Treatment Temperature Research Articles

Efficacy of oxidative disinfectants, quaternary ammonium compounds and dry heat on the inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis in different cellular states.

Efficacy of oxidative disinfectants, quaternary ammonium compounds and dry heat on the inactivation of Salmonella Enteritidis in different cellular states.

A review on research advances in efficient approaches to augment hydrothermal techniques for starch functionalization: Mechanisms, properties and potential food applications.

A review on research advances in efficient approaches to augment hydrothermal techniques for starch functionalization: Mechanisms, properties and potential food applications.

Elevated temperature magnifies the toxicity of imidacloprid in the collembolan, Folsomia candida.

Elevated temperature magnifies the toxicity of imidacloprid in the collembolan, Folsomia candida.

Long-term thermal stress reshapes the tolerance of head kidney of Hong Kong catfish (Clarias fuscus) to acute heat shock by regulating energy metabolism and immune response.

Long-term thermal stress reshapes the tolerance of head kidney of Hong Kong catfish (Clarias fuscus) to acute heat shock by regulating energy metabolism and immune response.

An insight into biomass-derived low-cost biochar supported FeNi3/NiFe2O4 catalyst: Effect of hydrothermal treatment and carbothermal reduction temperature

An insight into biomass-derived low-cost biochar supported FeNi3/NiFe2O4 catalyst: Effect of hydrothermal treatment and carbothermal reduction temperature

Stability of the natural emulsions (w/o) present in virgin olive oils just obtained: Effect of the temperature and ultrasounds.

Stability of the natural emulsions (w/o) present in virgin olive oils just obtained: Effect of the temperature and ultrasounds.

Insight into Ca2+- inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 2 (IP3R2)-mediated unfolded protein response and apoptosis in scallop Patinopecten yessoensis under high temperature stress.

Insight into Ca2+- inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor 2 (IP3R2)-mediated unfolded protein response and apoptosis in scallop Patinopecten yessoensis under high temperature stress.

General control nonderepressible 4 activates the transcription of trehalose phosphorylase to improve trehalose production and abiotic stress tolerance in Ganoderma lucidum.

General control nonderepressible 4 activates the transcription of trehalose phosphorylase to improve trehalose production and abiotic stress tolerance in Ganoderma lucidum.

The Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on The Interface Microstructure and Morphology of SiCp/Al-4.2Cu-4.0Mg Composite

The Effect of Solution Treatment Temperature on The Interface Microstructure and Morphology of SiCp/Al-4.2Cu-4.0Mg Composite

Protocol to investigate bivalent histone modification dynamics via chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by re-chromatin immunoprecipitation.

Protocol to investigate bivalent histone modification dynamics via chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by re-chromatin immunoprecipitation.

Temperature-dependent alternative splicing affects gene expression in Aedes aegypti mosquitoes midgut.

Temperature is one of the most significant abiotic factors influencing vector resistance to pathogens. Research has provided substantial insights into the immunological and oxidative processes affected by temperature. However, our understanding of the complex interplay in mosquito-pathogen interactions remains limited. In this study, we investigated the impact of temperature on alternative splicing in the midgut of Aedes aegypti mosquitoes (adult females) under different thermal conditions. Few genes exhibited differential alternative splicing when comparing low (20°C) and high (36°C) temperatures to standard rearing conditions (28°C). Among these, Trypsin (TRY), Ferritin (FER), Thioredoxin (TRX) and Peptidoglycan recognition protein LC (PGRP-LC) were identified, aligning with previous findings that their expression is temperature-sensitive. Among the genes identified with alternative splicing, we focus on Thioredoxin and PGRP-LC, genes modulated by temperature variations and promising targets for future studies on their role in the competence of Ae. aegypti to transmit Zika. Experimental validation confirmed that TRX, a gene critical for pathogen defence, has a differentially spliced exon under warmer conditions, potentially altering its activity. In contrast, no differential splicing was observed for PGRP-LC across temperature treatments. These findings suggest that temperature-induced alternative splicing may play a role in shaping the mosquito's physiological responses to environmental changes, highlighting a previously underexplored layer of complexity in mosquito-pathogen dynamics.

