Treatment Of COVID-19 Research Articles

COVID-19 in India: impact on social justice

ABSTRACT The pandemic unleashed by COVID-19 emerged as a health concern that affected all aspects of social, moral, emotional, psychological, economic, and political life. India joined the league of countries to develop vaccines and received global applause for vaccinating its vast population but also for transporting it to other countries. The article studies the COVID-19 management in India by the national and sub-national governments from the point of view of the impact on social justice. The article argues that some actions and decisions taken by the government in India were hasty without keeping in view their implications on the issues related to social justice. The poor and other disadvantaged groups suffered heavily apart from the general population in the course of COVID-19 management. The innocent people bore the brunt due to the government’s inaction and apathy while making decisions. The civil society organizations such as religious deras and philanthropic individuals filled the gap left by the state in ensuring social justice.

Molecular docking of SARS-CoV-2 surface proteins with some active metabolites from plants used in the therapy of common cold: potential drug identifcation

Abstract Coronavirus disease (COVID-19) pandemic is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARSCoV-2). Although many vaccines have been developed against the virus, problems associated with vaccine resistance, vaccine apathy and the evolution of variants of the virus with increased transmissibility calls for the development of more effective and affordable drugs to combat the disease. Natural source drugs are regarded as an essential part of the therapy regimen for COVID-19 treatment and other viral respiratory infections as such needs to be exploited for the treatment of the virus globally. The study aimed to computationally screen the phytochemicals of some Nigerian plants used in the therapy of common cold for anti-COVID-19 activity. Phytochemical analysis of the plant extracts was performed employing standard techniques, while Gas chromatography–mass spectrometry was used to detect the bioactive compounds present in the extracts. The selected plant bioactive compounds were docked against the SARS-CoV-2 Main protease (Mpro), RNA-dependent RNA polymerase (RdRp), and S protein-ACE2 targets, while Lopinavir, Remdesivir and Favipiravir were included as standard ligands. The phytochemical constituents of the extracts were steroids, flavonoids, saponins, tannins, phenols, glycosides, terpenoids, and alkaloids. All the bioactive compounds exhibited acceptable drug-likeness and good oral bioavailability prediction, in addition to 89% of the compounds having slightly or practically non-oral toxicity using SwissADME and ProTox-II prediction servers. The overall result suggested that 3-Epimoretenol, Beta-Amyrin acetate, Methyl 3-oxours-12-en-23-oate, 20(29)-Lupenol acetate and Lanosterol acetate are the top most promising therapeutic bioactive natural compounds with antiviral activity against the SARS-CoV-2 Mpro, RdRp and spike protein when compared to standard drugs. Taken together, data obtained reveal that these bioactive natural compounds may have a very good potential as anti-COVID-19 therapy.

Epitope mapping of SARS-CoV-2 Spike protein using naturally-acquired immune responses to develop monoclonal antibodies

COVID-19 vaccination strategies are already available almost worldwide. However, it is also crucial to develop new therapeutic approaches, especially for vulnerable populations that may not fully respond to vaccination, such as the immunocompromised. In this project, we predicted 25 B-cell epitopes in silico in the SARS-CoV-2 Spike (S) protein and screened these against serum and plasma samples from 509 COVID-19 convalescent patients. The aim was to identify those epitopes with the highest IgG reactivity to produce monoclonal antibodies against them for COVID-19 treatment. We implemented Brewpitopes, a computational pipeline based on B-cell epitope prediction tools, such as BepiPred v2.0 and Discotope v2.0, and a series of antibody-epitope accessibility filters. We mapped the SARS-CoV-2 S protein epitopes most likely to be recognised by human neutralizing antibodies. Linear and structural epitope predictions were included and were further refined considering accessibility factors influencing their binding to antibodies like glycosylation status, localization in the viral membrane and accessibility on the 3D-surface of S. Blood samples were collected from 509 COVID-19 patients prospectively recruited 35 days after symptoms initiation, positive RT-qPCR or hospital/ICU discharge. Presence of IgG against SARS-CoV-2 was confirmed by lateral flow immunoassays. Epitopes immunogenicity was tested through the analysis of IgG levels and seropositivity in the convalescent serum and plasma samples and 126 pre-pandemic negative controls by Luminex to identify those with the highest reactivity. The seropositivity cut-offs for each epitope were calculated using a set of 126 pre-pandemic samples as negative controls (NC). Twenty-five SARS-CoV-2 S epitopes were predicted in silico as potentially the most immunogenic. These were synthesized and tested in a multiplex immunoassay against sera/plasmas from convalescent COVID-19 patients (5.7% asymptomatic, 35.6% mild, 13.8% moderate, 23% severe and 22% unknown because of anonymous donation). Among the 25 epitopes tested, 3 exhibited significantly higher IgG reactivity compared to the rest. The proportion of seropositive patients towards these 3 epitopes, based on median fluorescence intensity (MFI or Log10 MFI) above that from NC, ranged between 11 and 48%. Two out of the three most immunogenic epitopes were scaled up, resulting in the generation of two monoclonal antibodies (mAbs). These two mAbs exhibited comparable levels of S protein affinity to commercialized mAbs. Our data shows that the candidate S epitopes predicted in silico are recognised by IgG present in convalescent serum and plasma. This evidence suggests that our computational and experimental pipeline is able to yield immunogenic epitopes against SARS-CoV-2 S. These epitopes are suitable for the development of novel antibodies for preventive or therapeutic approaches against COVID-19.

