Treatment Of Oral Cancer Research Articles

Best practices and future challenges in the treatment of oral cancer.

Oral cancer is among the most common tumour worldwide. Due to the anatomical peculiarities of the head and neck region, the treatment of oral cancer is a major challenge with regard to the preservation of aesthetics and function. The aim of the present study is to analyze currently practiced therapeutic strategies as well as current and future challenges in the therapy of oral cancer. A Pubmed-based selective literature search was performed considering literature predominantly from 2021 to 2022. Search terms were "oral cancer," "oral cavity cancer," and "head and neck cancer." Head and neck tumours are the seventh most common cancer worldwide. The suspected diagnosis of oral cancer is often made by outpatient dentists during routine examinations. With the outbreak of the 2020 COVID 19 pandemic, risk behaviour has changed with regard to the development and diagnosis of oral cancer. The gold standard of therapy is surgical resection. The need for adjuvant therapy measures depends on the histopathological TNM stage and other defined risk factors. Recurrences occur frequently and should be evaluated with regard to renewed surgical therapy. Future treatment strategies are aimed at early diagnosis, precision in resection, the use of digital technologies, and aspects of quality assurance. The economic importance in the treatment of oral cancer is currently given little consideration. The study presents a selective portfolio of treatment strategies currently practiced in Germany and in many parts of the world. In addition, future challenges in the therapy of oral cancer, in particular squamosa cell carcinoma, are presented.

The role of blood metabolites in oral cancer: insights from a Mendelian randomization approach.

This research aimed to explore the causal impact of blood metabolites on oral cancer using a two-sample Mendelian randomization (MR) analysis. The study endeavored to identify potential biomarkers for oral cancer's clinical management. Based on the large individual-level datasets from UK Biobank as well as GWAS summary datasets, we first constructed genetic risk scores (GRSs) of 486 human blood metabolites and evaluated the effect on oral cancer. Various statistical methods, including inverse variance weighted (IVW), MR-Egger, and weighted median, among others, were employed to analyze the potential causal relationship between blood metabolites and oral cancer. The sensitivity analyses were conducted using Cochran's Q tests, funnel plots, leave-one-out analyses, and MR-Egger intercept tests. 29 metabolites met the stringent selection criteria. Out of these, 14 metabolites demonstrated a positive association with oral cancer risk, while 15 metabolites indicated a protective effect against oral cancer. The IVW-derived estimates were significant, and the results were consistent across different statistical methodologies. Both the Cochran Q test and the MR-Egger intercept test indicated no heterogeneity and pleiotropy. This MR study offers evidence of the role specific blood metabolites play in oral cancer, pinpointing several with potential risk or protective effects. These findings could be helpful for new diagnostic tools and treatments for oral cancer. While the results are promising, additional research is necessary to fully validate and refine these conclusions. This study serves as a foundational step towards more comprehensive understandings in the future.

The assessment of the mechanism of action of lauric acid in the context of oral cancer through integrative approach combining network pharmacology and molecular docking technology.

Lauric acid has been investigated for its effects on various human cancer cell types, although limited research has been dedicated to its impact on oral cancer. In light of this, the objective of our study was to comprehensively assess the anticancer properties of lauric acid specifically in the context of oral cancer. This evaluation was achieved through an in-silico approach, leveraging network analysis techniques. By employing this methodology, we aimed to gain valuable insights into the potential therapeutic benefits of lauric acid for treating oral cancer. The in-silico analysis involved determination of drug-likeness prediction, prediction of common targets between oral cancer and LA, protein-protein interactions (PPI), hub genes, top 10 associated pathways by gene ontology (GO), Kyoto Encyclopaedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathway, molecular docking experiments. Our study pinpointed 23 common genes involved in critical cellular processes, including proliferation, apoptosis regulation, PI3K AKT cascade, and cell cycle control. Among them, CXCL8, MMP9, PPARA, MAPK1, and AR stood out in the top 10 pathways, particularly in the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. This highlights the potential role of lauric acid in oral cancer treatment through the PI3K/AKT pathway and calls for further exploration of this mechanism. Our study highlights lauric acid's promising anticancer properties through computational analysis, offering a foundation for future research in cancer treatment development. This approach combines molecular insights with in-silico methods, paving the way for identifying therapeutic compounds and understanding their mechanisms. Lauric acid holds potential as a chemotherapeutic agent, opening up new avenues for cancer therapy exploration.

Indocyanine-Green-Loaded Liposomes for Photodynamic and Photothermal Therapies: Inducing Apoptosis and Ferroptosis in Cancer Cells with Implications beyond Oral Cancer.

