Travel Diary Research Articles

The level and determinants of multimodal travel behavior: Does trip purpose make a difference?

Multimodality refers to the phenomenon of using more than one mode of transport in a given period. Encouraging multimodality potentially provides an effective solution to reduce CO2 emissions and induce modal shifts toward sustainable transport. This research investigates the extent to which the level and correlates of multimodality differ by trip purpose. We used one-week travel diaries of the English National Travel Survey. Our analyses showed that the level of multimodality varied by trip purpose and the associated time-space variability as well as by the number of trip stages. We found that the level of variability in departure time and travel distance was greater for leisure trips than for maintenance trips, which was in turn greater than for work trips. Trips that were more variable in departure time and travel distance showed on average higher levels of individual multimodality, but only if sufficient stages (at least 3) were made. Moreover, we detected cross-purpose disparities in correlates of multimodality in terms of significance and variance explained. This research may provide support to the development of trip purpose-specific policies aiming to increase multimodality.

Substituting passive for active travel—what is the potential among adolescents?

The majority of Australian adolescents are insufficiently active and becoming car dependent. Replacing short passive travel (i.e. car, public transport) with active travel could be an important potential strategy to increase physical activity. This paper aims to characterize adolescents’ travel patterns to various destinations, identify passive trips that could be feasibly replaced by active travel, and the characteristics associated with those trips. Analyses were based on 2,192 Victorian secondary school students aged 12-17 years with 24-h travel diary data in the Victorian Integrated Survey of Travel Activity 2012 − 2016. Feasible distance thresholds for walking and cycling were determined at the 80th percentile of distances of reported walking and cycling trips in the sample. Comparison tests were conducted to assess whether travel patterns differed by sociodemographic characteristics. Multilevel logistic regression analyses identified characteristics of individuals that could replace passive trips with active travel, and characteristics of passive trips that could be replaced by active travel. About 11% of adolescents could feasibly replace at least one of their short passive trips with walking and 48% could feasibly replace at least one of their short passive trips with cycling. Of all the passive trips recorded, about 8% could be replaced with walking and 44% could be replaced with cycling. Trips that commenced within daylight hours, and trips made for shopping and social reasons had higher odds of being replaceable by active travel. The sizable proportion of replaceable passive trips within the cyclable threshold calls for greater emphasis on encouraging cycling.

Lo spaesamento delle viaggiatrici europee al nord

The displacement of European female Travellers in the North 
 Estrangements in travel writing
 The present paper focuses on the travel accounts written by four women who decided to visit the European North in mid- and late-Nineteenth century: Ida Laura Pfeiffer’s Visit to Iceland and Scandinavian North (1853), Carla Serena’s Mon voyage personnels: souvenirs De la Baltique à la Mer Caspienne (1881), Ethel Brianna Tweedies’ A girl’s ride in Iceland (1889), and Elisa Cappelli’s In Svezia. Impressioni di viaggio (1902). The aim is to analyse these travel diaries to identify the various forms of displacement and estrangement presented to the readers. The term ‘displacement’ is here to be understood as the condition of the ‘outsider’, the perception of being ‘the Other’, whereas ‘estrangement’ could be considered the reformulation of this awareness. This paper highlights real displacements that derive from social, cultural, geographical, and gender discrepancies adopting a comparative approach, which concentrates on the textual and semantic solutions, also taking into account the interdependence of travel and writing and of space and people. These aspects intertwine with the factual reality of the travel discourse, ultimately leading to both ‘literary’ and ‘existential’ estrangements.

TaqMan Array Card testing of participant-collected stool smears to determine the pathogen-specific epidemiology of travellers' diarrhoea†.

We assessed the compliance with self-collection of stool smears on Whatman® FTA® Elute Card (FTA Card) and detection of travellers' diarrhoea (TD)-associated pathogens by using a quantitative Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR) assay [customized TaqMan® array card (TAC)] in a prospective, observational cohort of travellers. Enrolled travellers documented symptoms on a travel diary and collected an FTA Card during a diarrhoeal episode, or at the end of travel if they remained asymptomatic. TAC testing was performed on FTA Cards from TD cases and 1:1 matched asymptomatic controls and 1:1 matched loose stool cases that did not meet TD criteria. Odds ratios were used to determine the association between detected pathogens and TD. Of 2456 travellers, 484 (19.7%) completed an illness diary and met TD criteria, and 257 (53.1%) collected an FTA Card during the TD episode. FTA Cards were stored for a median of 2years at room temperature (IQR: 1-4years) before extraction and testing. The overall TAC detection rate in TD cases was 58.8% (95% CI: 52.5-64.8). Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli was the most common pathogen in TD cases (26.8%), and 3.5% of samples were positive for norovirus. The odds of detecting TD-associated pathogens in 231 matched cases and asymptomatic controls were 5.4 (95% CI: 3.6-8.1) and 2.0 (95% CI: 1.1-3.7) in 121 matched TD and loose stool cases (P < 0.05). Enteroaggregative E. coli was the most common pathogen detected in asymptomatic controls and loose stool cases. Detection of diarrhoeagenic E. coli, Shigella/enteroinvasive E. coli and Campylobacter spp. was significantly associated with TD. FTA Cards are a useful adjunct to traditional stool collection methods for evaluating the pathogen-specific epidemiology of TD in austere environments. Qualitative detection of pathogens was associated with TD. Measures to improve compliance and quality of FTA Card collection with decreased storage duration may further optimize detection.

