Tree Drawing Research Articles

Artificial Intelligence Supported Analysis of Children's Pictures: Preschool Period Applications

The aim of this study is to investigate the role of artificial intelligence tools in analyzing preschool children's drawings and to determine whether they are effective in analyzing children's drawings. The study group of the research consists of 4 preschool students in the age group of 5 within the scope of Melik Ahmet Gazi Primary School in Tokat province. The research is based on a qualitative research method called multiple case study and documents and semi-structured interview forms were used to collect data. The study group, which was determined by simple random sampling method, was administered the people, family, tree and house drawing tests and each child drew 4 pictures from each test. The data were analyzed and compared in detail by content analysis method using MaxQDA analysis program. The results show that both methods have strengths and weaknesses. While researchers evaluate in detail the first impression, developmental appropriateness and positioning of the drawings, AI has the advantages of speed and objectivity. AI is effective in identifying specific patterns and structures and excels in fast and accurate processing of objective data. Researchers are more successful with contextual and qualitative data.

Children's perceptions shape primate conservation message in rural communities of the Barú District, Southwestern Panama.

Panama is a habitat for nine primate species, and most of them are threatened. This has shown a fundamental concern in primate conservation by Panamanian-based conservation projects. Among them is the project Conservación del Mono Cariblanco en Agroecosistemas (COMOCA) which initiated a primate conservation education program in Southwestern Panama in 2022. The first stage of this program consisted of evaluating the perceptions that 102 children aged 8-12 years old have about primate habitat. Ianalyzed drawings made by these children exploring three different themes: (1) description of primate species, (2) primate habitat, and (3) food related to primates. The results indicate that children are more familiar with the white-faced capuchins and squirrel monkeys. Despite 89.2% of the children drawing trees, most of them painted tree crops. Thus, the top three most mentioned foods eaten by monkeys were mango, plantain/banana, and apple. These findings highlight the importance of addressing the relationship between primates and native trees in the content of the conservation education program. Additionally, the study illustrates how children's depiction of their reality has implications for the management of human-primate interfaces.

Tree of Life Model and other Africa-centred interventions

The Tree of Life is a four-part process which involves drawing trees and then there is a second part of the methodology which is about the Forest of Life. So, Tree of Life begins with inviting people to draw their tree. And each part of the tree represents something specific about their lives, their roots, where they come from, their history, their heritage, their ancestry, the ground where they live, who they live with, what they like to do when they’re at home, favourite places, favourite songs or dances. The trunk – the skills and their knowledges, the things they’re good at, the things that people tell them they’re good at. The leaves of their tree – most important people in their lives, people who care for them and support them. And then the branches – your hopes, your dreams for both the near and the distant future. And then the fruits are the gifts that you’ve received and that you’ve been given. And so, people are invited to come up with a tree and then they are supported to tell stories around these aspects of their lives by somebody who has been trained, who knows how to help them to thicken their stories, because we want people to stand firmly in the second stories of their lives and the alternative stories – the stories about your hopes, your dreams, your skills, the people that are important to you, your aspirations in your life. HOW TO REFERENCE USING ASWDNET STYLE Ncube-Mlilo N. (2024). Tree of Life Model and other Africa-centred interventions. African Journal of Social Work, 14(3), 149-154. https://dx.doi.org/10.4314/ajsw.v14i3.6 Visit journal website: https://ajsw.africasocialwork.net

Locate hyperbolas on Ground Penetrating Radar slices with auto filter selection algorithm

Ground Penetrating Radar (GPR) is a geophysical method of using high frequency electromagnetic waves to study shallow objects below the ground. In the GPR sections, the position of point anomalies is represented as reflected hyperbola. In some cases, the reflected hyperbolas on the GPR cross-section have a relatively large number and overlap which making the positioning very complicated and time-consuming. This article presents the development of an automatic selection algorithm with the aim of accurately determining the position of hyperbolas on GPR cross-sections. The automatic selection algorithm is a combination of an edge detection algorithm and the establishment of filtering conditions based on image and physical properties of geological objects. The algorithm is applied to determine the hyperbolic position of several GPR cross-sections at specific locations and provides relatively accurate results. This result will enhance the accuracy in problems related to drawing tree root maps, underground construction, landslide surveys, subsidence, and soil pollution research.

A Scalable Method for Readable Tree Layouts.

