy interventions and industrial upgrading, a strong negative correlation of −0.97 was identified between urban land expansion and the decrease in PM10 levels. The correlation between LUCC and PM10 levels was insignificant over shorter periods, but the analysis of data from 2000 to 2022 revealed a significant positive correlation of 0.77, emphasizing the importance of adopting a long-term perspective to accurately assess the impact of LUCC on air quality. This research provides valuable insights into the implications of LUCC on air quality during urbanization and establishes a scientific foundation for developing air pollution management strategies in Lianyungang and similar regions.

Flood resilience through hybrid deep learning: Advanced forecasting for Taipei's urban drainage system.

Flood resilience through hybrid deep learning: Advanced forecasting for Taipei's urban drainage system.

Evaluation of the coordinated development of health resources, health service utilization, and the regional economy in China and analysis of influencing factors

ObjectiveThis study investigates the coupling coordination relationships and influencing factors of health resources, health service utilization, and regional economy in China, aiming to provide reasonable suggestions for promoting the coordinated development of medical and health services and regional economy.MethodsThe panel data from 2016 to 2021 on China’s health resources, health service utilization were analyzed concerning China’s health resources, health service utilization, and regional economy. These included the entropy weight method for index weight calculation, the synthesis level index for subsystem synthesis level calculation, a coupled coordinated development model, exploratory spatial data analysis, and a geographic detector model. These analytical approaches facilitated the examination of spatial and temporal variances, alongside the identification of driving factors influencing the coupled and coordinated development of health resources, health service utilization, and regional economy in China.ResultsThe findings reveal that (1) a high level of coupling exists among the three subsystems across all provinces in China. (2) Concerning the spatial pattern of coupling coordination, notable regional differences are observed in the degree of coupling coordination between health resource utilization, health service utilization, and regional economic development, with a noticeable decline from east to west and central regions positioned in between. (3) Regarding spatial evolution characteristics, an overall trend of higher levels is observed in the east and north compared to the west and south, indicating localized spatial clustering. In the south‒north direction, there is a parabolic rise followed by a decline from north to south. In the east‒west direction, there is an inverted “U” shaped curve with gradual strengthening from east to west. (4) The spatial disparities in synergetic development among health resource utilization, health service utilization, and the regional economy arise from multiple influencing factors interacting with each other. (5) Spatial variations are noted in the impacts of driving factors on coordinated development among health resource utilization, health service utilization, and the regional economy during different time periods.ConclusionRegional disparities primarily arise from various factors, such as healthcare visit frequency, healthcare human resource availability, and healthcare material resource allocation; moreover, these factors also vary geographically across different time periods. Strategic measures for medical care services and economic development should be formulated by each region based on its own circumstances to enhance economic benefits and achieve coordinated high-quality development among health resource utilization, health service utilization, and the regional economy.

Renormalization of human mobility based on a revised electric circuit model and a new gravity relation

Human movement in an urban environment consists of a complex system where the results and observations of an analysis may be dependent on the choice of resolutions. In this study, a two-dimensional lattice weighted undirected graph embedded in Euclidean space is constructed to represent human flow in an urban environment. Specifically, each node represents an area whereas a link consists of a road connecting two adjacent areas. People moving in a grid under a specific resolution are aggregated, and the sum of their velocity is assigned as the link weight. Based on the analysis of real-world GPS data, we first find that the human potential in the revised electric circuit model (RECM) can characterize the spatial-temporal human movement trends in an urban environment independent of different observation resolutions. Second, we propose several renormalization methods for three analogical concepts in the RECM, namely, human current, human resistance, and human potential. Each of these can be used to describe spatial-temporal flow patterns, infrastructure level, and movement trends, respectively, to reveal their relation under different spatial resolutions. Third, we find a nontrivial scaling relation, which may be regarded as a new type of gravity relation, to characterize the heterogeneous spatial distribution of human conductivity. Although the power exponent of distance γ in the above relation slightly changes at different spatial scales, a nontrivial relation is derived to explain and estimate the exponent automatically. Overall, these discoveries may lead to new approaches for establishing a cross-scale human mobility description framework. Published by the American Physical Society 2025

Blood levels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)antigen-triggered immune markers in people exposed to tuberculosis with regard to Mtb infection status and receipt of tuberculosis preventive therapy.

Blood levels of Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtb)antigen-triggered immune markers in people exposed to tuberculosis with regard to Mtb infection status and receipt of tuberculosis preventive therapy.

