Treatment Of Senile Dementia Research Articles

Research progress in stem cell technology in Alzheimer's disease

Abstract. Dementia in the elderly is a neurodegenerative disease that affects approximately 50-75% of people worldwide. Patients with Alzheimers will gradually experience a decline in intelligence and cognitive function, and Alzheimers is also the most common form of Alzheimers disease. At present, there have been many advances in the causes and treatment of Alzheimers disease, but they also face great difficulties. There is no effective treatment for senile dementia yet, and the main clinical drugs are to alleviate symptoms, delay onset, and reduce the impact of the disease on daily life. However, stem cell technology has made great progress this year, and stem cells have shown tremendous potential in the treatment of many diseases. Many studies have been conducted on the use of stem cells in the treatment of Alzheimers and Alzheimers disease, and some of the results have shown good therapeutic effects. The application of mesenchymal stem cells in the treatment of Alzheimers disease has been partially preclinical. However, most of the plans for treating dementia in the elderly through stem cell therapy are still in the experimental stage, and there is currently a lack of standardized treatment. There are potential risks and technical difficulties in promotion and implementation that need to be further explored. Further research is needed on the risks, processes, and technical difficulties of stem cell therapy. This article will systematically discuss the symptoms and pathogenesis of senile dementia, and analyze the current use of stem cells in the treatment of senile dementia. This article will contribute to peoples understanding of dementia in the elderly and promote related research.

Research progress on treatments for Alzheimer's disease

Abstract. Alzheimers disease (AD) is an irreversible neurological degenerative disease characterized by progressive cognitive impairment, and its pathogenesis remains unclear. Its main pathological features include neurofibrillary tangles formed by hyperphosphorylated tau protein and amyloid beta (A) plaque deposition. As the disease progresses, the patients self-care ability will become worse and worse. In the later stages, the patient will have to rely on others for daily life, which places a great burden on the patient, family, and society. Currently, there are a limited number of AD treatment drugs and their efficacy is limited, and they cannot effectively improve the condition of AD. This article reviews different methods for treating AD and provides a reference for the treatment of AD. At present, the treatment of senile dementia is mainly divided into two categories. The current treatment methods include Lencamab, bee therapy related drugs, NSCs transplantation therapy, Panax notoginseng saponins, and hyperbaric oxygen therapy. It is necessary to explore new treatment methods and drugs to improve treatment effectiveness and widely apply dementia in the elderly.

Liuwei Dihuang Pills in the Treatment of Senile Dementia: A Review

Objective To elucidate the synergistic mechanism of Liuwei Dihuang Pills (LWDHP), with multi-components, multi-targets and multi-channels in the treatment of senile dementia. Methods We searched Chinese and English databases to obtain the blood components of LWDHP, its clinical and preclinical mechanism research progress in the treatment of senile dementia. Based on the network pharmacology of the key pathophysiological process of Alzheimer’s disease (AD), we screened the anti-AD target of LWDHP and its blood components. Results The therapeutic effect of LWDHP on senile dementia is accurate, with few adverse reactions. Its mechanism includes regulation of cholinergic system, autophagy, cerebral microvascular function, neuron apoptosis, insulin signal transduction pathway, etc. In this review, 35 blood components of LWDHP based on HPLC were collected, and their drug toxicity and safety were evaluated. The network pharmacology analysis based on the pathophysiological process of AD shows that the key components of LWDHP in the treatment of AD are Alisol A monoacetate, Linoleic acid, Alisol F, Tumulosic acid, Methyl eugenol, Palmitic acid and Pachymic acid. Conclusion This article summarizes 35 blood components of LWDHP, summarizes the synergistic mechanism of LWDHP in the treatment of senile dementia, uses network pharmacology to provide a series of potential lead compounds for the development of senile dementia’s drugs, and provides a theoretical basis for further expanding the clinical application of LWDHP.

Visualization and application method of acupuncture-moxibustion knowledge of senile dementia in ancient books based on partial order structure

Acupuncture-moxibustion has affirmative curative effect in the prevention and treatment of senile dementia. Starting from the literature research, a visualization and application method of acupuncture-moxibustion knowledge of senile dementia in ancient books based on partial order structure is proposed. This method could extract and integrate the acupuncture-moxibustion knowledge of senile dementia contained in ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine, and establish a standardized, structured and visual knowledge graph. Applying this method to knowledge visual analysis and clinical auxiliary guidance could provide reference for combing the knowledge of ancient books of traditional Chinese medicine and transforming the knowledge of ancient books into clinical application.