Large tree structures are ubiquitous and real-world relational datasets often have information associated with nodes (e.g., labels or other attributes) and edges (e.g., weights or distances) that need to be communicated to the viewers. Yet, scalable, easy to read tree layouts are difficult to achieve. We consider tree layouts to be readable if they meet some basic requirements: node labels should not overlap, edges should not cross, edge lengths should be preserved, and the output should be compact. There are many algorithms for drawing trees, although very few take node labels or edge lengths into account, and none optimizes all requirements above. With this in mind, we propose a new scalable method for readable tree layouts. The algorithm guarantees that the layout has no edge crossings and no label overlaps, and optimizes one of the remaining aspects: desired edge lengths and compactness. We evaluate the performance of the new algorithm by comparison with related earlier approaches using several real-world datasets, ranging from a few thousand nodes to hundreds of thousands of nodes. Tree layout algorithms can be used to visualize large general graphs, by extracting a hierarchy of progressively larger trees. We illustrate this functionality by presenting several map-like visualizations generated by the new tree layout algorithm.

Specyfika rysunku niewidomych uczniów na przykładzie reprezentacji schamtu drzewa

Introduction: For centuries, drawing has been a creative form of human expression. The author shapes the image of the phenomenon according to his own sensory experience and imagination and the knowledge carried by the language and transmitted through culture. This article concerns the representation of real-world phenomena in drawings by individuals who are completely blind from birth. Research Aim: The research goal is encapsulated in the question: Do blind individuals go through a similar evolution in representing tree forms in their artistic development as sighted individuals? I am particularly interested in the following issues: What aesthetic characteristics (form and uniqueness of perspective) distinguish the drawings by blind students? Are the patterns of sighted individuals similar to those constructed by blind individuals? Do blind individuals present a distinct vision of the phenomenon based on their own imagination and sensory experiences? Method: The method of the research procedure involves the analysis of art works created in the process of the act of drawing. In order to gain knowledge about the created phenomenon, the interview method and participant observation during the creative act were used. The subject of analysis consists of convex drawings on microgrooved foil. The formal layer of the artwork in the drawings of trees by blind students will be subjected to analysis. The image components of the phenomenon will be analysed in relation to the typology of tree forms in the artistic creations of sighted children, as proposed by Stanisław Popek (1985). In analysing the graphical representations of the phenomenon, I will also refer to studies on the development of a child's artistic abilities presented by specialists such as S. Szuman (1990), V. Lowenfeld and W. Brittain (1977), R. Arnheim (1974/2004), S. Popek (2010) and M. Uberman (2019). Conclusion: Based on the analysis of drawings, it can be noted that the blind create the phenomenon of the tree in the following ways: a) according to the pattern of the sighted, b) also developing their own, individual patterns.

Immunochemical Characterization of Salix alba (S. alba) Pollen Allergens and Evaluation of the Cross-Reactivity Pattern with Common Allergenic Pollen Grains

BackgroundPollens, particularly tree and plant pollens, are one of the major causes of allergic respiratory diseases worldwide. Allergy to pollens of different species of Salix trees has been reported in various regions of the world. The most common type of Salix tree in Iran is white willow (Salix alba). ObjectivesThis study aimed to identify and determine the immunochemical characteristics of allergenic proteins in S. alba tree pollen extract using SDS-PAGE and IgE- immunoblotting methods. Moreover, the cross-reaction pattern of the specific IgE antibody of S. alba tree pollen proteins with pollen allergens of common allergenic trees, i.e., Populus nigra (P. nigra), Cupressus sempervirens (C. sempervirens), Pinus brutia (P. brutia) and Platanus orientalis (P. orientalis) in the region was investigated. MethodsThe reaction of allergenic proteins in S. alba pollen extract with specific IgE antibodies in patients' sera was investigated using SDS-PAGE and IgE-immunoblotting methods. The cross-reaction of specific IgE antibodies of the proteins present in S. alba pollen extract with pollen allergens of common allergenic trees in the region was investigated using ELISA and immunoblotting inhibition methods. In silico methods such as phylogenetic tree drawing and alignment of amino acid sequences were used to examine the evolutionary relationship and homology structure of common allergenic proteins (Panallergens) responsible for cross reactions. ResultsMore than 11 protein bands binding to specific IgE antibodies in patients' sera with a molecular weight between 13 and 95 kDa were identified in the S. alba tree pollen extract. ELISA and immunoblotting inhibition results showed that P. nigra extract could inhibit the binding of IgE antibodies to S. alba pollen extract proteins to a greater extent than C. sempervirens, P. brutia, and P. orientalis tree extracts. In silico methods investigated the results of ELISA and immunoblotting inhibition methods. Moreover, a high structural homology and evolutionary relationship were observed between S. alba and P. nigra tree pollen panallergens. ConclusionIn this study, it was found that more than 80 % of the sensitive patients who were examined had specific IgE antibodies reacting with the approximately a 15 kDa-protein present in the S. alba pollen extract. Furthermore, the specific IgE-binding proteins found in the pollens of S. alba and P. nigra trees had relative structural homology, and it is likely that if recombinant forms are produced, they can be used for diagnostic and therapeutic purposes for both of the trees.

