Treatment Of Diabetic Rats Research Articles

A Comparative Study of the Use of Cow's Milk and Plant-Based Alternatives Such as Almond Milk and Oat Milk on Diabetic Rats

Purpose: The present study was conducted to evaluate physicochemical, rheological, microbiological, antioxidant and sensory properties of caw, almond and oat milk. Caw milk served as a control (animal source), and the other treatments were made from almond milk and oat milk (plant source).
 Methodology: Thirty five male adult albino rats of Sprague Dawely strain weighing 180- 220 g were divided into 5 groups as follows: Group (1) non-treated non- diabetic rats (negative control). Group (2) diabetic rats (received Streptozotocin (STZ), 60 mg/Kg BW) (positive control).Group (3) diabetic rats fed on basal diet with caw milk (10g/day) by epi gastric tube. Group (4) diabetic rats fed on basal diet with almond milk (10g/day) by epi gastric tube. Group (5) diabetic rats fed on basal diet with oat milk (10g/day) by epi gastric tube.
 Results: Results revealed that almond milk were more effective in increasing the dry matter, protein, ash, fiber, carbohydrate, energy, acidity, viscosity, phenolic content and antioxidant activity. Almond milk had the highest scores for sensory properties compared to other milk treatments. The Almond milk was evaluated as hypoglycaemic agent streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. The treatment of diabetic rats with almond milk showed a significant decreases(p<0.001) in levels of blood glucose, malondialdehyde (MDA), low density lipoprotein (LDL), cholesterol (CL), triglyceride (TG), AST, ALT , ALP, creatinin and urea and increased (p<0.001) high density lipoprotein (HDL) and total protein and albumin in comparison to diabetic rats.
 Unique Contribution to Theory, Practice and Policy: This study indicates that the theory used in the study has been validated. Consumption of almond milk in diabetic rat groups caused significant improvement in all these factors, compared to the positive control group (untreated diabetic rats), indicating that almond and oat milk can play a preventive role in such patients. It can be used as an indicator to establish future studies on the importance of consuming plant-based alternatives to milk, such as almond milk and oat milk. Policy makers should recognize the importance of a balanced diet for health in which plant-based alternatives are available and reflect this in public health recommendations.

Tirzepatide ameliorates spatial learning and memory impairment through modulation of aberrant insulin resistance and inflammation response in diabetic rats.

Background: One of the typical symptoms of diabetes mellitus patients was memory impairment, which was followed by gradual cognitive deterioration and for which there is no efficient treatment. The anti-diabetic incretin hormones glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide (GIP) and glucagon-like peptide-1 (GLP-1) were demonstrated to have highly neuroprotective benefits in animal models of AD. We wanted to find out how the GLP-1/GIP dual agonist tirzepatide affected diabetes's impairment of spatial learning memory. Methods: High fat diet and streptozotocin injection-induced diabetic rats were injected intraperitoneally with Tirzepatide (1.35mg/kg) once a week. The protective effects were assessed using the Morris water maze test, immunofluorescence, and Western blot analysis. Golgi staining was adopted for quantified dendritic spines. Results: Tirzepatide significantly improved impaired glucose tolerance, fasting blood glucose level, and insulin level in diabetic rats. Then, tirzepatide dramatically alleviated spatial learning and memory impairment, inhibited Aβ accumulation, prevented structural damage, boosted the synthesis of synaptic proteins and increased dendritic spines formation in diabetic hippocampus. Furthermore, some aberrant changes in signal molecules concerning inflammation signaling pathways were normalized after tirzepatide treatment in diabetic rats. Finally, PI3K/Akt/GSK3β signaling pathway was restored by tirzepatide. Conclusion: Tirzepatide obviously exerts a protective effect against spatial learning and memory impairment, potentially through regulating abnormal insulin resistance and inflammatory responses.

Antidiabetic, Antioxidative and Antihyperlipidemic Effects of Strawberry Fruit Extract in Alloxan-Induced Diabetic Rats.