Virtual Screening of Phytoconstituents in Indian Spices Based on their Inhibitory Potential against SARS-CoV-2.

COVID-19 is caused by severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), a highly pathogenic human coronavirus (CoV). For the treatment of COVID-19, various drugs, ayurvedic formulations, used for other diseases, were repurposed. Ayurveda and yoga exhibited a pivotal role in the treatment of COVID-19. Various medicinal plants, including garlic, tulsi, clove, cinnamon, ginger, black pepper, and turmeric, are recommended for the prevention of COVID-19 as immunity boosters along with their antiviral property. In view of the drug repurposing approach, the present work has been initiated with the broader objectives of screening and identification of phytoconstituents of Indian spices against targets, namely furin, 3C-like protease (3CL-PRO), NSP-9 RNA binding protein, papain-like protease, RNA dependent RNA polymerase (RDRP), spike protein concerned with life cycle of SARS-CoV-2 using in-silico tools. The phytoconstituents of Indian spices were screened for interaction with several targets using a molecular docking approach with the help of Discovery Studio 4.5 software. Furthermore, the pharmacokinetic analyses of selected ligands using ADMET and Lipinski's rule of five were also performed. In the present study, more than 35 active phytoconstituents of Indian spices were screened for interaction with several identified targets of Covid-19 using a molecular docking approach. The ligands, namely morin, gingerol, myristic acid, quercetin, gallic acid, octacosanal, and alliin were found to be the top interacting ligands with the targets analyzed. Based on the present in-silico finding, the active components of spices could be considered for drug-lead compounds against COVID-19.

Long Covid Symptom Clusters, Correlates and Predictors in a Highly Vaccinated Australian Population in 2023.

Limited data exists regarding long Covid burden following Omicron infection in highly vaccinated populations. To (1) characterise long Covid prevalence and predictors and (2) identify key symptom clusters and their correlates among long Covid patients, during an Omicron-predominant period in a highly vaccinated population. Anonymous, online, cross-sectional survey. January 2023, Australia. Residents aged ≥ 18 years with self-reported history of test-positive Covid-19. The main variables studied were socio-demographic characteristics, Covid-19 risk factors, vaccination, infection history and experiences with long Covid. Long Covid symptoms. Symptom-based clustering was used to identify long Covid symptom clusters and their functional correlates. Predictors of long Covid occurrence and severity were assessed using multivariable logistic regression. Overall, 240/1205 participants (19.9%) reported long Covid. Long Covid risk was significantly higher for women OR 1.71 (95% CI: 1.17-2.51), people with comorbidities 2.19 (95% CI: 1.56-3.08) and those using steroid inhalers for Covid-19 treatment (2.34 [95% CI: 1.29-4.24]). Long-Covid risk increased with increasing Covid-19 infection severity (moderately severe symptoms: 2.23 [95% CI: 1.50-3.30], extremely severe symptoms: 5.80 [95% CI: 3.48-9.66], presented to ED/hospitalised: 7.22 [95% CI: 3.06-17.03]). We found no significant difference in the likelihood of long Covid between the Omicron and pre-Omicron periods, vaccination status and participant age. We identified two long Covid clusters (pauci-symptomatic, n = 170, vs. polysymptomatic, n = 66). Polysymptomatic cluster membership was associated with worse functioning (impacts on work, moderate activity, emotions and energy). Severity acute infection was strongly predictive of polysymptomatic cluster membership (5.72 [2.04-17.58]). Monoclonal antibody treatment was strongly associated with pauci-symptomatic cluster membership (0.02 [0.00-0.13]). Our study shows that long Covid is an important health burden in Australia, including during the Omicron era, and identifies several risk factors. We found a subgroup of patients characterised by more symptoms and worse functional outcomes. Our findings can inform policies for protecting vulnerable populations and frameworks for long Covid risk assessment and management. One-in-five people may suffer long Covid after acute Covid-19 infection, with similar risk across age groups. Omicron variants appear not to have a lower risk compared to earlier variants in our study. A cumulative number of symptoms can help triage long Covid patients. We did not involve patients or the public in the design of the questionnaire. However, after a soft launch, we revised some survey questions by reviewing early responses from patients and the public.