나무그림검사(Baum Test)에 관한 연구 동향

The purpose of this study is to explore balanced development strategies for the Baum Test (BT) by analyzing the current state and trends of BT research. The research subjects were 40 studies on the tree drawing test conducted from 1983 to 2023, centered on Koch's criteria, selected from RISS, using SPSS 19.0 program for data analysis. The findings are as follows: First, the annual research trends exhibited fluctuations in number of papers over time. Secondly, in the analysis of researchers on the BT, there was a concentration of individuals with master's degrees. Thirdly, elementary school students were the primary focus as research subjects, and numerous studies targeted the general population as subject type. Lastly, research content often involved a significant number of participants (over 100) utilizing cross-analysis. In summary, the findings reveal an over-concentration on theses targeting elementary school students, which occupy the largest portion. This concentration on specific groups implies limited diversity in the research, restricting the exploration of a broader range of participants and settings, despite the advantageous nature of the BT as a projective assessment.

Morphing tree drawings in a small 3D grid

We study crossing-free grid morphs for planar drawings of trees using the third dimension. A morph consists of morphing steps, where vertices of the tree move simultaneously along straight-line trajectories at constant speeds. The aim is to find a morph between two given drawings of the same tree that has a small number of steps and is crossing-free, i.e. no two vertices overlap or no two edges of the tree intersect except in their common endpoints at any moment during the morph. It is already known, that there exists a crossing-free morph between two drawings of an $n$-vertex planar graph $G$ with $\mathcal{O}(n)$ morphing steps, and that using the third dimension the number of steps can be reduced to $\mathcal{O}(\log n)$ for an $n$-vertex tree. However, these morphs do not bound one practical parameter, the resolution. Can the number of steps still be reduced substantially by using the third dimension with an additional restriction of keeping the resolution bounded throughout the morph? We answer this question in affirmative by presenting a $3D$ non-crossing morph between two planar grid drawings of an $n$-vertex tree in $\mathcal{O}(\sqrt{n} \log n)$ morphing steps such that each intermediate drawing is a grid drawing, i.e., vertices of the tree are mapped to the nodes of a $3D$ grid of polynomial volume.

The molecular investigations on the subgenus Artemisia Less. of the genus Artemisia L. (Asteraceae) in Turkey

The genus Artemisia L. of the family Asteraceae is systematically very complex. The aim of this study was to evaluate taxonomic positions of taxa of the subgenus Artemisia belonging to the genus Artemisia in Turkey using some molecular techniques. In this molecular study, 44 individuals belong to 14 species of the subgenus Artemisia were examined. Analyses were performed on the combined dataset using maximum parsimony, maximum likelihood and Bayesian inference and Molecular parameters obtained from co-evaluations of sequences of the psbA-trnH, ITS and ETS regions of examined individuals were used in the phylogenetic tree drawing. According to the results of this study, two molecular groups have been formed based on the DNA sequence similarity of the species, but there are no obvious morphological characters corresponding to two molecular groups. There is no also agreement between the two molecular groups and the two morphological groups formed according to the hairiness condition of the receptacle of species. Due to the lack of molecular significance of their receptacles with or without hair, dividing of the subgenus Artemisia species into new subgenera or sections was not considered appropriate. Likewise, it has been found that with or without hair on the corolla lobes of the central hermaphrodite disc flowers have no molecular significance. It was found that there were no gene flow and hybridization between the 14 species of the subgenus Artemisia and these 14 species were found completed their speciation. This study is important as it is the first molecular based study relating with belong to subgenus Artemisia species growing naturally in Turkey. In addition, new haplotypes related to the populations of Turkey belonging to the subgenus Artemisia taxa were reported by us for the first time and added to the GenBank database.