Strawberry (Fragaria × ananassa) is one of the accomplished sources of bioactive compounds, including anthocyanin, phenolic acids, flavonols, ellagitannins, and a diverse range of minerals and vitamins that can help to boost human health. This study was carried out to explore the antidiabetic, antioxidative and antihyperlipidemic potential of strawberry extracts against alloxan-induced (100 mg/kg body weight) diabetic rats. Accordingly, rats were categorized into six groups including control (G0), positive control (G1), treatment groups (G2, G3, and G4) given strawberry extract at 250, 500, and 750 mg/kg of body weight, respectively, and G5 provided metformin @70 mg/kg BW for 28 days with ad libitum diet. At the trial termination, the rats were sacrificed and were subjected to analysis including body weight, blood glucose level and glycemic indicators, antioxidant parameters, lipid profile, renal function test (RFT), liver function test (LFT) and histopathology for pancreatic tissues. The results indicated that treatment of diabetic rats with strawberry extract at 500 mg/kg body weight (BW) resulted in significant reductions in blood glucose level, serum urea, and creatinine as well as significant increases in body weight, insulin activity, and protein levels. In addition, the diabetic rats that did not receive strawberry extract (control) exhibited an increase in plasma glucose, urea, uric acid, creatinine, and a decrease in body weight and insulin levels. Briefly, it is reported that strawberry fruit extracts reduced blood sugar levels, possess hypolipidemic potential, and helped to maintain antioxidant levels in alloxan-induced diabetic rats.

Ameliorative effect of montelukast against STZ induced diabetic nephropathy: targeting HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, NLRP3 inflammasome, and autophagy pathways

Diabetic nephropathy (DN) is reported as one of the most serious microvascular diabetic complications and the trigger of end-stage renal disease (ESRD), underscoring the concern of any therapeutic intervention directed at ameliorating the development and progression of DN. The current study explored the renoprotective impact of montelukast (Mon) against streptozotocin (STZ)-induced DN in rats compared to a standard anti-hyperglycemic insulin (Ins) treatment. Diabetes was induced by a single dose of STZ (55 mg/kg). Diabetic rats were treated with Mon (10 and 20 mg/kg, oral gavage) for eight weeks. Mon administration for 8 weeks after induction of diabetes conferred significant dose-dependent renoprotection, independent of blood glucose levels (unlike Ins), as evidenced by the improvement in serum creatinine, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and ameliorated STZ-induced renal necrotic, inflammatory alterations, and renal fibrosis. Additionally, Mon treatment in diabetic rats significantly restored redox hemostasis as evidenced by malondialdehyde (MDA) and total antioxidant capacity (TAC) levels; significantly reduced the renal expression of high mobility group box (HMGB) 1, toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) (in the nucleus), NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing (NLRP) 3, and interleukin (IL)-1β. Moreover, Mon administration ameliorated the dysregulation in autophagy as evidenced by p62 and microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3 (LC3)-II levels. In conclusion, the renoprotective effect of Mon is potentially associated with its modulatory effect on inflammatory cytokines, antioxidant properties, and autophagy.Graphical Renoprotective effect of montelukast and its underlying pathway: Hyperglycemia and advanced glycation end products (AGEs) stimulate the release of high mobility group box (HMGB) 1 from necrotic and inflammatory cells. HMGB1 is considered as one of the endogenous ligands of toll-like receptor (TLR) 4, and the interaction of HMGB1 with TLR4 results in a subsequent translocation of nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) from the cytoplasm into the nucleus inducing an inflammatory response. NF-κB is a key mediator of the priming signal responsible for the activation of NOD-like receptor family pyrin domain containing (NLRP) 3 inflammasome by stimulating the expression of both NLRP3 and pro- interleukin (IL)-1β, which is then converted to IL-1β by to mediate inflammation. NLRP3 can induce reactive oxygen species production, while autophagy inhibits AGEs and NLRP3 accumulation. Montelukast show an inhibitory effect on HMGB1, TLR4, NF-κB, NLRP3, and IL-1β and has autophagy stimulating characteristics indicating its potential renoprotective effect.