SVR model and OLCI images reveal a declining trend in phycocyanin levels in typical lakes across Northeast China

SVR model and OLCI images reveal a declining trend in phycocyanin levels in typical lakes across Northeast China

Trajectories of Chinese adolescent depression before and after COVID-19: A cross-temporal meta-analysis with segmented regression.

Trajectories of Chinese adolescent depression before and after COVID-19: A cross-temporal meta-analysis with segmented regression.

Full-image operation of fast charge exchange recombination spectroscopy with high-spatial and high-wavelength resolutions in large helical device.

Aiming at fully utilizing the spatial resolution of a fast charge exchange recombination spectroscopy (CXS) system, a full-image operation scenario is newly developed. A data analysis procedure is presented. Calibration using a white light source and a neon-enclosed hollow cathode lamp is performed, which provides vertical-stripe separation, horizontal-pixel vs wavelength conversion, and stripe sensitivity. Data from fast and slow CXS systems are compared, providing qualitatively equivalent emission spectra in the same time-integration duration. An asymptotically decreasing trend of noise level with respect to the amount of ensemble averaging (time integration) is confirmed for the fast CXS system. Radial profiles of emission intensity, ion temperature, and toroidal velocity obtained from slow and fast CXS systems are compared, and reasonable agreement is found.

Transcriptome analysis of nitrate enhanced tobacco resistance to aphid infestation.

Transcriptome analysis of nitrate enhanced tobacco resistance to aphid infestation.

Change trends in serum phosphate levels predict in-hospital mortality in critically ill septic patients

Serum phosphate levels are strongly correlated with the prognosis of septic patients. However, previous studies have concentrated on individual phosphate levels, and the relationship between change trends in serum phosphate levels and in-hospital mortality has seldom been reported. We aimed to investigate whether the level and change trends of serum phosphate were associated with in-hospital mortality. We classified patients using k-means clustering analysis into clusters with changes in serum phosphate levels and used logistic regressions to explore the relationships between different clusters and in-hospital mortality, taking the cluster with the smallest change as a reference. Restricted cubic spline regression was used to examine the shape of the correlation between changes in serum phosphate levels and in-hospital mortality. Subgroup analyses and interaction analyses were performed to discover potential impact factors. A total of 1810 (21.1%) of 8586 participants died during their hospital stay. After adjustment for baseline variables, cluster 2 (OR 1.303, 95% CI 1.101–1.542, p = 0.002), cluster 3 (OR 1.348, 95% CI 1.158–1.57, p < 0.001), cluster 4 (OR 1.652, 95% CI 1.225–2.222, p = 0.001) and cluster 5 (OR 2.745, 95% CI 2.212–3.407, p < 0.001) remained associated with significantly increased mortality. The changes in serum phosphate levels and in-hospital mortality were linear according to restricted cubic spline regression. According to the subgroup analyses, the ORs of the female subgroup and mechanical ventilation subgroup were lower than those of their counterparts across all clusters. Multiplicative and additive interactions were detected between phosphate clusters and mechanical ventilation. First, a high and unstable serum phosphate level is associated with increased mortality in septic patients. Second, for those with elevated phosphate levels, treatments to lower serum phosphate may reduce mortality in septic patients. Third, an increasing trend in phosphate levels may be more important than a high level in predicting poor prognosis in septic patients.

Evaluation of the Budget of Local Sea Level Trends Along the Coast of Canada and Northern USA During 1958–2015

AbstractEstimates of vertical land motion (VLM) from an updated Canadian crustal velocity model (NAD83v70VG) are used to evaluate the budget of contributions to trends of relative sea level (RSL) at tide gauge sites along the east and west coasts of Canada and northern USA during 1958–2015. The RSL trends result from a combination of the processes of sterodynamics (SD), glacial isostatic adjustment (GIA), and changes in earth Gravity, earth Rotation, and viscoelastic solid earth Deformation (GRD). For these contributions, we used data from a recent study on global RSL trends (Wang et al., 2021, https://doi.org/10.1029/2021gl094502). Incorporating the NAD83v70VG VLM in the derivation of the trends results in an improvement of the RSL budget. Estimates of SD contributions to the observed tide gauge water levels are obtained using this updated VLM, and are compared with the SD‐component from the global ocean models used in Wang et al. (2021, https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.5554494). The comparison demonstrates the need to include interannual variations of river runoff for modeling the sea level changes in the St. Lawrence River and its estuary, and to improve the model's spatial resolution in the Gulf of St. Lawrence and on the open shelf of the Northwest Atlantic. Along the coast of the Northeast Pacific, the SD sea level changes are well simulated by the global models despite their coarse spatial resolutions and the use of river runoff climatology.