Ecological Risk Assessment in Nexapa River by Pharmaceutical Compounds Related to COVID-19

Emerging pharmaceutical contaminants in wastewater are a significant concern, especially those extensively consumed during the COVID-19 pandemic. This study aims to identify in Nexapa River the following pharmaceuticals used in COVID-19 treatment: acetaminophen, albendazole, chloroquine, dexamethasone, diclofenac, hydroxychloroquine, and ivermectin. Solid Phase Extraction was used to extract and concentrate the target compounds from water samples. HPLC–DAD-MS was employed to identify and quantify some emerging pharmaceuticals. The ecological risk for three trophic levels was calculated: -algae, invertebrates, and fish- Two treatment scenarios were studied using the Estimation Programs Interface (EPI) Suite™ in a wastewater treatment plant, current operating conditions and hypothetical ideal operating conditions of an equivalent WWTP, in the state of Puebla, Mexico. The results indicate that treatment plant effluents are the primary source of the entry of these compounds into the aquatic environment. Among them, ivermectin was found to be the compound with the highest potential ecological risk despite its low concentration (6.17 μg L−1), followed by diclofenac (25.75 μg L−1) and paracetamol (132.89 μg L−1).

Exploring COVID-19's Impact on Mental Health in the Workplace: A bibliometric analysis

The objective of this paper is to examine important research areas and emerging development trends while highlighting the challenges and opportunities associated with them. This is accomplished through a methodical examination of publications pertaining to the mental well-being of employees during COVID-19. The authors analyzed 177 articles and contributions from the Scopus database that were listed by the Australian Business Dean Council (ABDC) using the bibliometric tool VOS viewer. According to the data, there have been increasing trends in the study of mental health and its effects during COVID-19, and psychology and human resource management are also seeing an increase in the study of mental health. The authors who have been referred the most are “Chawla N.,” “Mccarthy J.M.”, “Trougakos J.P.” and “Li J”. The “journal American Psychologist” has published a significant amount of research in psychology field and “International Journal of Hospitality Management” has maximum publications in Human resource management field. Using efficient bibliometric techniques, the authors give readers a thorough grasp of the research topic, which will be helpful to anybody interested in the field, particularly newcomers. They advise that future studies concentrate on creating hybrid models to forecast trends in particular fields of psychology and human resource management, which is a new field of study.

In Vivo Safety Assessment of AZT-derived Organochalcogen Compounds with Promising Antiviral Effects against SARS-Cov-2.

Developing new COVID-19 antivirals requires understanding viral proteins, oxidative stress, and drug repositioning. Safety assessments of organochalcogen molecules derived from AZT in Caenorhabditis elegans offer promising prospects for new treatments. In this work, we evaluated the safety and antioxidant effect of eight organochalcogen AZT-derivatives using the free-living nematode C. elegans through chronic exposure [48h]. In addition, we used in silico computational modelling analyses to predict protein targets for these compounds. This study used survival, litter size, brood size as toxicological and safety parameters, subcellular localization of DAF-16, expression of SOD-3 and GST-4, and ROS levels to evaluate the antioxidant effects and target prediction by similarity set approach [SEA], protein-protein interaction [PPI] network analysis, and comparative phylogenetic analysis to predict protein targets for these compounds. The molecules were safe at concentrations of 1-500 μM. AZT, R3a, and R3f promoted DAF-16 nuclear translocation without affecting SOD-3 levels. R3f reduced GST-4 levels, while R3a increased ROS levels. In silico analyses identified 16 human protein targets of AZT and its derivatives, linked to nucleotide metabolism, DNA replication, and anti-inflammatory pathways, showing high homology to C. elegans. We hypothesize that Se and Te atom insertion may alter pharmacological properties by modulating DAF-16, GST-4, and ROS-related pathways. in silico data suggest these derivatives are promising for antiviral activity, targeting nucleotide metabolism and DNA replication while also potentially modulating the anti-inflammatory response, an appealing feature for COVID-19 treatment.