The Effect of Carvacrol Plus Treadmill Exercise on Testis Structure and Oxidative Stress in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of carvacrol and treadmill exercise on oxidative stress and testis structure in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, the diabetes was induced using a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of STZ (50 mg/kg). The rats were assigned to five groups, namely a control group, a diabetic control group, a diabetic group receiving daily carvacrol at a dose of 75 mg/kg, diabetic groups performing treadmill exercise, and a diabetic group performing daily treadmill exercise and receiving carvacrol. After covering the treatment period, all rats were anesthetized and their blood sample were taken. Then the serum levels of oxidative stress markers were measured, the testicles and epididymis were removed, and the sperm parameters were assessed. Results: The treatment of diabetic rats with carvacrol and treadmill exercise effectively improved testis tissue damage, sperm parameters, glucose, and insulin plasma levels (P=0.001). In diabetic rats, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) increased while the activity of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes decreased in the testes tissue (P=0.001). However, when carvacrol administration (75 mg/kg) was combined with treadmill exercise, these parameters were significantly rectified (P<0.05). Conclusion: In sum, administering carvacrol and performing treadmill exercise were effective in improving the sperm parameters and testicular oxidative damage caused by diabetes.

The Hypoglycemic and Hypolipidemic Effects of Polyphenol-Rich Strawberry Juice on Diabetic Rats.

Obesity and diabetes are some of the most important modern health problems requiring simple preventative or palliative measures using dietary means. This study investigated the impact of strawberry juice on diabetic rats. Diabetes was induced in rats using a single intraperitoneal injection of 50mg/kg streptozotocin (STZ). Fifty male rats were divided into five groups: normal control (NC), strawberry juice only (S), diabetic control (DC), and two diabetic groups treated with strawberry juice (DC + S) or metformin (DC + met). Rats were administered a single dose of both strawberry juice and oral metformin, and biochemical and histological analyses were conducted. The experiment was conducted in compliance with the Ethics Committee's regulations for the care and utilization of animals, microorganisms, and living cell cultures in education and scientific research at the Faculty of Agriculture, Minia University (MU/FA/006/12/22). Treatment of diabetic rats with strawberry juice led to a significant decrease in blood glucose. Insulin levels were also significantly increased, while lipid profiles were lowered in the diabetic rats treated with strawberry juice. Carbohydrate metabolism enzymes and antioxidant enzyme activities in the treated rats were restored to normal levels, and the levels of lipid peroxidation and proinflammatory cytokines were notably reduced. The microstructure of pancreatic and liver cells in diabetic rats was also improved with strawberry juice treatment. In addition, HPLC analysis revealed that strawberry juice was rich in flavonoids and phenolic compounds and exhibited potent antioxidant activity. These findings suggest that strawberry juice has considerable hypoglycemic and hypolipidemic effects on rats with diabetes which may be used in human after further investigations.

Neuroprotective effects of terpenoids against streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic rats: An in silico, in vitro and in vivo study

The present study focused to determine the neuroprotective effects of terpenoids in streptozotocin & nicotinamide-induced type-2 diabetes in rats. The in silico studies were carried out for 68 terpenoids using AutoDock 4.2. The in vitro cholinestrerase, α-amylase enzyme inhibitory assays were perfomed using standard procedures. For in vivo neuroprotective studies, male wistar rats were separated into five groups and each group comprised of six animals. Treatment groups were received low dose and high dose α-Bisabolol 100 and 200 mg/kg respectively, and the standard groups received rivastigmine 2 mg/kg, p.o. and metformin group 100 mg/kg, p.o. for 30 consecutive days. Administration of streptozotocin (45 mg/kg, i.p.) and nicotinamide (110 mg/kg, i.p.)-induced the type 2 diabetes in all groups except the control. The behavioural assessments such as Morris water maze, and open field test were performed and biochemical parameters such as acetylcholinesterase levels and enzymatic antioxidants and reduced glutathione level were estimated from brain homogenates. Treatment of diabetic rats with α-Bisabolol was lowered blood glucose level, improved spatial recognition memory in behavioural assessments in a concentration dependent manner. It can be concluded that α-Bisabolol could act as a potential drug candidate in the management of diabetic Alzheimer's disease.