A Cross-Temporal Meta-Analysis of Changes in Tourists’ Well-Being in China 2011–2022

Analyzing the overall trend of changes in the well-being of Chinese tourists and its relationship with societal transformations is essential for understanding the psychological shifts of these tourists. This study utilizes cross-temporal meta-analysis and a time-lagged approach to examine 56 studies employing the General Well-Being Scale as the principal tool for evaluating the well-being of Chinese tourists from 2011 to 2022, with the objective of ascertaining whether trends in well-being levels among Chinese tourists and their macro-social indicators clarify discrepancies in tourists’ well-being. The results demonstrate a strong positive link between the well-being of Chinese tourists and the year, signifying an annual increase. The well-being of Chinese tourists is markedly positively associated with economic conditions (per capita income and consumption levels) and social connectedness (urbanization rate, employment rate, and life expectancy); these five social indicators are essential determinants of its variations. This study contributes by elucidating the trend of well-being among Chinese tourists at the group level and confirming that five categories of social variables significantly influence their well-being. It can aid destinations in enhancing relevant social and economic policies, inventing tourism products, and accelerating the development of the tourism industry, thereby substantially boosting the well-being of Chinese tourists.

Reality of post-gastrectomy stress hyperglycemia revealed by continuous glucose monitoring: a prospective study.

Postoperative stress hyperglycemia is reported to be associated with increased postoperative complications (PCs) following various surgical procedures. However, most reports of postoperative hyperglycemia are based on conventional, point blood glucose measurements. We sought to clarify trends in post-gastrectomy glucose levels using continuous glucose monitoring (CGM) and investigate the relationship between postoperative hyperglycemia and stress-related factors such as PCs and the degree of surgical invasiveness. The subjects of this prospective study were 40 patients who underwent gastrectomy between November, 2022 and September, 2023. We recorded their glucose levels by CGM immediately after surgery until discharge (up to 2weeks postoperatively). There was no increase in glucose levels caused by open gastrectomy, a strong inflammatory response, or PCs. Hyperglycemia, defined as the percentage of time that the glucose level was > 140mg/dL, was associated only with the preoperative HbA1c value (P = 0.039). Patients with an HbA1c ≥ 6% had a significantly longer duration of hyper- and hypo-glycemia and greater glycemic variability than those with an HbA1c < 6% (glucose level < 70mg/dL, P = 0.027; > 140mg/dL, P = 0.001, coefficient of variation P = 0.024). No association was observed between stress hyperglycemia during the acute phase following gastrectomy and PCs. Only patients with an elevated HbA1c had high rates of hypo- and hyper-glycemia and large glycemic variability, despite perioperative glucose management.

Trends in serum KL-6 levels following lung transplantation for interstitial lung diseases.

To assess the changes in Krebs von den Lungen-6 (KL-6) levels pre- and post-lung transplantation for interstitial lung disease and to determine the connection between changes in KL-6 levels and chronic lung allograft dysfunction. Eighty-two lung transplantation procedures were performed in interstitial lung disease patients between January 2008 and December 2019. We compared changes in KL-6 levels before and after transplantation in two groups: unilateral and bilateral lung transplant groups. Additionally, KL-6 levels just before or at the onset of chronic lung allograft dysfunction were compared to the lowest post-transplant levels. In total, 28 female and 49 male patients (median age: 54years; range 22-64; 42 and 35 patients underwent unilateral and bilateral lung transplantations, respectively) were enrolled. The post-transplant observation period ranged from 8 to 163 (median: 64.2) months. KL-6 levels decreased in 76 patients (98.7%). Notably, the KL-6 level was lower in the bilateral lung transplantation group than in the unilateral lung transplantation group. Moreover, KL-6 levels were higher just before or at the onset of chronic lung allograft dysfunction than the lowest post-transplant levels. These levels were significantly higher than the highest post-transplant levels observed in the non-chronic lung allograft dysfunction group. Our findings suggest that KL-6 levels decrease in interstitial lung disease patients following lung transplantation, with a greater reduction in KL-6 levels observed in bilateral lung transplantation compared to unilateral lung transplantation. Elevated serum KL-6 levels were associated with chronic lung allograft dysfunction, highlighting its utility as a diagnostic biomarker.