Oral cancer represents a global health burden, necessitating novel therapeutic strategies. Photodynamic and photothermal therapies using indocyanine green (ICG) have shown promise due to their distinctive near-infrared (NIR) light absorption characteristics and FDA-approved safety profiles. This study develops ICG-loaded liposomes (Lipo-ICGs) to further explore their potential in oral cancer treatments. We synthesized and characterized the Lipo-ICGs, conducted in vitro cell culture experiments to assess cellular uptake and photodynamic/photothermal effects, and performed in vivo animal studies to evaluate their therapeutic efficacy. Quantitative cell apoptosis and gene expression variation were further characterized using flow cytometry and RNA sequencing, respectively. Lipo-ICGs demonstrated a uniform molecular weight distribution among particles. The in vitro studies showed a successful internalization of Lipo-ICGs into the cells and a significant photodynamic treatment effect. The in vivo studies confirmed the efficient delivery of Lipo-ICGs to tumor sites and successful tumor growth inhibition following photodynamic therapy. Moreover, light exposure induced a time-sensitive photothermal effect, facilitating the further release of ICG, and enhancing the treatment efficacy. RNA sequencing data showed significant changes in gene expression patterns upon Lipo-ICG treatment, suggesting the activation of apoptosis and ferroptosis pathways. The findings demonstrate the potential of Lipo-ICGs as a therapeutic tool for oral cancer management, potentially extending to other cancer types.

Invesigate How Cultural and Socioeconomic Factors Influence Oral Cancer Prevention Behaviors, Screening Uptake, and Treatment Outcomes

ABSTRACT Background: Oral cancer is a significant global health issue, with prevention and early detection being pivotal for improved outcomes. This study investigates the impact of cultural and socioeconomic factors on oral cancer prevention behaviors, screening participation, and treatment outcomes Materials and Methods: A cross-sectional study design was employed, involving a sample size of 1,000 participants. Participants were recruited through stratified sampling to ensure cultural and socioeconomic diversity. Statistical analyses, including logistic regression, were used to explore associations between factors and outcomes. Results: The study revealed multifaceted influences of cultural and socioeconomic factors on oral cancer-related aspects. Cultural factors significantly influenced prevention behaviors, with participants from certain cultural backgrounds exhibiting higher rates of tobacco use and lower rates of dietary adherence). Socioeconomic status played a role in screening uptake, with individuals from lower income brackets less likely to undergo regular screenings Conclusion: Cultural and socioeconomic factors have a substantial influence on oral cancer prevention behaviors, screening participation, and treatment outcomes.

Rehabilitation strategies for trismus post oral cancer treatment: Progress in the study of mouth opening exercises

Oral cancer is a significant public health issue worldwide. Although its treatment methods effectively control tumor growth, they can lead to complications, including Trismus, severely affecting patients' quality of life. The practice standards for mouth opening exercises, a rehabilitative method to prevent and treat Trismus, are not yet clear. Therefore, this article aims to review the research progress of mouth opening exercises in the rehabilitation of Trismus post oral cancer treatment, providing a scientific and effective rehabilitation plan for oral cancer patients to improve their quality of life.

Next Generation Sequencing in Detecting Oral Cancer Due to Tobacco Consumption

DNA sequence DNA Sequencing is the first step in establishing phylogenetic trees, protein structure prediction, diagnosis of cancer, discovery of drugs and hence its importance cannot be underestimated. DNA sequencing finds its use in the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC). Oral Cancer is the most common occurring malignancies in the world, especially in India where the prevalence for smoking, Areca nut chewing coupled with a lifestyle that encourages these two activities as fashion are left many people diagnosed with OSCC. Patients with this OSCC are more likely unaware of its side effects and over time might suffer from facial deformity. The importance to understanding the symptoms, prevention and treatment of oral cancer is very much essential today. In this paper, we looked at over 2000 odd papers published and look at the correlation between the next Generation DNA sequencing algorithms (NGS) play an important role in diagnosis of OSCC. This is a further study on some of the papers which have highlighted NGS role in OSCC Diagnosis. We did like to see a comprehensive review on the papers published so far. In the discussion, we will see frequently mutated genes in the OSCC, recent discoveries and OSCC treatment based on the findings.