Asparagus gonoclados Baker (AGAF) Root Tubers Improve Glycemic Control and Hyperlipidemia in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats

This study aimed to investigate the antidiabetic and antihyperlipidemic activity of the active fraction of Asparagus gonoclados root tubers (AGAF) in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. After 45 days of treatment with the active fraction (AGAF) of Asparagus gonoclados at a dose of 50 mg/kg b.w.t., the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG), hemoglobin, HbA1c, insulin, serum lipid profiles, and renal and hepatic function markers were measured in all experimental groups of rats. Treatment with AGAF remarkably normalized the FBG, insulin, and lipid profile levels. AGAF also normalized the hepatic and renal function markers in STZ-induced diabetic-treated rats. The findings from our current study confirm that AGAF successfully alleviates diabetes mellitus and its associated complications by improving insulin secretion and action with no apparent toxic effects on the liver or kidney.

EVALUATION OF CARDIOVASCULAR DISEASE RISK FACTORS IN DIABETIC RATS ADMINISTERED ETHANOL EXTRACT OF Cucumis sativus FRUIT.

It is estimated that by the year 2030, the number of persons with diabetes mellitus (DM) would increase to 366 million. Diabetes mellitus is primarily defined by the level of hyperglycemia which causes micro- and macro-vascular damage. This study evaluated cardiovascular disease risk factors in diabetic rats administered ethanol extract of Cucumis sativus fruit. Male Wistar rats (n = 25, mean weight = 215 ± 15 g) were used. The rats were randomly assigned to five groups (5 rats per group): normal control, diabetic control, metformin, 200 mg/kg body weight (BWT) extract and 300 mg/kg BWT extract groups. Diabetes mellitus was induced via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin (STZ, 50 mg/kg BWT). The diabetic rats were then treated for 21 days with metformin (50 mg/kg BWT) or the extract at doses of 200 and 300 mg/kg BWT, respectively. The results showed that STZ-induced DM significantly increased plasma concentrations of total cholesterol (TC), triacylglycerol (TG), very low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (VLDL-C), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C), atherogenic index of plasma (AIP), atherogenic coefficient (AC) and cardiac risk ratio (CRR), but it significantly reduced high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) (p < 0.05). However, treatment of diabetic rats with ethanol extract of C. sativus fruit led to significant reductions in circulating levels of lipid profile (except HDL-C, which increased) as well as AIP, AC and CRR (p < 0.05). These results suggest that the medicinal plant extract has the capacity to protect against cardiovascular events in diabetic rats.

Hypoglycemia and anxiolysis mediated by levofloxacin treatment in diabetic rats.

The present study was designed to determine the effect of levofloxacin (LVX) treatment on the blood glucose level, insulin sensitivity, anxiety level, nitrite and MDA level of STZ induced diabetic rats. Wistar rats were used in the present study. The rats were made diabetic by the administration of single dose of STZ (45mg/kg, i.p.) and NAD (50mg/kg, i.p.). The rats with the blood glucose level greater than 200mg/dl were considered as diabetic (confirmed at day-3 of STZ-NAD administration). The non-diabetic rats were considered as control and received saline.Diabetic rats received metformin (50mg/kg, p.o.) and LVX (20, 25, 30 and 35mg/kg, i.p.) daily for 14 days (starting from the day at which STZ was injected). Following administration on 14th day,the blood sample was collected and the rats were subjected to behavioral assays for the determination of locomotor activity and anxiety level. Plasma was separated and used for the estimation ofnitrite and malondialdehyde (MDA)level. On 15th day OGTT was performed in the overnight fasted rats for the assessment of insulin sensitivity. The results obtained suggested that the administration of STZ-NAD induced the hyperglycemia at day-3 of administration. Diabetic rats displayed the significant increase in blood glucose, anxiety related behavior, MDA level while significant decrease in the insulin sensitivity and plasma nitrite level. Daily administration of metformin to the diabetic rats decreased the blood glucose level, increased the time spent at the center of open field, reversed the anxiety related behavior in LDT and EPM, did not affect the plasma nitrite level, decreased the plasma MDA level, decreased the fasting glucose level and AUC in OGTT assay. LVX (30 and 35mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased the blood glucose level of diabetic rats. LVX (20, 25 and 30mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased the number of square crossing while LVX (20, 25, 30 and 35) treatment significantly increased the time spent at the center of the field by the diabetic rats. LVX (20 and 35mg/kg) treatment significantly reversed the STZ induced anxiety in LDT while LVX (20, 30 and 35mg/kg) treatment significantly reversed the STZ induced anxiety in EPM test. LVX (20, 25 and 35mg/kg) treatment significantly increased the plasma nitrite level and LVX (20-35mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased the MDA level of diabetic rats. Further only LVX (35mg/kg) treatment significantly decreased the fasting glucose level and increased the AUC of diabetic rats. In conclusion, STZ-NAD administration increased the blood glucose level, anxiety related behavior, decreased the plasma nitrite and increased the MDA level. LVX administration potentiated the diabetogenic effects of STZ-NAD in rats. Daily administration of LVX decreased the blood glucose level of diabetic rats. LVX administration alleviated the STZ induced anxiety in OFT, LDT and EPM test. LVX administration increased the plasma nitrite level and decreased the lipid peroxidation in diabetic rats. The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1007/s40200-023-01234-0.

