Treatment Of Speech Disorders Research Articles

A Comparison of Oral Motor and Production Training for Children with Speech Sound Disorders

Despite the many debates about the usefulness of nonspeech oral motor exercises (NSOMEs) in the treatment of speech disorders, few controlled experiments have evaluated their efficacy in the remediation of phonological/articulatory disorders (PADs). More importantly, the relative effect of NSOMEs compared with traditional production treatment (PT) has not been established. The current study employed an alternating treatment design to evaluate changes in production of sounds targeted by NSOMEs and PT in nine children with PAD. Each subject received treatment on two linguistically distinct sounds in which one sound was treated with NSOMEs and the second sound was targeted with PT. The difference in treatment efficacy, measured as the percentage change in target production for NSOMEs versus PT, was compared using a paired T test. Because NSOMEs typically are used to ready a child for subsequent PT, comparison of PT treatment accuracy was made between NSOME-first and PT-first sessions. Results demonstrated a statistically significant effect of treatment type with greater production gains with PT compared with NSOMEs. Further, no facilitative effect of NSOMEs on PT was noted; however, the choice of distinct treatment targets may have contributed to this null effect. Although additional investigation is warranted, the current investigation does not support the efficacy of NSOMEs in the treatment of PAD.

Principles of Motor Learning in Treatment of Motor Speech Disorders

There has been renewed interest on the part of speech-language pathologists to understand how the motor system learns and determine whether principles of motor learning, derived from studies of nonspeech motor skills, apply to treatment of motor speech disorders. The purpose of this tutorial is to introduce principles that enhance motor learning for nonspeech motor skills and to examine the extent to which these principles apply in treatment of motor speech disorders. This tutorial critically reviews various principles in the context of nonspeech motor learning by reviewing selected literature from the major journals in motor learning. The potential application of these principles to speech motor learning is then discussed by reviewing relevant literature on treatment of speech disorders. Specific attention is paid to how these principles may be incorporated into treatment for motor speech disorders. Evidence from nonspeech motor learning suggests that various principles may interact with each other and differentially affect diverse aspects of movements. Whereas few studies have directly examined these principles in speech motor (re)learning, available evidence suggests that these principles hold promise for treatment of motor speech disorders. Further research is necessary to determine which principles apply to speech motor (re)learning in impaired populations.

A history of the treatment of speech disorders. By Margaret Eldridge, F.C.S.T., F.A.C.S.T. 8½ × 5½ in. Pp. 232 + viii. 1967. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd. 30s

A history of the treatment of speech disorders. By Margaret Eldridge, F.C.S.T., F.A.C.S.T. 8½ × 5½ in. Pp. 232 + viii. 1967. Edinburgh: E. & S. Livingstone Ltd. 30s

Kognitive Prozesse und dynamische Zeitstrukturen. Vorstellung eines Meßgerätes zur Untersuchung der Mikro-Vigilanz-Shift-(MVS-)Hypothese. Cognitive Processes and Dynamical Time Structures. Introduction of a Method for Testing the Microvigilance Shift (MVS) Hypothesis

The psychophysiological measuring method for the determination of the auditory order threshold (OT) is steadily gaining in importance, both for the diagnosis and treatment of speech disorders. Observed intraindividual variability of (macro-) vigilance led to the hypothesis of discontinuous cognitive processing in the central nervous system. The base for the variability of microvigilance is hypothesized to be in the phase difference of the alpha rhythm. To test for this hypothesis, we developed an EEG-comparator, which allows for a phase-dependent triggering of external stimuli. In direct comparison with stochastic (i.e. non-phase-dependent) stimulus presentation, the threshold in phase-dependent OT-testing is distinctly lower. Optimal results occurred at phase angels of phi = 90 degrees and phi = 270 degrees. Our findings support the hypothesis of a correlation between alpha rhythm and vigilance processes. Furthermore, there seems to be evidence that memory processes go with changes in vigilance, and in this context the alpha phase correlation seems to be important.