Role of Computational Biology in Oral Science

DNA sequence Cigarette Smoking, Betel leaf chewing, and alcohol consumption are major cause of oral cancer in Asia. The difficulty in quitting, coupled with patients’ economic conditions affects the inability to get diagnosed early, driving death rate higher. There has been major advancement in molecular sciences, computational biology, and other fields today, but we are not still able to pinpoint the causes of oral cancer, also known as Squamous Cell Carcinoma (OSCC). Early detection leads to better survival rate, therefore, education on yearly check-ups plays a vital role. Computational analysis at the genomic (DNA sequence) can help patients with targeted cellular treatment and hopefully a cure. In this paper, we would look at computation tools used in detecting OSCC and various analysis. Analysis includes detecting abnormality in the cell and other molecular reactions which later morph into a cancerous cell. Later, we investigate all computational tools or techniques from local and global sequence alignment, protein structure, gene, functional structure analysis which help medical staff detect cancer, which in turn can help with oral cancer treatment, prognosis and hopefully a cure.

Submental island flap versus supraclavicular island flap in oral tongue cancer reconstruction: Perioperative and functional outcomes

BackgroundThe primary treatment for oral tongue cancer in both early and advanced stages involves surgical resection, which often affects tongue function. When microvascular free flaps are unsuitable for tongue reconstruction following cancer ablation, locoregional pedicled flaps become viable alternatives, for example, submental and supraclavicular island flaps. This study compares perioperative and functional outcomes between submental and supraclavicular flaps in tongue cancer reconstruction. MethodsThis retrospective cohort study analyzed the outcomes of 46 patients who underwent tongue resection and reconstruction with a submental or supraclavicular island flap between January 2015 and December 2022. We evaluated patient demographics, flap outcomes, postoperative complications, and speech and swallowing outcomes. ResultsThe study included 24 submental and 22 supraclavicular island flap reconstructions. While demographic data were similar between the two groups, the submental island flap group had significantly shorter operative times than the supraclavicular group (291 and 347 min, respectively, p = 0.018), reduced hospital stays (14.8 and 18.6 days, respectively, p = 0.016), fewer major recipient site complications necessitating interventions under general anesthesia (1 and 6 patients, respectively, p = 0.043), and less recipient wound dehiscence (1 and 8 patients, respectively, p = 0.009). Speech and swallowing outcomes were comparable in the two groups. ConclusionThe submental island flap appears to be a more favorable option for tongue reconstruction than the supraclavicular island flap, offering advantages in operative time, length of hospital stays, and lower rates of major complications and wound dehiscence.

Ferroptosis boosted oral cancer photodynamic therapy by carrier-free Sorafenib-Ce6 self-assembly nanoparticles

Oral cancer is a disease with high morbidity and mortality worldwide and greatly impacts the quality of life, especially in patients with advanced stages. Photodynamic therapy (PDT) is one of the most effective clinical treatments for oral cancers. However, most clinically applied photosensitizers have several deficiencies, including oxygen dependence, poor aqueous solubility, and a lack of tumor-targeting ability. Herein, the carrier-free multifunctional Sorafenib (Sor), chlorin e6 (Ce6), and Fe3+ self-assembly co-delivery nanoparticles (Sor-Ce6 NPs) were constructed via combining a ferroptosis inducer Sor and a photosensitizer Ce6 for synergetic therapy. The as-synthesized Sor-Ce6 NPs presented excellent colloidal stability and water dispersity with good in vivo tumor-targeting ability. More significantly, the low dose of Sor-Ce6 NPs had little dark toxicity but produced significantly enhanced ROS and supplied O2 sustainably to increase phototoxicity through ferroptosis pathway. Notably, the Sor-Ce6 NPs showed significantly higher in vitro and in vivo anti-tumor efficacy than the Sor/Ce6 mixture due to the improvement of cellular uptake and the incorporation of foreign Fe ions in the system, which also confer the T1 magnetic resonance-guided imaging ability to the formed Sor-Ce6 NPs. Our study demonstrates a promising self-assembled strategy for overcoming hypoxia-related PDT resistance for oral cancer treatment.

Nanomedicine in oral cancer

Navigating the intersection of nanomedicine and oral cancer, this review surveys recent breakthroughs in leveraging nanotechnological approaches for enhanced therapeutic outcomes. Spotlighting the dynamic landscape of nanoparticle applications, particularly in targeted drug delivery, the article explores their potential to minimize systemic side effects and optimize treatment efficacy. Insightful analysis of diverse nanocarrier systems provides a nuanced understanding of their mechanisms and promising outcomes. Additionally, the review examines the diagnostic role of nanotechnology, emphasizing its contributions to early detection through advanced imaging modalities. By synthesizing current research, this article illuminates the transformative potential of nanomedicine in reshaping oral cancer treatment paradigms, offering a holistic perspective on the field's progress and future directions.