Ameliorating effects of Astragalus maximus methanolic extract on inflammation and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Introduction: Recent studies have reported that Astragalus spp. can display various biological effects, e.g., anticancer, antioxidant, antimicrobial, neuroprotective, and hepatoprotective activities. Here we decided to assess the ameliorating effects of Astragalus maximus methanolic extract (AMME) on inflammation and oxidative stress in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats. Methods: The dried aerial parts were extracted by maceration technique with 70% methanol. Diabetes was induced in rats via intraperitoneal injection of streptozotocin at 65 mg/kg. Diabetic rats orally received AMME at 75-30 mg/kg for 28 days. The serum levels of glucose, insulin, liver enzymes, bilirubin, creatinine (Cr), urea (Ur), triglyceride, and cholesterol, as well as the tissue levels of oxidant/antioxidant enzymes and pro-inflammatory cytokines were evaluated by the diagnostic kits. The level of α-amylase inhibition by AMME was also determined. Results: AMME (150 and 300 mg/kg) treatment significantly reduced (P<0.001) the serum levels of glucose, cholesterol, triglyceride, Cr, Ur, liver enzymes, and oxidative enzymes in diabetic rats. The tissue levels of antioxidant enzymes in diabetic rats treated with AMME (150 and 300 mg/kg) were significantly increased (P<0.01). Treatment of diabetic rats with either 150 or 300 mg/kg AMME for 28 days significantly reduced interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) levels in the pancreas. AMME inhibited α-amylase in a dose-dependent manner with an IC50 value of 18.1 μg/mL. Conclusion: This study showed that the oral administration of AMME in diabetic rats displayed a potent anti-diabetic activity through increasing insulin release and ameliorating effects on inflammation and oxidative stress; however, more investigations are desired to determine the action mechanism of the extract.

Possible mitigating effect of adropin on lung injury in diabetic rats: Targeting the role of Rho A/Rho-associated kinase pathway.

This study evaluated possible mitigating effect of adropin on lung injury in diabetic rats, targeting role of Rho A/Rho-associated kinase pathway. Rats were allocated into four groups: control, adropin, diabetic, and diabetic+adropin groups. At the termination of the experiment, serum fasting glucose, insulin and adropin levels and insulin resistance were calculated. Wet/dry ratio, histopathological, immunohistochemical analyses, and relative real time gene expression of lung tissue was determined. Interleukin-6, tumor necrosis factor alpha, malondialdehyde, 8-Oxo-2'-deoxyguanosine, reduced glutathione, superoxide dismutase, Bcl-2, BAX, myeloperoxidase, intracellular adhesion molecule-1, vascular cell adhesion molecule-1, and transforming growth factor-β were determined in lung tissue. Adropin treatment in diabetic rats notably attenuated hyperglycemia and insulin resistance. Also, it mitigated diabetic lung injury via suppressing effect on Rho A/ROCK pathway, apoptosis, inflammatory reactions, oxidative stress, and fibrosis of lung tissue. Adropin can be considered as a promising therapeutic agent for treating diabetic lung injury.