Heat Treatment and Storage of Frass From Black Soldier Fly Larvae and Yellow Mealworm Production: Compliance With EU Regulation on Microbiological Quality and Safety.

Insect farming generates substantial amounts of frass, a nutrient-rich by-product with valorization potential as fertilizer/soil improver. Marketing is restricted by EU regulations, imposing a reference heat treatment for 1 h at 70°C to reduce the presence of potential pathogens. This study evaluated the impact of heat treatments (50 → 80°C for 15 → 90 min) on microbiological quality and safety of black soldier fly larvae (BSFL) and yellow mealworm (YM) frass, as well as microbial dynamics during storage, before and after reference treatment. Fresh frass showed high microbial counts, but Salmonella was absent. Untreated BSFL frass did not meet the EU criteria to allow use as fertilizer, while some YM frass samples did. Reference heat-treated BSFL and YM frass complied with the EU criteria. Escherichia coli counts were below the 1000 cfu/g limit, and Salmonella (even when inoculated before treatment) was absent. Only in BSFL frass, Enterococcaceae counts were sufficiently reduced. Milder treatments (temperatures < 70°C and/or times < 1 h) of BSFL frass induced similar reductions of E. coli and (inoculated) Salmonella but Enterococcaceae counts remained above 1000 cfu/g. In some YM frass samples (inoculated) Salmonella was still detected after milder treatment. Refrigerated (4°C) or ambient temperature (26°C-28°C) storage up to 2 weeks of fresh and heat-treated frass did not increase bacterial counts. To ensure frass microbiological safety whilst preserving quality and reducing costs, tailored treatments seem appropriate. This may be no, milder, or more severe treatment, depending on the microbial load (counts and species type).

Innovation in the Use of Recycled and Heat-Treated Glass in Various Applications: Mechanical and Chemical Properties

By decreasing manufacturing costs for different civic purposes, glass recycling is an economically significant technology that also helps conserve natural resources and mitigates environmental problems. Throughout the recycling process, this study used recycled domestic glass in compliance with European guidelines for recycling of household garbage. The purpose of this research is to examine the chemical and mechanical properties of recycled and crushed glass with particle sizes varying from 0.1 mm to 2 mm as a function of various treatment temperatures. This might pave the way for novel building materials, artwork, and interior design components, among other potential uses. “Silica glass”, the most common and ancient kind of glass, which includes SiOk, NakO, CaO, and small amounts of other elements, was utilized in the investigation. Several materials can be successfully modified or altered using step heat treatment. The mechanical and chemical properties of recycled and shattered glass were assessed using microhardness, compressive, and chemical testing. These samples were then compared to mosaics from Murano, Italy, and Dynasty Smalti, China. The recycled and heat-treated glass produced microhardness values of 550.6 HV and 555.0 HV, respectively, when tested with forces of 0.981 N and 2.942 N. These values were higher than those of Murano (Italy) and were comparable to those of Dynasty Smalti mosaic (China). Furthermore, compression testing demonstrated that tempered and heat-tempered glass, which might include up to 5 g of TiO2, could endure compressive strains of up to 16 MPa. This is in sharp contrast to Dynasty Smalti, which could only withstand tensions of 6–8 MPa, and Murano, which could only withstand stresses of 3–4 MPa. Tests conducted chemically over a seven-day period using KOH at 30 g/L and 100 g/L, along with HCl at 3% and 18%, showed that the samples did not alter in any way; their surface, color, and weight were untouched. Crushing and heating recycled glass makes it a viable alternative to using new glass in civil engineering projects. This helps make material reuse more efficient, which in turn helps the environment. Sturdy and resilient in a variety of contexts, the material shares mechanical and chemical properties with standard mosaics.