Comparative Effectiveness of Antiviral Agents and Monoclonal Antibodies for Early SARS-CoV-2 Therapy in Immunocompromised Patients: A Multicenter Retrospective Cohort Study (March 2021–March 2022)

Background: Immunocompromised (IC) patients continue to be at risk of severe COVID-19 despite vaccination and anti-SARS-CoV-2 therapies. The comparative effectiveness of antiviral agents (AVAs) and monoclonal antibodies (MoAbs) as early treatment of SARS-CoV-2 in IC patients is described in this work. Methods: This retrospective multicenter cohort study included IC outpatients diagnosed with SARS-CoV-2 between March 2021 and March 2022 at the National Institute for Infectious Diseases “Lazzaro Spallanzani” and Santa Maria Goretti University Hospital, Italy. Patients received either AVAs or MoAbs based on national guidelines. The primary outcome was time to negative nasopharyngeal swab (NPS). The secondary outcomes were COVID-19-related hospitalization or death by day 30. Results: Among 1472 IC patients (with a median age of 58 years, 45% male), 688 (46%) were treated with MoAbs, and 783 (54%) were treated with AVAs. The patients treated with MoAbs had a higher duration to negative NPS (17 vs. 11 days, p < 0.05) and a higher risk of sustained SARS-CoV-2 positivity on day 7 (OR: 3.0, 95% CI: 1.72–5.23, p < 0.01) and day 30 (OR: 6.0, 95% CI: 3.7–10.5, p < 0.01) than those treated with AVAs. There were no differences in hospitalization or mortality. Conclusions: AVAs were associated with a more rapid viral clearance than MoAbs, suggesting a potential advantage for reducing infectious duration in IC patients. Additional studies are necessary to further optimize the early treatment of COVID-19 in this high-risk population.

Decreased Newborn Size Following COVID-19 Infection During Pregnancy: The Role of Timing of Infection.

Objective The objective of this study was to examine the effect of COVID-19 infection during pregnancy on birth outcomes, including the relationship between the trimester of COVID-19 infection and newborn size. Findings could be used to better inform appropriate management of COVID-19 during pregnancy. Study Design This retrospective chart review study included patients diagnosed with COVID-19 who received care at a single university-affiliated obstetrics practice. Pregnant patients with a diagnosis of COVID-19 between April 2022 through April 2023 were included in this study. Participant demographics and birth outcomes were extracted and analyzed. Results Our sample included 141 women who had COVID-19 during pregnancy, grouped based on the trimester of COVID-19 infection. In analyses adjusted for confounding background factors, those with a COVID-19 infection during the second trimester (n=57) and third trimester (n=50) had newborns with significantly decreased head circumference at birth compared to those infected during the first trimester (p<0.05). In addition, compared to those with a COVID-19 infection during the first trimester, those who had COVID-19 during the third trimester had an average 1.3cm decreased birth length. Conclusion In the current study, COVID-19 infection later in pregnancy, especially in the third trimester, significantly predicted decreased newborn size.

Mortal Covid-19 Case with Fungal Infection

Covid-19 increases the risk of developing opportunistic infections, including fungal infections. The immune system can be compromised by Covid-19 itself and certain immunosuppressive agents and steroids used in Covid-19 treatment [1]. Fungal infections associated with Covid-19 significantly worsen the severity of the disease and increase the risk of death [2, 3]. The most commonly reported fungal infection agents in conjunction with Covid-19 are aspergillus, candida albicans, and mucormycosis [4, 5]. In this case report, we present our patient, a 79-year-old who deteriorated clinically while under Covid-19 follow-up, with positive culture results for aspergillus, candida albicans, and mucormycosis in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid obtained through bronchoscopy, as well as histopathological examination of tissue biopsy from the lesion. Our patient passed away on the 46th day of hospitalization.

Non-communicable disease and mental health care during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa: Perspectives from selected healthcare professionals and patients.