A Pixel Imperfect World

This piece, entitled "A Pixel Imperfect World", approaches the theme of 'unfeeling' through a character most feared for their unfeeling disposition, the cyborg. In this piece, the cyborg can be seen walking through a world of pixelated flowers and foliage. I like to think of the cyborg here as the creator of this natural world, an image of nature viewed from the perspective of a non-human machine. Though made up of pixels, the bricks of digital world-building and a definitively unnatural material, this artificial nature is undeniably beautiful. This challenges anthropocentric ideas of what constitutes "nature", "beauty" and "human", by blurring the boundary between nature and technology, just as the cyborg blurs the boundary between human and machine. This piece was inspired by my attempts to draw 3D images of "nature" in Tilt Brush, a 3D-painting Virtual Reality app. Despite my efforts, the results of my drawings of flowers, trees and natural landscapes in the VR world are absurdly unnatural. And yet in spite of this, they are beautiful. Taking this experience as its focus, I have used hand cut squares of different coloured paper and stuck these on individually to form mosaic shapes as flowers and foliage. This piece could have easily been produced as a digital illustration, with far more accurate results. But by taking an analogue approach to the digital material of the pixel, there is an imperfection to the pixels in the image, they are creased and wonky and at times disjointed. This gives a fallibility and "humanness" (though I tend to avoid terms like this which fall into humanist ideologies) to the digital world depicted here, further blurring the digital/natural binary transcended by the "unfeeling" cyborg.

Review: Louis Kahn: The Importance of Drawing and Our Days Are Like Full Years: A Memoir with Letters from Louis Kahn

Review: <i>Louis Kahn: The Importance of Drawing</i> and <i>Our Days Are Like Full Years: A Memoir with Letters from Louis Kahn</i>

What Are Possible Selves And How Do We Find Out About Them? The Revised Possible Me Tree Model

ABSTRACT Possible selves is a theory of self-concept and behaviour motivation. Methods of exploring possible selves have focused on interviews and questionnaires. This article introduces the Possible Me Tree model and explains how the model was adapted and used for research. The Possible Me Tree model was implemented with young people between 17 and 18 years of age who had been in a child and youth care centre for a minimum of 12 months and who would be aging out of the care system in the year the study was conducted. The pilot study indicated that original Possible Me Tree drawing activity was impractical. As a result, refinements were made to the Possible Me Tree process. The revised model required that three discrete interviews were conducted with each participant, making use of the following techniques: a life map, possible me tree drawing and a planning grid. These activities are scaffolded to create a whole, unified data collection or therapeutic process. Further refinements were made to the planning grid after the study was concluded. Findings are presented from the study structured into three themes; tenacity, determination and hard work, hustling to make money and issues to address in therapy. The article concludes by arguing that Possible Me Tree model is an innovative and creative approach to social work research and practice. This model has value in social work research and practice as a form of visual diagramming which may help build rapport, address power issues in the research process and allow participants control and ownership over the end product. Further research using the model proposed may lead to more adaptations to the model. Research that explores the use of the model in the therapeutic context is also recommended.

The Tree Drawing Test in Evolution: An Explorative Longitudinal Study in Alzheimer's Disease.

To study the evolution of the Tree Drawing Test (TDT) in a group of Alzheimer's disease (AD) patients. A total of 33 AD patients were consecutively evaluated by Mini Mental State Evaluation (MMSE) and TDT. The evolution of the TDT parameters, trunk-to-crown (TC) and space occupation (SO) index, were analyzed. The median age at first visit was 79years. Globally, trees drawn by patients showed an evolution characterized by a progressive reduction of the crown compared to the trunk. TC index showed a significant linear growth change (2.52 points per year) while SO index did not significantly increase. No significant associations were found examining the relations between MMSE and TC and SO index. TDT could represent a complementary technique to the main neuropsychological screening tests for orienting cognitive impairment diagnosis and an aid in following the evolution of cognitive impairment over time in AD patients.

Unlikely Sister Taxa - a Tree Drawing Activity That Facilitates Students' Understanding of Analogous and Homologous Structures

Unlikely Sister Taxa - a Tree Drawing Activity That Facilitates Students' Understanding of Analogous and Homologous Structures

Horton-Strahler number, rooted pathwidth and upward drawings of trees

An upward drawing of a rooted tree is a drawing such that no parents are below their children. It is well-known that every rooted tree has a planar straight-line upward drawing of width at most log2⁡(n+1). This is class-optimal, i.e., there are rooted trees that require log2⁡(n+1) width, but not instance-optimal, i.e., for some trees the drawing uses much more width than required.In this paper, we study how to find upward drawings with instance-optimal width. It turns out that their width is the same as the so-called Horton-Strahler number, which in turn is equivalent to the so-called rooted pathwidth. We give other properties of these graph parameters as well.