Tumor-targeting nanomedical drug delivery system and the application in oral cancer

Oral cancer is a serious threat to human health diseases. Chemotherapy, radiation therapy, surgery and immunotherapy have become the four conventional treatment methods for tumors, and chemotherapy plays an important role. However, due to poor selectivity of chemotherapeutic drugs to tumors, most antitumor chemotherapeutic drugs cannot completely avoid damage to normal tissues in clinic at present, so dose-dependent toxicity is common. Nano-drugs have special physical, chemical and biological propertie. The nano drug particles and the nano drug loading system can improve the sensitivity of tumor tissues to chemotherapy, improve the selectivity of chemotherapy drugs to tumor tissue cells, and protect normal tissues from the damage of chemotherapy so as to reduce toxic and side effects, and are increasingly used for tumor treatment. In this paper, the mechanism of action of four drug delivery methods and the efficiency of different drug delivery methods are reviewed, and the application of nano-targeted DDS in the treatment of oral cancer is listed.

Oral cancer: Advances in diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer using biomarkers and marine algal drugs

Oral cancer: Advances in diagnosis and treatment of oral cancer using biomarkers and marine algal drugs

Imatinib inhibits oral squamous cell carcinoma by suppressing the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway.

Oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) is a prevalent oral and maxillofacial cancer with high mortality as OSCC cells readily invade tissues and metastasize to cervical lymph nodes. Although imatinib exhibits potential anticancer and remarkable clinical activities that therapeutically affect several cancer types, its specific impact on OSCC has yet to be fully explored. Therefore, this study investigated the potential anticancer effect of imatinib on OSCC cells and the underlying mechanisms. The Cell Counting Kit-8 was used to determine the impact of imatinib on cell viability. Then, morphological cell proliferation analysis was conducted to examine how imatinib impacted OSCC cell growth. Moreover, OSCC cell migration was determined through wound-healing assays, and colony formation abilities were investigated through the soft agar assay. Lastly, the effect of imatinib on OSCC cell apoptosis was verified with flow cytometry, and its inhibitory mechanism was confirmed through Western blot. Our results demonstrate that imatinib effectively inhibited OSCC cell proliferation and significantly curtailed OSCC cell viability in a time- and concentration-dependent manner. Furthermore, imatinib suppressed migration and colony formation while promoting OSCC cell apoptosis by enhancing p53, Bax, and PARP expression levels and reducing Bcl-2 expression. Imatinib also inhibited the PI3K/AKT/mTOR signaling pathway and induced OSCC cell apoptosis, demonstrating the potential of imatinib as a treatment for oral cancer.

AI illuminates paths in oral cancer: transformative insights, diagnostic precision, and personalized strategies.

Oral cancer retains one of the lowest survival rates worldwide, despite recent therapeutic advancements signifying a tenacious challenge in healthcare. Artificial intelligence exhibits noteworthy potential in escalating diagnostic and treatment procedures, offering promising advancements in healthcare. This review entails the traditional imaging techniques for the oral cancer treatment. The role of artificial intelligence in prognosis of oral cancer including predictive modeling, identification of prognostic factors and risk stratification also discussed significantly in this review. The review also encompasses the utilization of artificial intelligence such as automated image analysis, computer-aided detection and diagnosis integration of machine learning algorithms for oral cancer diagnosis and treatment. The customizing treatment approaches for oral cancer through artificial intelligence based personalized medicine is also part of this review. See also the graphical abstract(Fig. 1).

Green Dentistry in Oral Cancer Treatment Using Biosynthesis Superparamagnetic Iron Oxide Nanoparticles: A Systematic Review.

Oral cancer is a worldwide health issue with high incidence and mortality, demands an effective treatment to improve patient prognosis. Superparamagnetic iron oxide nanoparticles (SPIONs) emerged as a candidate for oral cancer treatment due to their unique attributes, enabling a synergistic combination with its drug-delivery capabilities and hyperthermia when exposed to magnetic fields. SPIONs can be synthesized using biopolymers from agricultural waste like lignin from paddy, which produce biogenic nano iron oxide with superparamagnetic and antioxidant effects. In addition, lignin also acts as a stabilizing agent in creating SPIONs. This study aimed to explore how agricultural waste could be used to prepare SPIONs using the green synthesis method and to evaluate its potential for oral cancer specifically focusing on its effectiveness, side effects, biocompatibility, and toxicity. A systematic review was conducted following the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses protocol. PubMed, EBSCO, and Scopus databases were exploited in the selection of articles published within the last decade. This study quality assessment uses OHAT for critical appraisal tools. Only 10 studies met the inclusion criteria. The findings suggest that the use of agricultural waste in the preparation of SPIONs not only holds potency for oral cancer treatment through drug delivery and hyperthermia but also aligns with the concept of green dentistry. SPIONs as a treatment modality for oral cancer have demonstrated notable effectiveness and versatility. This study provides robust evidence supporting green dentistry by using agricultural waste in the preparation and formulation of SPIONs for managing oral cancer. Its multifunctional nature and ability to enhance treatment efficacy while minimizing adverse effects on healthy tissues highlights the potency of SPION-based oral cancer treatments.