Heat Treatment of Clay Shales and Their Utilization as Active Mineral Additives for the Production of Composite Cements

A structure of composite cement with 15 wt.% thermally activated clay shales has been developed. The phase composition and properties of aluminosilicate rocks of the Kazakhstan deposits—Mynaral and Kuyuk—have been studied. It has been shown that aluminosilicates are related to clay shales by their composition. The regularities of thermal activation processes of aluminosilicates have been established, and it has been shown that pozzolanic activity increases for all compositions with an increase in the heat treatment temperature from 700 to 900 °C. The clay shale of the Mynaral deposit is characterized by the highest activity. The physicomechanical properties of the obtained composite cements–including Portland cement clinker, gypsum, and thermally activated clay shale—have been studied. It has been shown that when replacing up to 15 wt.% Portland cement clinker with thermally activated clay shales, there is no decrease in the strength properties of the composite cement. The obtained results allow us to consider heat-treated clay shales as active mineral additives.

The Interactive Effects of Experimental Warming and Nitrogen Deposition on Plant Community Structure, Biomass, and Soil Chemistry in an Alpine Grassland Ecosystem

The study of global changes impact on natural ecosystems is one of the current priorities of ecological research due to their recent scale and speed. Alpine grasslands are sensitive ecosystems well-suited for investigating how ecosystem is responding to rapid environmental change. With aim to investigate the impact of increased temperature and nitrogen input on the structure and processes in an alpine ecosystem we established in 2009 a field experiment on Mt. Kráľova hoľa in Central Slovakia (https://deims.org/61c12307-2669-46c1-bf0b-94d40cc6b111). Four treatments were used: increased temperature (T), increased nitrogen input (N), combined increased temperature and nitrogen input (NT), and control (C). Each treatment included six replicates (24 plots total) arranged in a blocked design. Nitrogen addition (10 kg N ha⁻¹ yr⁻¹) was applied as NH₄NO₃ solution in five applications during the growing season, while temperature was raised using open-top chambers (OTCs) designed following ITEX standards. The research plots were established in typical, species-poor, two-layer vegetation of the subalpine zone on silicate bedrock within the Juncion trifidi alliance. Experimental manipulation of temperature and nitrogen input in permanent plots in Mt. Kráľova hoľa showed a differentiated effect of individual treatments on the biomass and structure of the plant community of alpine grasslands. The results show that both nitrogen and temperature increase significantly boosted aboveground biomass. Nitrogen addition (N) has been found to benefit mainly graminoids like Avenella flexuosa and Festuca supina, while dwarf shrubs and mosses experienced moderate biomass increases. The NT treatment resulted in further amplification of graminoid biomass, where Luzula alpinopilosa and Juncus trifidus became dominant, leading to suppression of other functional groups: it may inhibit the growth of dwarf scrub and mosses and results in lichens elimination. In contrast, warming alone (T) yielded the highest overall biomass, driven by the growth of dwarf shrubs, mosses, and lichens, even though graminoids responded modestly. These findings align with global patterns, where dominant species and functional groups play a major role in stabilizing ecosystems under changing conditions. The control treatment shows lower overall biomass than any other treatment, indicating that the experimentally increased temperature and/or nitrogen input improves environmental conditions for plant growth. The Redundancy analysis (RDA) of vegetation records shows that the control treatment (C) is closely correlated with the increased temperature treatment (T). The remaining two treatments, i.e. N- and NT treatments are negatively correlated with two former treatments. Species Avenella flexuosa, Festuca supina, Carex bigelowii and Polytrichum alpinum are positively correlated with added nitrogen treatment (N). The positive correlation with combined NT treatment exhibit Luzula alpinopilosa, Juncus trifidus, and Senecio carpaticus, while other species are negativelly correlated: Homogyne alpina, Hieracium alpinum, Cladonia spp. Species Cetraria islandica, Hypnum sp., Soldanella hungarica, Campanula alpina, Oreogeum montanum, Potentilla aurea, and Nardus stricta, are correlated with C- and T-treatments and these species are most affected by N addition. The ecosystem likely did not utilize all of the added nitrogen, with some leaching into the soil solution, as evidenced by increases in both nitrate and ammonium nitrogen in the lysimeter water. The addition of nitrogen decreased soil pH, with acidic soils becoming even more acidic, and decreased the exchange capacity of ions. There was an increase in the conductivity of lysimeter waters, indicating the leaching of ions from soil particles into the soil solution. We confirmed the leaching of basic cations calcium, magnesium, phosphorus, and potassium into the soil solution, as well as increased concentrations of aluminium, manganese, and zinc. The increase in dissolved organic carbon in the treatments with increased temperature suggests higher decomposition. The study highlights how nitrogen addition can alter community structure, including through shading effects caused by fast-growing graminoids. Understanding these interactions is key for the effective management of alpine grasslands, which face growing risks from climate change and human-driven nitrogen deposition.