Therapeutic Potential of Clove Essential Oil in Diabetes: Modulation of Pro-Inflammatory Mediators, Oxidative Stress and Metabolic Enzyme Activities.

Type 1 diabetes is characterized by insulin deficiency due to the destruction of pancreatic β cells, leading to hyperglycemia, which in turn induces vascular complications. In the current study, we investigated the effect of intraperitoneal administration of clove essential oil (CEO: 20 mg/kg body weight) on certain oxidative stress and glucose metabolism enzymes, as well as the expression of proinflammatory mediators. Administration of CEO to diabetic rats showed a significant decline in blood glucose levels, total cholesterol, and xanthine oxidase, compared to the streptozotocin group. Furthermore, these treated rats elicited a notable attenuation in the levels of lipid peroxides, and thiols groups in both liver and brain tissues. The activities of antioxidant and metabolic enzymes were reverted to normality in diabetic upon CEO administration. In addition to its protective effects on red blood cell hemolysis, CEO is a potent α-amylase inhibitor with an IC50 =298.0±2.75 μg/mL. Also, treatment of diabetic rats with CEO significantly reduced the iNOS expression in the spleen. Our data showed that CEO has potential beneficial effects on diabetes, which can possibly prevent the pathogenesis of diabetic micro- and macrovascular complications.

Effect of Crocin and Treadmill Exercise on Spermatogenesis and Testis Structure in Streptozotocin-Induced Diabetic Rats: An Experimental Study

Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the effect of crocin and treadmill exercise on oxidative stress, sperm parameters, and testis structure in streptozotocin (STZ)-induced diabetic rats. Materials and Methods: In this experimental study, 64 diabetic rats induced by a single intraperitoneal (IP) injection of STZ (50 mg/ kg) were assigned to the following groups (n=8/each): healthy control group, diabetic control group, diabetic group treated daily with crocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg, and one healthy group receiving daily crocin at a dose of 50 mg/kg for 56 days. Some groups such as the controls and diabetics exercised with treadmill, as well as the healthy and diabetic groups performed daily exercise with treadmill and crocin. After crocin treatment, all rats were anesthetized, their blood samples were taken, and the serum level of insulin, glucose, and oxidative stress markers were measured. Finally, the testicles and epididymis were removed and sperm parameters were assessed. Results: Treatment of diabetic rats with crocin along with treadmill exercise significantly replaced the testicular tissue damage, sperm parameters, glucose, and insulin plasma levels (P=0.001). In diabetic rats, moreover, the level of malondialdehyde (MDA) was increased and the levels of superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase (CAT) enzymes activity were reduced in the testicular tissue (P=0.001). Crocin administration (50 mg/kg BW) and exercise significantly improved these parameters (P<0.05). Conclusions: Our results confirm the antioxidant role of crocin and the positive role of treadmill exercise in improving the sperm parameters and testicular oxidative damage caused by diabetes.

In vitro and in vivo antidiabetic activity of bitter honey in streptozotocin-nicotinamide-induced diabetic Wistar rats.

Diabetes mellitus is a metabolic syndrome considered one of the life-threatening diseases in the last two decades. This research aimed to investigate the anti-diabetic potential of bitter honey collected from Nilgiris using both in vitro and in vivo methods. The mineral content of bitter honey was also estimated using atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Bitter honey had a higher amount of zinc and copper, while heavy metals like lead, nickel, and cadmium were below the detection limit. The in vitro antidiabetic study was performed using alpha-amylase and alpha-glucosidase inhibition methods. Acute toxicity (OECD 423) was conducted in female Wistar rats to determine the lethal dose of bitter honey. The antidiabetic activity was carried out in type-2 diabetic Wistar Albino rats induced with streptozotocin and nicotinamide. The experimental rats were categorized into five groups (n=8): the normal group, the diabetic control group, standard glibenclamide-treated diabetic group, bitter honey 200 mg/kg, and 400 mg/kg b.w. treated diabetic group. After the treatment period (28 days), blood samples were collected for biochemical studies, and the pancreas was dissected for histopathological studies. The in vitro antidiabetic studies revealed the antidiabetic potential of bitter honey compared to standard acarbose. Treatment of diabetic rats with bitter honey revealed a statistically significant reduction (P<0.05) in the levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG) compared to untreated diabetic rats. This was accompanied by an elevated HDL and a decrease in LDL, VLDL, triglycerides, total cholesterol, SGOT, SGPT, urea, and creatinine. Histopathological changes in the pancreas indicated a marked improvement in a dose-dependent manner. The study concluded that bitter honey could potentially decrease the levels of FBG in diabetic rats and the various biochemical and histopathological abnormalities associated with diabetes mellitus.