South Africa has a high burden of non-communicable diseases (NCDs) and experienced a high COVID-19 caseload, while the healthcare system was already overstretched. The aim of this study was to examine the perceptions and experiences of 1) healthcare professionals (HPs) of COVID-19 and NCD management, and the preparedness of health systems to provide NCD care, and 2) people living with NCDs (PLWNCDs) on the care they received, their mental health status and the availability of health information during the COVID-19 pandemic in South Africa. We recruited a convenience sample of 1) HPs who worked in healthcare management, i.e., public health officials and healthcare workers who provided care and engaged with patients in any healthcare capacity, and 2) PLWNCDs with ≥1 NCD. Questionnaires comprised quantitative and some open-ended follow-up questions. SPSS was used to analyse the quantitative data, and content analysis with inductive reasoning was used to evaluate the open-ended questions. This cross-sectional study comprised 31 HPs and 79 PLWNCDs. The provision of COVID-19 care was perceived to be adequate by HPs while NCD care was poor with disruptions of services, including for emergency and specialised NCDs care. Strategies to care for non-COVID-19 illnesses during the pandemic were lacking. This would have serious long-term consequences for PLWNCDs and the healthcare system. Perceptions of inadequate NCD care were repeated by PLWNCDs; 49% felt they received 'very little' or no adequate care and 18% had a scheduled appointment cancelled. Further, many PLWNCDs (52%) felt anxious, lonely or frightened during the pandemic and 15% felt their mental health had deteriorated, but only a small proportion sought medical attention. The utility of digital health was positively perceived by both HPs and PLWNCDs and could contribute to better health provision during crises. Policies are needed to ensure that NCD care will not be neglected during future crises and to encourage PLWNCDs to access healthcare services timeously during such periods. Potential strategies may utilise digital health apps to improve care and to address the mental healthcare needs of PLWNCDs.

Analysis of Direct Costs of COVID-19 Treatment at Imam Sajjad Hospital in Shahriar

Background: The COVID-19 virus (Corona) is recognized as one of the greatest global health challenges in the 21st century. In addition to its unwanted effects on individual health, this disease has also had significant financial and economic impacts. Hospitals, as the most important centers for providing health services, play a very vital role. Methods: This study investigated and analyzed direct costs of treating COVID-19 in Imam Sajjad (AS) State Hospital in Shahriar. To this end, after performing the Kolmogorov-Smirnov test and confirming the non-normality of data distribution, non-parametric Wilcoxon signed-rank test was used. Results: The results showed that the hypothesis of normality of the data distribution for the age parameter was rejected. Also, comparisons showed that gender and age variables had an impact on treatment costs, while having an underlying disease and disease severity had no significant impact on costs. In regression analyses, costs of testing, medication, CT scan, radiology, and echocardiography had an impact on the total cost of treatment. Moreover, the cost paid by insurance was strongly correlated with the total cost of treatment. Conclusion: The analyses showed that some factors such as gender, age, and specific costs such as testing and medications had an impact on treatment costs. These findings can help improve financial resource management in dealing with similar diseases.

The financial value of improving patient access to COVID-19 antiviral therapy in Medicare Part D: A simulation study.

Nirmatrelvir-ritonavir is an approved treatment for mild to moderate COVID-19 in adults who are at high risk for progression to severe COVID-19, including hospitalization or death. Age is the leading risk factor for severe COVID-19, making treatment access particularly important for the Medicare population. Part D plans must include COVID-19 antivirals on formularies. However, unlike Medicare Advantage prescription drug (MAPD) plans, which assume risk for both medical and pharmacy costs, standalone prescription drug plans (PDPs) have a financial disincentive to cover them in the preferred tier. As reimbursement transitions to Part D plans in 2025, it is important for plans to understand the budget impact of providing treatment access at different formulary tiers. To examine challenges to preferred tier access to nirmatrelvir-ritonavir in Part D and their impact on COVID-19 treatment abandonment and hospitalization rates. Using a combination of actuarial and budget impact models, we estimated the potential impact of Part D formulary tier placements of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir on plan budgets, therapy abandonment, and hospitalizations using real-world prescription data from Milliman's Prescription Drug Consolidated Database. Potential impacts were summarized separately for PDP, MAPD, and the Medicare fee-for-service program in 2025. Specialty tier placement of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir resulted in savings to the Medicare program of $2.14 billion compared with $2.22 billion for preferred tier placement. Compared with placement in the specialty tier, nirmatrelvir-ritonavir positioned at the preferred brand tier saves the Medicare program an additional $80.7 million by reducing patient abandonment by 62% and COVID-19-related hospitalization costs by $2.14 billion after accounting for the increase in net Part D plan liabilities. These savings consist of (1) a net cost reduction, after accounting for medical cost offsets, of $65.1 million for MAPD plans, (2) an increase in net Part D liability of $710.9 million for PDPs, and (3) cost savings to Medicare fee-for-service from reduced COVID-19-related hospitalizations of $726.5 million. Coverage of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir, on any tier, is cost-saving for the Medicare program overall. Preferred coverage with lower patient cost-sharing results in additional savings and improved patient outcomes from lower hospitalizations and mortality rates. Individual Medicare plans should consider the overall clinical and cost impacts of nirmatrelvir-ritonavir on the health system when determining formulary tier placement. Better alignment of incentives for PDPs is needed to address the financial barriers to expanding access for therapies that can improve clinical outcomes and produce savings to the Medicare program.