Tuning the Mesopore Network in Meso-Macroporous Silica Monoliths by Hydrothermal Treatment - A Physisorption Study.

Macro-mesoporous silica monolith columns, prepared by a sol-gel procedure developed by K. Nakanishi, show beneficial flow and separation properties due to their 3D-interconnected macropores in combination with mesopores, providing a high surface area. Building on this, they are routinely used in analytical liquid chromatography. Within the synthetic process, fine-tuning of the mesopore dimension and interconnection is achieved by an etching step involving hydrothermal treatment under basic conditions, typically in the range of 80 °C-100 °C. The present study aims to unravel details of this harsh procedure by a comprehensive analysis of the resulting mesoporous network. Thus, a series of silica monoliths was prepared across a range of hydrothermal treatment temperatures (HTT) between 80 and 110 °C, thereby tuning the mesoporosity. Mercury intrusion porosimetry confirmed that enhanced HTT does not alter the macropore dimension and only affects the mesopore space. The study employed state-of-the-art physisorption analysis applying two adsorptives, Ar (87 K) and N2 (77 K), to identify changes in the mesopore size and network connectivity as a function of HTT. Also, advanced hysteresis scanning was performed on the same materials, providing independent insights into pore network effects. These analyses indicate that increasing HTT systematically enhances the average mesopore size from 8 nm (80 °C) to approximately 25 nm (110 °C) and widens the pore size distribution, pointing to pronounced dissolution of SiO2 at higher HTT. Surprisingly, the total mesopore volume remains constant upon increasing the HTT, implying a dissolution-reprecipitation mechanism for SiO2, rather than mere etching. Importantly, the in-depth porosity analysis reveals an increase in the size of necks, which reduces restrictions in the mesopore network connectivity. Furthermore, the data are in line with a recently proposed spatial mesopore size gradient in monoliths, which we find to be relevant at lower HTT and to systematically diminish toward higher HTT.

Effect of Temperature on Maturation, Spawning and Pigmentation of Xiphophorus helleri (Swordtail)

This study assessed the impact of varying water temperatures on spawning, maturation, and pigmentation in Xiphophorus helleri (swordtail) over a period of sixty days. Four temperature treatments were set up at 21°C (T0), 24°C (T1), 27°C (T2), and 30°C (T3), with ten fish per tank using a 25-litre aquarium. Continuous aeration and thermostatic control maintained stable conditions. The daily water exchange ensured cleanliness by removing leftover feed and excreta. Among the treatments, 27°C (T2) showed the best reproductive performance. This temperature yielded the highest Gonadosomatic Index (GSI) for females (9.60±0.009) and males (7.83±0.008), as well as Hepatosomatic Index (HSI) values (1.47±0.008 for females). T2 also had the best spawning rate (21.85±2.10) and fry production (30.00±0.816), along with the most advanced oocyte maturation stages (vitellogenic oocytes). In terms of skin pigmentation, carotenoid levels were also highest at 27°C (2.92±0.170), with the best survival rate observed at 95.00% for this treatment, though survival differences across treatments were statistically non-significant (p&gt;0.05). The current study affirmed that temperature is a pivotal factor in regulating spawning, maturation, and the enhancement of pigmentation in swordtails.