Tourette Syndrome: The Neurology of a Tic

Tourette Syndrome: The Neurology of a Tic

Identification and differential diagnosis of phonological disorder in bilingual children

Diagnosis of speech disorder in children acquiring two languages is problematic. There are few norms for bilingual language acquisition, and speech-language path-ologists are unlikely to speak both languages of the bilingual populations they serve. Further, knowledge concerning the phonological structure of many languages is limited. This article describes the development of a phonological assessment for bilingual children. The assessment was administered to normally developing bilingual children as well as children suspected of speech disorder. The children with speech disorder were referred to the Rochdale Healthcare NHS Trust Speech and Language Therapy Department for assessment of their speech. All of the children spoke either Mirpuri, Punjabi or Urdu at home but were exposed to English at nursery or school. The phonological development of bilingual children in each language is described. The normally developing children showed phonological error patterns in English that would be considered atypical of normal monolingual development in English. The error patterns of two children with speech disorder are also described. The error patterns are consistent with research evidence concerning subgroups of speech disorder in monolingual and bilingual children. The findings provide further support for the hypothesis that symptoms (surface error patterns) of speech disorder are language independent, (i.e., that a single deficit underlies the speech disorder across both languages). The clinical implications for assessment and treatment of speech disorder in children exposed to more than one language are discussed.

VOICE DISORDERS IN CHILDREN

Pediatric patients with voice or speech problems usually should receive a team assessment in which communication between the pediatrician or primary care physician, the otolaryngologist, and speech pathologist occurs. Although speech or voice problems may prompt an otolaryngologic evaluation, the voice or speech problem simply may be the manifestation or symptom of a larger or more complex disease process. Whether that is the case of hypernasal speech, eventually leading to the diagnosis of velocardiofacial syndrome, or bilateral vocal fold paralysis, eventually leading to the diagnosis of hydrocephalus, it is apparent that patients with speech or voice disorders may eventually require multidisciplinary evaluation. The outlook for children with speech and voice difficulties is better than ever. Recent equipment advances, such as flexible laryngoscopy, video stroboscopy, and nasometry, for detection, evaluation, and management of speech problems have created a better environment than ever existed for care of these problems. Much research is being performed in the area of pediatric voice and speech problems. The National Institute of Deafness and Communicative Disorders and the National Institute of Dental Research have funded and currently fund many projects in these areas. Many pediatric hospitals now have voice or speech disorder clinics in which multiple disciplines are brought together to evaluate children with these problems. Children benefit best when speech and voice problems are managed in an interdisciplinary setting when necessary and by professionals who have experience and training in these specialized pediatric problems. Given the local, professional, and national resources that are expended toward recognition and treatment of speech disorders in children, it is truly a tragedy when those resources cannot be brought to assist children with voice and speech problems. Although voice and speech problems usually are recognized by parents or concerned family members, this task may rest on the pediatrician or other primary caregiver.

The Role of Prosody in the Rehabilitation of Speech Disorders Associated with Hearing Impairment

The purpose of this paper is to encourage discussion concerning the effectiveness of treatment techniques for developmental speech and language disorders associated with hearing impairment. The paper summarises the development of prelinguistic or suprasegmental skills in normally hearing children as well as the impact of hearing impairment on this developmental pattern. Limitations of traditional approaches to the treatment of speech disorders are highlighted. The fact that prosodic skills are not generally targeted in speech remediation programmes is discussed. An alternative conceptual approach to the treatment of speech disorders associated with hearing impairment is outlined. This approach highlights the developmental progression of segmentation skills as a prerequisite to the normal development of speech production and perception.

EPG treatment of sibilants in two Cantonese‐speaking children with cleft palate

ABSTRACT Children with disordered speech patterns have particular difficulties with fricatives and affricates, and it is also well documented that these segments are vulnerable in children with cleft palate (Grunwell, Sell & Harding, 1993). This is the case for both English‐speaking and Cantonese‐speaking children. The sibilant system in Cantonese differs from English in several ways: there are no voiced cognates, the affricates are alveolar, and there are only five sibilant segments in the system (/f/, /s/ /ts/ /tsh/ and /h/). We hypothesised that teaching the fricative (grooving) feature first, using electropalatography (EPG), would result in phonetic mastery of the affricate, since all of the features of the affricate would then be available to the child (alveolar/alveopalatal place, stopping plus grooving). The purpose of the study was to explore the efficacy of EPG as a treatment tool, to examine the rate and route of sibilant learning, and to examine the nature of affricates.The subjects were two Cantonese‐speaking children with repaired cleft palate, aged 5;8 and 7;8. Hearing was normal. The speech and language assessment included an oral motor examination, a story retell, an articulation test, and the Cantonese Electropalatography Protocol. The subjects were fitted with acrylic palates embedded with 62 silver electrodes, and habituated to them in situ until they were comfortable, prior to data collection. The assessment was audio‐ and video‐recorded and was completed within 1 1/2 hours.Perceptual analysis of whole‐word transcriptions were completed to construct the phonetic and phonemic inventories for each child. Electropalatographic data were analysed for the critical feature of frication (location and width of grooving) and those for affricates (place and amount of maximum constriction for the plosive, and features of grooving at the moment of release on to the fricative).Therapy included a combination of traditional and instrumental techniques. The children attended eight treatment sessions, each of 60 minutes' duration.Some cross‐linguistic differences were noted: these children maintained the feature of frication by bilabial fricatives. Both children made rapid progress from /s/ in isolation to /s/ in story retell and generalised the feature of frication to affricate. However, neither child achieved a normal template for [s]. The patterns for post‐treatment affricates showed that the location of the plosive component of the affricate was dependent on the location of the fricative, which was similar to the singleton [s].The rate and route of change seen in these children's speech patterns may further our understanding of the nature of affricates, their developmental route, and the difficulty they pose for children with speech disorders. These findings were used to explore five theories: motor theory (Fletcher, 1989); a coarticulation theory (Gibbons & Hardcastle, 1994); a frequency theory (Gibbon & Hardcastle, 1994); a matrix configuration theory (Manuel, 1990), and a sensory/feedback theory (Bzoch, 1979). The feedback theory and the matrix configuration theory were supported. The findings have implications for the description and treatment of speech disorders.