WITHDRAWN: A semi automated assessment and marking approach of decision tree diagram

In the present scenario every educational institution having large number of students and it has improved the need for automated testing program tools. With such many of students in need of teaching and assessment, there is a need for teachers to consider assessment models with new technologies, in addition to those, the method of accepting the assessment is another factor. Currently, computer-assisted test programs are widely used to mark multiple choice questions. Abort from MCQs, sine there is a need to create tools that can be tested student’s knowledge in a general way such as testing the drawing solutions for the assessments. The primary objective of this study is to investigate a new experimental approach that provides the use of computers system to support the proposed method of tree construction method. In this way, research seeks to reduce the burden of marking on drawings related assessments and improve the quality of feedback provided to students on their answers. A case study was conducted to identify the needs of a new automated testing tool on drawing related assessments. Research is being done to investigate and show that it is possible to mark a tree drawing using new techniques. In addition, the process of the new method is developed based on the outcome of the case study. The proposed method of automated automation was based on a new marking method, which was tested by marking a few student responses to tree drawings and then analyzing using mathematical numerical tests. Assessment evaluation process included the use of Likert questionnaires, yielding positive results, with most participants conducting research to make the new process and preferring the use of a new method over the traditional marking technique.

The influence of ageism on stereotypical attitudes among allied health students in Japan: a group comparison design

BackgroundAgeism is a serious problem in medical care. The importance of ageism-related education for students has been emphasized. To determine the most effective approach to ageism-related education for allied health students, this study examined ageism among this group of students, with the hypothesis that ageism was expressed not only toward elderly adults but also toward individuals other than elderly adults.MethodsA questionnaire survey was conducted among 154 allied health students in Japan. The questionnaire involved tree drawings to evaluate the drawer’s personality and a measurement of the participants’ ageism. There were two display conditions for tree drawing. In the elderly display condition, participants were informed that the drawer was an elderly person, and in a control condition, participants were not informed of the drawer’s age. Participants were randomly assigned to each condition and were required to evaluate the drawer’s personality based on 5 personality traits. After the evaluation, all participants were required to complete the Japanese short version of the Fraboni Scale of Ageism (FSA-J).ResultsThe participants were 123 allied health students, 61 of whom were in the elderly display condition and 62 of whom were in the control condition. Based on the mean score on the FSA-J (M = 29.80), we divided the participants into a low-FSA-J group (N = 64) and a high-FSA-J group (N = 59). There was no significant difference between the display conditions on the FSA-J score. In the high-FSA-J groups, the control condition evaluated the drawer’s personality as more timid than did the elderly display condition (F = 4.26, df = 1, 119). For negligence, the high-FSA-J group evaluated the drawer’s personality as more negligent than did the low-FSA-J group (F = 4.08). For broad interests, the main effects of condition and groups were significant (F = 4.23).ConclusionsThe results suggested that ageism indicated a negative evaluation not only of elderly adults but also of individuals other than elderly adults, and students with negative ageism might evaluate the elderly drawer more positively. We have discussed the possibility that negative ageism among allied health students in Japan might underlie these positive stereotypes.

A Syntactic Analysis on Sentences Found in the English Textbook for the Tenth Grade Students Entitled “Bahasa Inggris Kelas X” (2017 revised edition) Published by Ministry of Education and Culture Republic of Indonesia

This study is an analysis of sentence structure by using a syntactic approach that portrayed in the tree diagram. This study focused only on the discussion covering the identification of types of sentence and sentence structure. It was found that there are 191 sentences from the six selected text in the textbook consisting of the simple sentence which has 53 sentences (27,75%), the compound sentence has 79 sentences (41,36%), the complex sentence has 33 sentences (17,27% ) and the compound-complex sentence has 26 sentences (13,61%) from the total number of the data. The finding of the analysis shows that the English textbook has all types of sentences, based on both several clauses and their syntactic properties. A drawing tree diagram is a fundamental skill in the study of syntactic structure; it is a common practice to provide a visual representation of the internal structure of phrase and clause. Tree diagrams are a clear way of representing syntactic structure graphically.

On the area requirements of planar straight-line orthogonal drawings of ternary trees

In this paper, we study the area requirements of planar straight-line orthogonal drawings of ternary trees. We prove that every ternary tree admits such a drawing in sub-quadratic area.Further, we present upper bounds, the outcomes of an experimental evaluation, and a conjecture on the area requirements of planar straight-line orthogonal drawings of complete ternary trees.Finally, we present a polynomial lower bound on the length of the minimum side of any planar straight-line orthogonal drawing of a complete ternary tree.