The Role of Vitamins, Magnesium, and Trace Elements in COVID-19 Treatment and Post-COVID-19 Rehabilitation: An Updated Overview.

This review summarizes the scientific knowledge concerning the impact of vitamins, magnesium, and trace elements on various mechanisms contributing to the possible treatment and prevention of COVID-19, including its delayed consequences. A search was conducted in various databases, including PubMed, Scopus, ClinicalTrials.- gov, and Web of Science. Among the main mechanisms involved in the effects of the studied micronutrients, immune-boosting, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects were also highlighted. The analyzed clinical trials confirmed that supplementation with higher daily doses of some micronutrients can reduce SARS-CoV-2 viral load and hospitalization time. The potential role of most known vitamins in preventing, treating COVID-19, and rehabilitating patients was considered. The most promising agents for combating COVID-19 and its consequences might be the following vitamins: vitamin D, ascorbic acid, polyunsaturated fatty acids (PUFAs), and some B complex vitamins. Inorganic elements deserving attention include magnesium and trace elements, such as zinc, selenium, copper, and iron. Some associations were found between micronutrient deficiencies and COVID-19 severity in children, adults, and older people. Patients can obtain the aforementioned micronutrients from natural food sources or as supplements/- drugs in various dosage forms. The reviewed micronutrients might be considered adjunctive treatment strategies for COVID-19 patients.

Optimizing the Antimicrobial Effects by using Natural Compounds in COVID-19 Management.

COVID-19 has emerged as the most significant global health issue of our time. The causative agent, SARS-CoV-2, causes extensive damage to the lower respiratory tract in susceptible populations, leading to lung damage and death. COVID-19-infected patients are also prone to respiratory pathogens such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, Staphylococcus aureus, Klebsiella pneumoniae, and E. coli. In some cases, these respiratory pathogens are multidrug-resistant and cause life-threatening infections in patients. Since the existing antibiotics are ineffective against these antibiotic-resistant bacteria, urgent attention is required to develop new and effective therapeutic agents to combat antimicrobial-resistant bacteria. Alternatively, novel therapeutic strategies can be explored to enhance the antimicrobial effects of the existing antimicrobial agents, such as antibiotics. Adding natural compounds with existing antimicrobial agents to increase their antimicrobial activity is one of the most suitable and promising options to combat the rising threat of both COVID-19 and antimicrobial resistance. Natural compounds are generally considered safe and may even reduce the side effects of drugs and medicines. In light of such advantages, the current review summarized some of the studies that have combined natural compounds with antibiotics and antiviral to increase the antimicrobial potential of these drugs. This study can help researchers compare and understand already existing data to design new studies to develop antimicrobial agents against COVID-19.

COVID-19 and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Management: Trends in Clinical Care From a Tertiary Centre.

COVID-19 and Recurrent Pregnancy Loss Management: Trends in Clinical Care From a Tertiary Centre.

Advances in COVID-19 Therapeutics: Exploring the Role of Lectins and Protease Inhibitors.

Advances in COVID-19 Therapeutics: Exploring the Role of Lectins and Protease Inhibitors.

Rapid Development of Endobronchial Aspergillosis Following Immunomodulatory Treatment for COVID-19

Rapid Development of Endobronchial Aspergillosis Following Immunomodulatory Treatment for COVID-19

Modulation of the renin-angiotensin system against COVID-19: A path forward?

Modulation of the renin-angiotensin system against COVID-19: A path forward?