Built Environment Characteristics, Daily Travel, and Biometric Readings: Creation of an Experimental Tool Based on a Smartwatch Platform

Travel surveys can uncover information regarding travel behaviour, needs, and more. Collected information is utilised to make choices when reorganising or planning built environments. Over the years, methods for conducting travel surveys have changed from interviews and forms to automated travel diaries in order to monitor trips made by travellers. With the fast progression of technological advancements, new possibilities for operationalising such travel diaries can be implemented, changing from utilising mobile to wearable devices. Wearable devices are often equipped with sensors which collect continuous biometric data from sources that are not reachable from standard mobile devices. Data collected through wearable devices range from heart rate and blood pressure to temperature and perspiration. This advancement opens new possible layers of information in the collection of travel data. Such biometric data can be used to derive psychophysiological conditions related to cognitive load, which can uncover in-depth knowledge regarding stress and emotions. This paper aims to explore the possibilities of data analysis on the data collected through a software combining travel survey data, such as position and time, with heartrate, to gain knowledge of the implications of such data. The knowledge about the implications of spatial configurations can be used to create more accessible environments.

New Books across the Disciplines

New Books across the Disciplines

Using a three-stage model of change to understand people’s use of bicycle, public transport, and car

More active ways of travelling (e.g., walking, cycling, and public transport) would benefit both individuals and society. To encourage people’s transition to more active travelling, it is important to understand the decision-making process regarding modal choice. The first aim of this study is therefore to combine a three-stage version of the transtheoretical model of change (TTM; Prochaska & DiClemente, 1983) with the theory of planned behaviour (TPB; Ajzen, 1991) to advance our understanding of the nature of the TTM stages. The second aim is to examine certain characteristics (i.e., age, gender, importance of everyday exercise, importance of environmental issues, perceived accessibility, and satisfaction with travel) of these three stages of change. The study used a web-based questionnaire, an app-based questionnaire, and an app-based travel diary completed by 306 people in the Stockholm area. The observed behaviour measured using the app-based travel diary showed that the three-stage model used in this study was consistent with the participants’ self-reported travel behaviour in using bicycles, public transport, and cars. Interventions focusing on attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control appear to have potential to move people from one stage to another regardless of initial stage. To make interventions as effective as possible, the stage of change as well as the behavioural, normative, and control beliefs underpinning attitude, subjective norm, and perceived behavioural control must be considered. Finally, more research is needed to advance our knowledge of the relationship between the three stages of change and other variables.

Understanding travel and mode choice with emerging modes; a pooled SP and RP model in Greater Jakarta, Indonesia

The research presented in this paper analyzed two data sets Revealed Preference (RP) and Stated Preference (SP), obtained with a new travel diary and mode choice survey. This survey, called Mobility Jakarta, combined both RP and SP parts and was conducted in the Greater Jakarta region. This is the first survey that collected responses from a substantial sample of the whole metropolitan area population. We estimated the discrete choice model pooling SP and RP data sets. We explored the Willingness To Pay, e.g., the Value of Travel Time Savings, and the elasticity for all mode choice alternatives, including On-Demand Transport and Urban Air Mobility.

Impact of Shared Bus on Campus Travel and Space Optimization Based on Activity Travel Behavior

Based on the travel analysis of students in the Jiulonghu campus, this paper constructs a small-scale shared bus in the campus, explores the impact of shared traffic on campus travel, promotes the optimization design of campus space environment, and creates a more comfortable and convenient travel space. In order to overcome the shortcomings of the traditional trip-based research, this paper analyzes travel behavior from the perspective of activity-based travel concept framework, considering more activities and travel information. At the same time, in order to improve the richness of information, the explicit preference survey (RP) and the declarative preference survey (SP), which are added to the bus sharing customized travel platform, are used to collect data of personal attributes and travel diary. Firstly, based on the ArcGIS platform, this paper constructs the activity travel path generation tool, dynamic activity density distribution tool, and spatiotemporal path clustering tool and comprehensively analyzes the activity travel mode from the aspects of time distribution, spatial distribution, and category characteristics. Secondly, based on the travel activities, the location selection model (S-MNL) considering the heterogeneity of SP and RP data sources and the activity duration planning model (Cox regression), considering the nonnormal distribution of activity duration are established to analyze the impact of shared bus on students’ travel distance, travel time, and travel frequency. Finally, according to the analysis of modeling results, the impact of shared traffic on campus travel is analyzed, and the optimal design scheme of campus space is given. This paper uses the survey method based on declarative preference SP and the survey method based on explicit preference (RP) to get the actual and hypothetical travel response of travelers, which improves the data richness.