Profile of oxidative stress, inflammation, and muscle damage in professional athletes and recreational basketball players

Introduction: To gain a healthy lifestyle, several physical active people do popular sports such as basketball, as their hobby. However, the different physiological responses between athletes and recreational players have not yet been understood. Objective: This study aims to analyze differences of antioxidants, free radical, inflammation, and muscle damage markers between professional athletes and recreational basketball players. Methodology: The subjects were professional athletes (PA, n=10) and recreational basketball players (RP, n=10). All subjects performed 5x5 basketball. The heart rate (HR) during the game was recorded. Glutathione peroxidase (GPX), F2-isoprostane, C-reactive protein (CRP), and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) were analyzed. Results: It showed the PA had lower HRmax compared to RP group (p=0.001), while blood markers level between PA and RP groups was insignificant difference (p≥0.05). However, the CRP of professional athletes tended to decrease after the game, while the RP group had a small increase after 1 hour. Both groups showed a transient decrease in LDH after 1 hour. Interestingly, 1 hour after the games, RP experienced a slight decrease of F2-isoprostane level, while PA underwent a small decrease of GPX level. Conclusions: The professional athletes have better cardiovascular endurance. However, after 1 hour of the game, LDH, CRP, F2-IsoPs, and GPX seem similar in both groups. It indicates that recreational players have a good benefit as active people. Even though, the level trend of the markers in professional athletes is superior to recreational players. Nevertheless, further investigation is still needed to figure out the physiological response mechanism with more complete markers.

Level Measurement and Obstacle Diagnosis of High-Quality Development of The Construction Industry Empowered by Digital Intelligence

As a fusion application of digital technology and intelligence, digital intellectualization has a great role in promoting economic development and social life change and realizing high-quality development. Based on the panel data of 31 provinces in China from 2012 to 2021, this paper selects indicators from three dimensions: infrastructure conditions of empowerment, subjects of empowerment, and subjects of empowerment, and constructs an evaluation system to measure the level of high-quality development of the construction empowered by digital intelligence and analyze the obstacle factors. It is found that the overall trend of high-quality development level of the digital intelligence-enabled construction industry from 2012 to 2021 is upward, and there is a wide gap in the level of regions, with the south, north, and east areas having a high level of high-quality development of the construction industry empowered by digital intelligence, the center and southwest area having a low to medium level, the northeast and northwest area having a low level. The results of the obstacle degree show that input indicators, output indicators, industrial efficiency, broadband penetration rate, and facility sharing are the main obstacle factors restricting the high-quality development of the construction industry empowered by digital intelligence. In the future, accelerating the high-quality development of the construction industry empowered by digital intelligence should start with strengthening regional collaborative development, providing a good policy environment and resource protection, accelerating the absorption and proliferation of digital intelligence industry technology, and strengthening the sharing of facilities and resources among relevant participants in the construction industry.

Perceptions of the determinants of health and cancer: trends in discourse and level of argumentation between girls and boys aged 6 to 18.

To characterize the discourse trends and level of argumentation of girls and boys by analysing the differences in the conceptions and systems of conceptions of children and adolescents aged between 6 and 18. This is a multi-centre qualitative study in the human and social sciences, based on data collected in two different phases using two different tools: e.Photoexpression©, which deals with health in general, and Photonarration, which deals with cancer. The aim of this open, exploratory method, which uses photographs, is to gather data on the experiences and knowledge specific to each child and adolescent. The informative value of data from qualitative collection tools, combined with a mixed analysis methodology, enabled us to characterize the differences in perceptions of health determinants and cancer between girls and boys aged between 6 and 18. 4,174 productions were collected from 1,068 children aged 6 to 18, identifying 30 determinants of health and cancer. For all of these results, there were significant gender differences from a very early age: boys focused on leisure activities and physical activity, while girls took a more global view, focusing on the environment, food, emotional aspects of social relationships, hygiene, care, prevention, etc. As they got older, the focus shifted to health determinants. As we get older, we see a change in discourse trends and in the level of argumentation, with girls becoming richer and boys poorer. The trends in girls' and boys' discourse on what, in their view, determines health demonstrate the interest and relevance of adapting the prevention methods used as closely as possible to the conceptions of children and adolescents. The differences observed between boys and girls are a crucial lever that takes into account the specific characteristics of a population. They offer the possibility of taking more effective action, both in the context of interventions aimed at teenagers and in support of decision-making in the context of prevention policies.