Sound reward toys.

The multiplicity of disciplines involved in a comprehensive treatment and assessment centre provides fertile ground for the design of new apparatus of practical use in the field of therapy. Such projects encourage team work, are of considerable benefit to the patients and can lead to new approaches to problems. The construction and use of three sound reward toys for the diagnosis and treatment of speech disorders is described.

Handbook of Speech Pathology and Audiology.

In 1957 Travis edited a book entitled<i>The Handbook of Speech Pathology</i>that has been the standard reference work in the diagnosis and treatment of speech disorders. The present handbook is a revised and expanded edition of the original text. The book now consists of 50 chapters, written by 44 contributing authors who rank among the leading authorities in speech pathology and audiology. The 50 chapters are divided into five main parts. Quoting freely from the editors' preface, the five parts consist of the following: Part one includes nine chapters dealing with concepts and factors common to all disorders of communication, such as terminology, phonetics, acoustics, personality, diagnosis and therapy. Part two, with seven chapters, deals with hearing. The person with a hearing loss and his organs of hearing are considered together in anatomy, physiology, pathology, psychology, speech, diagnosis, and treatment. Part three has seven chapters telling of the origin,

A History of the Treatment of Speech Disorders.;Stammering and Stuttering, Their Nature and Treatment.

For those interested in speech disorders who find historical perspective contributes to their professional understanding, if not competence, the publications by Eldridge and Hunt should provide an opportunity for some fascinating reading. Margaret Eldridge, who died before her book was published, has given an account of the study and treatment of speech, hearing, voice, and language disorders from 2000 BC to the present. A History of The Treatment of Speech Disorders is divided into four sections. Part I Trial and Error surveys the period from Pre-Renaissance to 1913. A variety of observations and pronouncements about stuttering, mispronunciation, cleft palate, deafness, and brain damage are presented from such men as Cicero, Hippocrates, Aristotle, Vasalius, Bacon, Itard,

Review of A History of the Treatment of Speech Disorders.

Review of A History of the Treatment of Speech Disorders.

Development and Disorders of Speech in Childhood

Development And Disorders Of Speech In Childhood is a fitting memorial and tribute to its first author, who was both a pediatrician and pioneer in the diagnosis and treatment of speech disorders in children. Dr. Isaac Karlin founded and organized the first hospital-affiliated speech clinic in this country and was the first to realize the role pediatricians had to play in speech defects. This is a well written, easily comprehensible book covering every aspect of speech problems a pediatrician might ever encounter. The book is printed on beautiful paper with good-sized type and clearly demarcated headings, all of which add to the pleasure in reading. It is well organized and has clear lucid drawings.

Treatment of Speech Disorders

Treatment of Speech Disorders

Blood examinations in the diagnosis and treatment of speech disorders

Blood examinations in the diagnosis and treatment of speech disorders

Dynamics and treatment of speech disorders.

Dynamics and treatment of speech disorders.

The Cause and Modern Treatment of Speech Disorders, by E. J. BOOME, M.B., M.R.C.P., D.P.H., T.D., Principal Assistant Medical Officer, London County Council (Member), being a paper read at a Sessional Meeting held at the Institute on December I0th, I935

The Cause and Modern Treatment of Speech Disorders, by E. J. BOOME, M.B., M.R.C.P., D.P.H., T.D., Principal Assistant Medical Officer, London County Council (Member), being a paper read at a Sessional Meeting held at the Institute on December I0th, I935

The Treatment of Speech Disorders

The Treatment of Speech Disorders