Analysis of Clinical Efficacy of Donepezil and Ginkgo Biloba Leaves in the Treatment of Senile Dementia

Analysis of Clinical Efficacy of Donepezil and Ginkgo Biloba Leaves in the Treatment of Senile Dementia

Effectiveness of vitamin D supplements in the patients suffering from Alzheimer disease

Introduction: Vitamin D is a steroid hormone. It crosses the blood brain barrier and binds with receptors present in neurons and glial cells of various parts of central nervous system like hippocampus, cortex, sub-cortex etc. Due to its antioxidant property and regulating intra-neuronal calcium homeostasis, it can be hypothesized that vitamin D has a role to play in preventing age related cognitive decline. Materials and Methods: Total of 160 patients were included in the study. MMSE is useful for evaluating the subjects having dementia syndrome because these subjects cooperate well only for short duration. Mini Mental state examination score was used for the assessment of dementia. They were included in the study on the basis of serum vitamin D level and MMSE score. Results: The collected data showed that mean serum vitamin D levels were found to be lower in group A when compared to group B. After 3 months of treatment with supplements, the score of post treatment MMSE was found to be higher in group A as compared to group B. After 6 months of treatment with supplements, the score of post treatment MMSE was found to be higher in group A as compared to group B. Discussion & Conclusion: Vitamin D acts like a neurosteroid hormone in areas of neurotransmission and neuro-immunomodulation. Patients on medical therapy for dementia has also shown improve results with regulation of vitamin D. It has also exhibited neuro-protective properties against glutamate toxicity through antioxidant effects thus preventing apoptosis. The present study is one of on-going steps in the direction of establishing role of Vitamin D in prevention and treatment of senile dementia.

Insomnia and Multimorbidity in the Community Elderly in China.

To examine the comorbidity between insomnia and medical conditions. This cross-sectional study was conducted in community adults, aged ≥ 60 years, who resided in one of four major cities in northern China. Sociodemographic and clinical data were collected simultaneously. A total of 3,176 elderly adults (1,292 male, mean ± standard deviation age 70.2 ± 6.8 years; 1,884 female, 68.8 ± 6.7 years) were interviewed. The prevalence of specific medical conditions in both people with insomnia and people without insomnia was detected. Significantly higher proportions of arrhythmia, hypertension, cerebral hemorrhage, migraine, and hyperlipidemia were observed in people with insomnia than in people without insomnia. Moreover, a significantly higher proportion of insomnia was seen in elderly people with arrhythmia and migraine. We also found that elderly people with insomnia who took sleep medications reported a higher prevalence of coexisting arrhythmia, hypertension, and migraine, even after adjusting for age, sex, and depression. Our results indicate associations between insomnia and medical conditions in the community elderly in China. People who complained of insomnia had poorer physical health conditions. Sleep medication may not be a covariate that influences the comorbidity of some specific physical conditions. Trial name: The study of diagnosis and treatment of senile dementia in Hebei Province; URL: http://www.chictr.org.cn/showproj.aspx?proj=8194; Registration number: ChiCTR-RRC-11001345.

Antidepressant-like effects of essential oil and asarone, a major essential oil component from the rhizome of Acorus tatarinowii

Context: Depression is one of the most common psychiatric diseases. Acorus tatarinowii Schott (Araceae) has shown many bioactivities in treatment of senile dementia and epilepsy. However, there is no report on antidepressant-like effects of the essential oil (EO) and its major components on animals under standardized experimental procedures.Objective: This study was designed to investigate the antidepressant properties of EO and asarones from the rhizomes of A. tatarinowii.Materials and methods: Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry (GC/MS) was used to determine the composition of EO. The forced swimming test (FST), tail suspension test (TST) and open-field test (OFT) were used to evaluate the antidepressant-like effects of EO and asarones. EO [30, 60, 120 or 240 mg/kg, per os (p.o.)], asarones (α-asarone and β-asarone) [5, 10 and 20 mg/kg, intraperitoneal (i.p.)] and imipramine (15 mg/kg, i.p.) were administered at 1 h, 30 min and 30 min before the test, respectively.Results: From the results of GC/MS, it was found that the main components of the EO were α-asarone (9.18%) and β-asarone (68.9%). From the results of FST and TST, the immobility time can be reduced to 166 ± 17 s (p < 0.01) and 146 ± 15 s (p < 0.05) by EO at the dose of 120 mg/kg. Moreover, significant antidepressant-like effects were shown by α-asarone with the immobility time of 178 ± 15 s (p < 0.05) and 159 ± 17 s (p < 0.01) in FST, or 147 ± 12 (p < 0.05) and 134 ± 12 s (p < 0.01) in TST at the dose of 10 and 20 mg/kg. β-Asarone also displayed antidepressant-like effects with an immobility time of 179 ± 18 s (p < 0.05) in FST or 142 ± 14 (p < 0.05) in TST at 20 mg/kg. However, no change in ambulation was observed in the OFT.Conclusion: The results obtained indicate that the EO and asarones from the rhizomes of A. tatarinowii can be considered as a new therapeutic agent for curing depression.