Effect of Carburization Time and Carburization Temperature on Carburization of Mild Steel Using Carbon Nanotubes Obtained from a Horizontal CVD Reactor

This study investigates the effectiveness of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in enhancing the surface hardness of mild steel through carburization. CNTs were synthesized via chemical vapor deposition at 700°C using iron nitrate and cobalt nitrate as precursors on CaCO₃ support. Acetylene was used as the carbon source and nitrogen as the inert gas. The as-synthesized CNTs were purified using a one-step nitric acid treatment. Characterization by SEM, TGA, and FTIR revealed CNT diameters of 42-52 nm and improved thermal stability after purification, with TGA showing mass losses of 78% for as-synthesized CNTs and 85% for purified CNTs. Low carbon steel (AISI 1018) samples were carburized with as-synthesized and purified CNTs at austenitic temperatures of 750°C and 800°C for period ranging from 10 to 50 minutes. The carburizing process involved heating at 10°C/minute, followed by a defined number of boost and diffusion steps. Surface hardness was evaluated using a Vickers FM 700 micro-hardness tester, and microstructure was checked with an Olympus SC50 optical microscope. Results show that the use of purified CNTs in the carburization displayed the highest surface hardness of 191.64 ± 4.16 GPa at 800°C for 50 minutes, representing a 32% increase over the untreated substrate (145.188 ± 2.66 GPa). As-synthesized CNTs yielded a hardness value of 177.88 ± 2.35 GPa under the same conditions. At 750°C, the percentage increase in hardness for as-synthesized CNTs and purified CNTs were 10.04% and 15.77%, respectively, compared to the untreated substrate. Higher carburization temperature and longer treatment time consistently increased the surface hardness. The use of purified CNTs resulted in an increase of 6.37% hardness when compared to that of the as-synthesized CNTs at 750°C. Microstructural changes in the steel samples confirmed improved surface hardness with both purified and unpurified CNTs, with purified CNTs showing superior performance. This study therefore provides a platform for the use of CNTs for enhancing surface hardness of steel for various industrial applications requiring enhanced mechanical properties and wear resistance in low carbon steels.

A Review of Studies on the Influence of Rare-Earth Elements on the Microstructures and Properties of Copper and Copper Alloys and Relevant Applications

The rapid advancements in electronics, electric vehicles, and green technologies have imposed increasingly stringent demands on copper-based materials. These requirements include high thermal and electricity conductivity, corrosion resistance, and strength properties at both room temperature and high temperatures. Rare-earth elements are excellent microalloying agents due to their typical metallic properties and highly active chemical characteristics; these properties and characteristics enable them to react with almost all elements except noble gases. The addition of rare-earth elements to copper and copper alloys can have several beneficial effects, such as impurity removal, purification, enhancement of the metallographic structure, and improved corrosion resistance. These effects can also raise the heat treatment temperature and enhance plastic processing, thereby further improving the overall properties of copper alloys. This review examines the influence of rare-earth elements (REEs) on copper and its alloys, along with their diverse industrial applications. It was found that elements such as La, Ce, Y, and Nd are commonly added to enhance properties like electrical conductivity, strength, corrosion resistance, purity, and hot workability in alloys such as pure copper, Cu-Ni-Si, Cu-Cr-Zr, and Cu-Fe-P. The review will lay a foundation and provide novel method for the development of advanced copper alloy.

The Combined Effects of Heat Treatment and Epoxy Coatings on the Physical and Impact Properties of Gigantochloa scortechinii Bamboo in Seawater

ABSTRACT This study explores the effects of epoxy coatings and heat treatment on the properties of Gigantochloa scortechinii bamboo in marine environments. Bamboo strips were subjected to heat treatment at temperatures of 160°C, 170°C, and 180°C, followed by single or double epoxy coatings. The strips were then immersed in seawater at concentrations of 100%, 50%, and 0% for 21 days. The findings revealed that bamboo exposed to 0% seawater experienced significant damage compared to those submerged in higher concentrations. Notably, the double epoxy coatings on strips treated at 170°C led to a substantial reduction in water absorption and thickness swelling across all seawater concentrations. Additionally, the water resistance improved with double coatings, showing optimal performance at varying treatment temperatures: 180°C for 100% seawater, 170°C for 50%, and no treatment for 0%. Impact tests indicated that while dry conditions resulted in increased strength with double coatings on strips treated at 170°C, this strength declined sharply after immersion. In contrast, non-heat-treated strips with a single coating maintained better impact strength across all seawater concentrations. The combined effect improves durability in dry conditions but is less effective in seawater. This discovery contributes to the development of safer and more reliable construction materials.