Combinatory Effect and Modes of Action of Chrysin and Bone Marrow-Derived Mesenchymal Stem Cells on Streptozotocin/Nicotinamide-Induced Diabetic Rats.

The purpose of this study was to see how chrysin and/or bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) affected streptozotocin (STZ)/nicotinamide (NA)-induced diabetic rats as an animal model of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Male Wistar rats were given a single intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection of 60 mg STZ/kg bodyweight (bw) 15 min after an i.p. injection of NA (120 mg/kg bw) to induce T2DM. The diabetic rats were given chrysin orally at a dose of 100 mg/kg bw every other day, BM-MSCs intravenously at a dose of 1 × 106 cells/rat/week, and their combination for 30 days after diabetes induction. The rats in the diabetic group displayed impaired oral glucose tolerance and a decrease in liver glycogen content and in serum insulin, C-peptide, and IL-13 levels. They also had significantly upregulated activities in terms of liver glucose-6-phosphatase and glycogen phosphorylase and elevated levels of serum free fatty acids, IL-1β, and TNF-α. In addition, the diabetic rats exhibited a significant elevation in the adipose tissue resistin protein expression level and a significant decrease in the expression of adiponectin, insulin receptor-beta subunit, insulin receptor substrate-1, and insulin receptor substrate-2, which were associated with a decrease in the size of the pancreatic islets and in the number of β-cells and insulin granules in the islets. The treatment of diabetic rats with chrysin and/or BM-MSCs significantly improved the previously deteriorated alterations, with chrysin combined with BM-MSCs being the most effective. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that combining chrysin with BM-MSCs produced greater additive therapeutic value than using them separately in NA/STZ-induced T2DM rats.

Antidiabetic Effects of Aqueous Extracts of Bannufera Mangii Roots and Mannufera Jangii Leaves on Alloxan Induced Diabetic Rats

Diabetes is one of the leading causes of death world over, with no known scientifically proved cure so far. The present study evaluated the serum glucose lowering potentials of aqueous extracts of Bannufera mangii roots and Mannufera jangii leaves on alloxan induced diabetic rats. The most potent extract was further studied for its effects on serum insulin. Administration of 80 mg/kg of alloxan monohydrate have significantly increased blood glucose level and affect the serum insulin and lipid profile as well as oxidative stress makers. Treatments of diabetic rats with 300mg/kg body weight of the two extracts and conventional antidiabetic drug showed significant reduction in blood glucose levels by 35.2%, 59.2% and 67.0% for B. mangii, M. jangii and metformin respectively. The remarkable antihyperglycaemic, antihyperlipidemic, antioxidants and non-toxic (at 3000 mg/kg) potentials exhibited by M. jangii, validates its traditional use as an antidiabetic plant. Therefore, the plant has demonstrated a potential as another source of alternative therapeutic agent for the treatment of diabetes mellitus.

Regulation of glucose transporter-4 intervention with S. saman leaves extract in streptozotocin-induced diabetic rats