Platelets in Alzheimer’s Disease-Associated Cellular Senescence and Inflammation

Alzheimer's disease (AD) is a complex degenerative disorder of the brain, associated with a progressive cognitive decline. Age is the main risk factor with almost half of the population above 90 years affected by this pathology. AD and brain aging share common molecular changes, so it has been hypothesized that AD could be a form of accelerated brain aging. In this context, senescenceassociated mechanisms could be a valuable target of investigation both to analyze the causes of this disease and to define therapeutic strategies. Senescent phenotypes of glia and neurons, as well as of peripheral cells, have been described in AD. Much evidence indicate that vascular impairment is a fundamental contributor to AD pathology and platelets are generally considered a key element because they represent the link between amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition, peripheral inflammation and endothelial senescence. Both activated and senescent platelets are a source of Aβ, in addition activated platelets secrete many proinflammatory mediators that could contribute to increased peripheral inflammation and endothelial senescence. Treatments aimed to target peripheral endothelial senescence include antioxidants and some substances, such as aspirin, that modulate platelet aggregation and inflammatory response. Heparin has been proposed as a treatment for senile dementia and exhibits anti-inflammatory action as well as inhibitory effects on Aβ assembly. Identifying peripheral targets for AD treatments could also result advantageous as it would be possible to monitor directly their efficacy. Nevertheless more research is needed to clarify all the different aspects and interactions of blood cells, vascular cells and their secretory products.

Development of orally disintegrating tablets comprising controlled-release multiparticulate beads

Melperone is an atypical antipsychotic agent that has shown a wide spectrum of neuroleptic properties, particularly effective in the treatment of senile dementia and Parkinson’s-associated psychosis, and is marketed in Europe as an immediate-release (IR) tablet and syrup. An orally disintegrating tablet (ODT) dosage form would be advantageous for patients who experience difficulty in swallowing large tablets or capsules or those who experience dysphagia. Controlled-release (CR) capsule and ODT formulations containing melperone HCl were developed with target in vitro release profiles suitable for a once-daily dosing regimen. Both dosage forms allow for the convenient production of dose-proportional multiple strengths. Two ODT formulations exhibiting fast and medium release profiles and one medium release profile capsule formulation (each 50 mg) were tested in vivo using IR syrup as the reference. The two medium release formulations were shown to be bioequivalent to each other and are suitable for once-daily dosing. Based on the analytical and organoleptic test results, as well as the blend uniformity and in-process compression data at various compression forces using coated beads produced at one-tenth (1/10) commercial scale, both formulations in the form of CR capsules and CR ODTs have shown suitability for progression into further clinical development.

Clinical observation and mechanism study on treatment of senile dementia with Naohuandan

To observe the therapeutic effect and mechanism of Naohuandan (NHD) in treating senile dementia (SD). Clinical study: Fifty-eight patients with SD, whose diagnosis conforms to the Diagnostic Standard of DSM-IV issued by American Association of Psychiatry, were enrolled and randomly assigned into two groups. The 30 patients in the treated group were treated with NHD, 4 capsules each time, 3 times daily. The 28 patients in the control group were treated with Piracetam, 1.6 g each time, 3 times daily. The therapeutic course for both groups was 3 months. The therapeutic efficacy was estimated and compared by comprehensive scores of memory and cognition, scores of Mini-mental State Examination (MMSE) and Activities of Daily Living (ADL). Experimental study: Rats were divided into the control group, the model group and the high-dosage and low-dosage NHD treated groups. The protective effect of NHD on the per-oxidative damage of hippocampal neurons in beta-amyloid protein induced SD model was observed and the related criteria were determined. Clinical study showed that both NHD and Piracetam could improve the clinical symptoms of patients, the two medicines showing insignificant difference in total effective rate. But NHD was better in elevating MMSE score and lowering ADL score in patients than Piracetam (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01). Experimental study showed that (1) 24 and 72 hrs after modeling, the activity of SOD and GSH were lower and the level of MDA higher in the model group than those in the control group (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01). Compared with the model group at the corresponding time points, in the high-dosage NHD group, SOD and GSH were higher, MDA was lower (P < 0.05 or P < 0.01); but in the low-dosage NHD group, SOD at the 72nd hr was higher (P < 0.05) and MDA at 24th and 72nd hrs was lower (P < 0.01). And most of the criteria in the high-dosage NHD group was improved better than that in the low-dosage NHD group. (2) The survival rates of neurons in various groups were not different significantly (P > 0.05) 24 hrs after modeling, but that in the high-dosage NHD group was significantly higher than that in the model group (P < 0.01) and in the low-dosage NHD group 72 hrs after modeling (P < 0.05). NHD is an effective Chinese herbal preparation for treatment of SD, and its mechanism is related with its inhibition on peroxidative injury and protection on neurons.