Evaluation of Cytotoxic effect of Moringa peregrina seeds on Oral Cancer, CAL 27 Cell Line and Red Blood Cells Hemolysis

Background: Moringa peregrina Forssk is a well-known plant in ethnomedicine due to its widespread uses in various diseases like cough, wound healing, rhinitis, fever, and detoxification. The plant seeds contain compounds that are cytotoxic to many cancer cells. During the therapeutic use of plants via the oral route, some compounds present in the plants may be cytotoxic to normal cell lines and red blood cells. Objective: This study was the first report of investigation of the cytotoxic profile on oral cancer, CAL 27, cell line, and hemolytic activities on human erythrocytes of Moringa peregrina seeds ethanolic extract (MPSE). Methods: MPSE was screened for its cytotoxic effect against oral cancer, CAL 27, cell line using 3-(4, 5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2, 5,-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. The toxicity of MPSE on human erythrocytes was determined by in vitro hemolytic assay. Results: MPSE showed significant anti-proliferative activity against oral cancer, CAL 27 cell line at lower concentrations with half maximal inhibitory concentration (IC50) value of 21.03 μg/mL. At 1,000 µg/ml of MPSE, the maximum hemolysis was found to be 14.3% which is within safer limit. Conclusions: This study revealed a potential anti-oral cancer of MPSE and provided a baseline for its potential use in oral cancer treatment with minimum hemolytic effect on human RBCs.

Indian clinical practice consensus guidelines for the management of oral cavity cancer: Update 2022

The treatment of oral cavity cancer primarily depends on the location, tumor size, and feasibility of organ preservation in patients with negative margins. A liquid biopsy is a minimally invasive approach for detecting blood-based signatures such as circulating tumor cells (CTCs) and circulatory tumor DNA (ctDNA). To assess the presence of occult metastatic disease, sentinel lymph node biopsy (SLNB) is recommended in early-stage oral cavity cancer (OCC). In India, surgery is the preferred choice of treatment for oral cancers. Selected patients, who are medically inoperable or refuse surgery, should be given definitive radiotherapy (RT) as an alternative to surgery. Concurrent chemoradiation (CCRT) may be considered an alternative option to definitive RT in patients with unresectable oral cancer.

Curcumin Analog L48H37 Induces Apoptosis in Human Oral Cancer Cells by Activating Caspase Cascades and Downregulating the Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins through JNK/p38 Signaling.

L48H37 is a synthetic curcumin analog that has anticancer potentials. Here, we further explored the anticancer effect of L48H37 on oral cancer cells and its mechanistic acts. Cell cycle distribution was assessed using flow cytometric analysis. Apoptosis was elucidated by staining with PI/Annexin V and activation of the caspase cascade. Cellular signaling was explored using apoptotic protein profiling, Western blotting, and specific inhibitors. Our findings showed that L48H37 significantly reduced the cell viability of SCC-9 and HSC-3 cells, resulting in sub-G1 phase accumulation and increased apoptotic cells. Apoptotic protein profiling revealed that L48H37 increased cleaved caspase-3, and downregulated cellular inhibitor of apoptosis protein 1 (cIAP1) and X-linked inhibitor of apoptosis protein (XIAP) in SCC-9 cells, and the downregulated cIAP1 and XIAP in both oral cancer cells were also demonstrated by Western blotting. Meanwhile, L48H37 triggered the activation of caspases and mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). The involvement of c-Jun N-terminal kinase (JNK) and p38 MAPK (p38) in the L48H37-triggered apoptotic cascade in oral cancer cells was also elucidated by specific inhibitors. Collectively, these findings indicate that L48H37 has potent anticancer activity against oral cancer cells, which may be attributed to JNK/p38-mediated caspase activation and the resulting apoptosis. This suggests a potential benefit for L48H37 for the treatment of oral cancer.

Clinical Outcomes of Treatment for Oral Cancer at Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University: A 24-year Experience

Clinical Outcomes of Treatment for Oral Cancer at Osaka Medical and Pharmaceutical University: A 24-year Experience