Diabetes mellitus is the leading disorder and affects more than millions of people worldwide. Nowadays, the usage of herbal drugs is said to control adiposity and hyperglycemia. The current research investigated the anti-adiposity and antidiabetic activity of S. saman leaf extract and bioactive compounds. Therefore, the results lower the sugar absorption into the blood and reveal the extract's antidiabetic properties. STZ-induced diabetic rats, Samanea saman methanolic extract show improvement in the parameters like fasting blood glucose levels, body weight, other biochemical parameters supported by the histopathological analysis, and an increase in serum levels in the experimental groups. The antioxidant plays a vital role by increasing SOD and catalase activity levels and decreasing lipid peroxidation levels. The methanolic extract protects the tissue from oxidation stress, which is responsible for the glycemic properties. According to the findings, diabetic-treated rats had overnight blood glucose levels lower and near standard biochemical markers. Histopathology of the liver, pancreas, kidneys, and adipose tissues supported the pharmacological observations.Further, we screened and documented S. saman extract used for in vitro and in vivo methods. In terms of effectiveness, the crude extracts exhibit 0.8-fold GLUT4 down-regulation. Consequently, this result contributes to clinical trials and develops antidiabetic therapy as a substitute for synthetic pharmaceuticals.

Lactobacillus-fermented yogurt exerts hypoglycemic, hypocholesterolemic, and anti-inflammatory activities in STZ-induced diabetic Wistar rats

Hyperglycemia is a symptom of type 2 diabetes mellitus, a chronic metabolic disease characterized by elevated blood glucose concentrations. Antidiabetic drugs are common treatments for this metabolic disorder; however, they may have unpleasant side effects. This study hypothesized that probiotic fermented products could preserve nutritional value, maintain metabolic homeostasis, and attenuate the inflammatory response associated with diabetes while reducing side effects. Lactobacillus plantarum KU985438 and Lactobacillus rhamnosus KU985439 showed the lowest alfa-amylase enzyme (α-amylase) activity among 8 lactobacilli tested. These 2 strains were used to develop functional fermented milk products, and their antidiabetic efficacy was tested in induced diabetic Wistar rats. The treatment of diabetic rats with L. plantarum KU985438 or L. rhamnosus KU985439 fermented yogurt resulted in a considerable reduction in blood glucose concentrations (136.79% and 145.17%, respectively) and α-amylase concentrations (56.84% and 56.84%, respectively) compared with conventional treatments. Diabetes relief began after 4 days of yogurt consumption compared with drug-based treatment. Significant improvements in both liver and kidney enzyme concentrations were also observed, in addition to a significant increase in high-density lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations and improved lipid profiles. Inhibition in nuclear factor κB and an increase in Bcl-2 concentrations were also detected. Histopathological examination of both hepatic and pancreatic cells revealed the positive effects of the studied treatment compared with standard treatment. Therefore, the selected Lactobacilli, which has hypoglycemic potential, could be used to produce functional nutraceutical antidiabetic supplements.

Evaluation of Antidiabetic activity of the marine gastropod, Turbinella pyrum from Gulf of Mannar, India

Diabetes mellitus is a chronic metabolic disorder and is becoming the world’s third “killer” together with cancer, cerebro and cardiovascular diseases due to its wide spread prevalence, morbidity and mortality. Modern anti-diabetic agents produce undesirable adverse effects. As a result, alternative therapy is required. A shift towards marine natural products is desperately needed. Hence, this research was carried to examine the antidiabetic activity of methanolic extract of Turbinella pyrum. Alloxan was induced to get experimental diabetes animals in albino rats. A comparison was made between the action of methanolic extract of Turbinella pyrum extracts and a known antidiabetic drug glibenclamide (600 μg/kg body wt). An oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) was also performed in experimental diabetic rats. The diabetic rats were randomly divided into four groups (n=6/group). Group I served as control and received distilled water. Group II served as standard (Glibenclamide 600μg/kg). Group III and IV received the methanolic extract of Turbinella pyrum at a dose of 200mg/kg and 400mg/kg respectively. Maximum effect was observed at 3 hours with the low (200 mg/kg) and high (400 mg/kg) doses of methanolic extract of Turbinella pyrum which exerted more pronounced effects (87.33mg/dl and 57.17mg/dl). The effects of methanolic extract of Turbinella pyrum were more than that of the standard drug glibenclamide. Treatment of diabetic rats with the methanolic extract of Turbinella pyrum improved the body weight that is 15.49g and 16.75g at 200 and 400mg/kg doses respectively. The glibenclamide treated diabetic rats also showed improved body weight (13.88). These results demonstrate significant antidiabetic potential of the methanolic extract of Turbinella pyrum (p&lt;0.01) and can be used for drug production in pharmaceutical industries.