Treatment of vascular dementia by acupuncture: A review

Related to treatment of senile dementia, 53 articles conformed the statistical demand were analyzed, finding commonly used methods are acupuncture, moxibustion, acupoint-injection, electro-acupuncture, ocular-acupuncture, scalp-acupuncture, digital-acupuncture and acupuncture plus other therapies, key treatment principle is opening orifice and invigorating brain, frequent selected acupoints are Baihui (GV 20), Zusanli (ST 36), Fengchi (GB 20), Fenglong (ST 40), Neiguan (PC 6), Shuigou (GV 26), etc; and the total effective rate is 89.62%.

Centrophenoxine Slows Down, but Does Not Reverse, Lipofuscin Accumulation in Cultured Cells

Centrophenoxine, a drug used in the treatment of senile dementia, has been suggested to retard, or even reverse, lipofuscin accumulation within postmitotic cells. However, a true capacity of centrophenoxine to eliminate already formed lipofuscin inclusions has not been convincingly demonstrated. Moreover, no evidence has been obtained regarding the possible mechanisms through which intracellular content of lipofuscin would be diminished by centrophenoxine. Here we show that (a) centrophenoxine at concentrations of 0.25 or 0.5 mM diminishes lipofuscin accumulation within cultured neonatal rat cardiac myocytes (by 44% or 51%, respectively, during a period of 2 weeks) when it was constantly present in the culture medium; (b) the same treatment of rat cardiac myocytes and AG-1518 human f ibroblasts, however, does not eliminate already formed lipofuscin inclusions; (c) the formation of autophagic vacuoles, and ensuing degradation of their contents, are not influenced by centrophenoxine. Thus, our results do no...

Effectiveness and safety of posatirelin in the treatment of senile dementia: A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study

Summary A multicenter, double-blind, placebo-controlled study was carried out in elderly demented patients in order to confirm the efficacy and safety of posatirelin (L-pyro-2-aminoadipyl-L-leucyl-L-prolinamide), a synthetic peptide having neurotrophic effects and modulatory activity on the monoaminergic and cholinergic systems. The experimental design consisted of a two-week run-in placebo phase, followed by a double-blind period of three months, with posatirelin (10 mg/ml) or placebo administered once daily intramuscularly. Gottfries-Brne-Steen (GBS) rating scale was utilized as the primary efficacy variable and was measured at start, after 45 and 90 days. For safety evaluation laboratory tests, vital signs and adverse events were monitored. Data were evaluated using analysis of variance on the per protocol (PP) and intent-to-treat (ITT) samples. From a total of 213 patients (mean ± SD age: 78.8 ± 6.2 years) 107 were randomly assigned to posatirelin, and 106 to placebo; because of 3 cases of protocol violations or 38 dropouts, 172 patients were considered available for the PP analysis. Significant differences were obtained in the posatirelin group when analyzing the summary measures (sum of differences from baseline) of the GBS total score both in explanatory (PP) (p = 0.009) and in pragmatic (ITT) (p

P-19-6 - Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of senile dementia

P-19-6 - Ginkgo biloba in the treatment of senile dementia

Effects of MCI-225 on memory and glucose utilization in basal forebrain-lesioned rats

The effects of MCI-225 on amnesia, the cerebral glucose metabolism, and choline acetyltransferase (ChAT) activity in basal forebrain (BF)-lesioned rats were studied in comparison with those of tacrine. Bilateral BF lesions with ibotenic acid impaired the performance in passive avoidance (PA) tasks. Single administration of MCI-225 (10 mg/kg, PO) after a 2-week postoperative recovery period, increased the escape latencies in the PA task, but was not statistically significant. Repeated administration of MCI-225 (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, PO for 6 days) significantly reversed the PA failure. The BF-lesioned rat exhibited a marked decrease in the local cerebral glucose utilization (LCGU) in the frontal cortex, parietal cortex, and caudate-putamen. MCI-225 (1 mg/kg, PO for 5 days) significantly ameliorated the reduction of the LCGU in the parietal cortex. MCI-225 did not change the decrease in the cortical ChAT activity induced by the BF lesion. Repeated administration of tacrine reversed the PA failure (0.3 mg/kg, PO) but failed to prevent the decrement in the LCGU and the ChAT activity. These results suggest that MCI-225 could be effective in the treatment of senile dementia of the Alzheimer type, which is accompanied with both deficit in the BF-cortex cholinergic neuron and cerebral glucose hypometabolism.

Paeoniflorin attenuates learning impairment of aged rats in operant brightness discrimination task

The effects of paeoniflorin isolated from peony were examined on an aging-induced learning deficit in an operant brightness discrimination task in Fischer 344 rats. Learning in aged (25 months) rats was significantly impaired compaired with young (5 months) rats. Daily administration of paeoniflorin (0.01 mg/kg, PO) significantly attenuated the learning impairment in aged rats, whereas it did not affect the learning in young rats. Although tacrine (0.3 and 1 mg/kg, IP), a cholinesterase inhibitor, also did not affect the learning in young rats, it slightly augmented the aging-induced learning deficit in the present task. These data indicate the therapeutic potential of paeoniflorin in the treatment of senile dementia and aging-induced cognitive dysfunction.

Clinical Experience with Aniracetam in the Treatment of Senile Dementia of the Alzheimer’s Type and Related Disorders

The clinical efficacy and tolerability of aniracetam have been evaluated in elderly patients with senile dementia of the Alzheimer’s type (SDAT), and in patients with senile cognitive decline.

Patent Evaluation: AChE Inhibitors for the Treatment of Dementia

SummaryNovelty: Novel quinoline derivatives are claimed and are said to have AChE inhibitory activity, without associated side effects. Such compounds are claimed to be potentially useful for the prevention and treatment of senile dementia and other memory disturbances.Biology: In vivo rodent studies involving scopolamine-induced (0.5 mg/kg ip) amnesia, are described. Preferred compounds gave > 90% memory improvement at doses of 0.1-0.3 mg/kg (po). Toxicity studies showed no fatalities at 300 mg/kg (po).Chemistry: 2-(4-(1-Benzylpiperidyl)ethyl)-2,3-dihydropyrrolo[3,4-b]quinoline-1-one is one of seventy-eight exemplified compounds. Preparative details using standard techniques are presented.Structure:

RU 486: How Abortion Politics Have Impacted on a Potentially Useful Drug of Broad Medical Application

RU-486 or mifepristone is best known as an antiprogestin and an abortifacient, but it has broad medical applicability. The drug is also a potent blocker of corticosteroid receptors, and it has shown promise in the treatment of breast cancer, inoperable meningioma, and cushing's disease. Cushing's is a model for the symptomatology of aging which may involve enhanced response to corticosteroid. RU-486 has reversed the osteoporosis, thinning of skin, muscle atrophy, obesity, adult onset diabetes, depression, hypertension, and immunosuppression associated with this disease. RU-486 may be of value in aiding cervical dilation, lactation, and the treatment of endometriosis. In addition, breast, bowel, kidney tumors, hepatomas, endometrial cancer, and fibrosarcomas can show corticosteroid dependency, suggesting that RU-486 may have clinical value against inoperable tumors. In a preliminary 1987 phase I study, in estrogen-positive, chemotherapy-refractory breast cancer patients in Montpelier, France, Ru-486 produced objective tumor regression (6 of 22) that was prolonged (3 months) in 4 patients. Clinical relief of bone pain was observed in 7 of 23 patients with a decline in carcinoembryonic antigen (CEA) tumor makers in 8 patients. Growing in vitro data also show that RU-486 can directly inhibit breast cancer cell proliferation. RU-486 has application for HIV infection, based on data that there is a serum factor in AIDS patients that enhances corticosteroid lympholysis. IN addition, the immune restorative action of RU-486 suggests that it could counteract the immunosuppression seen in aging, in cancer, or in viral or stress-related disease, which has recently focused clinical attention on its potential in the treatment of senile dementia and depression. Scientific conferences and workshops are needed to alert scientists, physicians, and the public to the potential medical benefits of this drug.