Detecting transportation modes using smartphone data and GIS information: evaluating alternative algorithms for an integrated smartphone-based travel diary imputation

ABSTRACT Smartphones with embedded Global Positioning System (GPS) technology provide an opportunity to passively collect individuals’ travel trajectory data, which can be utilized to identify critical aspects of travel behavior such as transport modes. This paper presents a mode detection algorithm developed to infer modes from smartphone GPS data. The algorithm is designed to classify single-mode trip segments into one of six modes. There are 31 features selected for the algorithm, which are divided into two categories: general features and transit-specific features. General features are needed to classify all available modes. Transit-specific features representing proximity to the nearest transit lines enhance the classification of the three transit modes. Four tree-based ensemble learning models are evaluated: Random Forest (RF), Gradient Boosting Decision Tree (GBDT), eXtreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), and Light Gradient Boosting Machine (LightGBM). The results show that LightGBM performs the best in terms of detection accuracy and computation time.

Bronisława Grąbczewskiego postrzeganie Orientu w aspekcie rozważań postkolonialnych

The relations between Poland and Russia have been significantly affected by national liberation conflicts. After the 1863 January uprising, approximately 40,000 Poles were sent into remote parts of Russia. Bronisław Grąbczewski was a January insurgent’s son for whom history delivered a very different fate. As a young man, he voluntarily joined the tsar’s army, which allowed him to serve far from his motherland. Central Asia was his second home for almost twenty years as he explored it during numerous Russian expeditions, including the two he led himself. Travel diaries are his testimony of these expeditions which show the way he presents the Orient. The analysis of these diaries constitutes excellent material for postcolonial studies.

Pilgrimage Stories at the turn of two eras (travel diaries by Shikhabuddin Marjani and Abdullah Munshi)

The article deals with pilgrimage stories of two prominent Islamic figures, the Malay writer, publisher and teacher Abdullah Munshi (1796/7-1854) and the Tatar theologian and educator Shihabuddin Mardjani (1818-1889). Their Hajj travel diaries dating respectively from 1854 and 1880 allow us to reveal the kinship of their views and interests and the dissimilarity of the cultural and confessional contexts in which they lived and worked. For the Muslims of insular Southeast Asia, an equal problem was both comprehension of the subtleties of the Arabic language, understanding the meanings of the Koran - and mastery of the Malay literary language. There were no schools where both of these subjects would be taught, where religious preaching would go hand in hand with the study of secular disciplines and the achievements of modern science, just as it was practised in the so-called “new method” madrasahs of the Russian Empire at the end of the 19th - beginning of the 20th centuries, the herald of which was Shihabuddin Mardjani. Until now, the situation in the Malay world has not changed: the “liberal” Islam is opposed to the “literal” Islam, with its inherent rigorism of the Middle Eastern type.

Russian Socio-Economic and Demographic Expansion in the Principality of Odishi (Samegrelo) in The 30s and 60s of the 19th Century According to the Diaries of Foreign Confidants

In the travel diaries of foreign confidants we have found the reasons for the high degree of poverty and socio-economic decline described in Odishi's life in the structure of the conquest plan of a low political culture empire. The Russian Empire is waiting for an opportune moment in its ambush position to torture the Odishi principality with its socio-economic, demographic policies, de facto and de jure, and turn the ancient trade routes between Georgia and Europe and Asia, namely the Turkish Sea into the Black Sea. At least in part, it turned into a lake in Russia. Under these conditions, the empire fully described the natural resources of Odishi, made it a raw material supplement, and applied its demographic transformation as well.

Marion Steven and the Logie Collection

Marion Kerr Steven (1912–1999), founder of the James Logie Memorial Collection at the University of Canterbury, has been a significant and yet elusive figure in the university’s history. A recent oral history project in the Department of Classics has built up a vivid impression of Steven’s character and personal influence on her students. Prior to this, Steven’s travel diary from 30 November 1958 to 13 July 1959 was donated to the Logie Collection and transcribed in 2017. This article, resulting from research in relation to the transcription, situates Steven in context as a woman in the then male-dominated academic world, and explores her role in reshaping classics as a discipline at the University of Canterbury. The diary records her journeys to London, Rome, and various sites across Greece as she conducted research for teaching purposes, scouted out new objects for the Collection, and participated in meetings of academic organisations. While the period was perceived by many in the field as a time of crisis for classics, Steven appears to have instead seized the opportunity to extend the potential of the discipline.

The Interaction between E-Shopping and Shopping Trips: An Analysis with 2017 NHTS

Advances in information and communication technologies (ICT) have dramatically changed the nature of shopping and the way people travel. As this technology becomes deeply rooted in people’s lives, understanding the interplay between this way and personal travel is becoming increasingly important for planners. Using travel diary data from the 2017 National Household Travel Survey (NHTS) data for structural equation modeling (SEM) analysis, it revealed the interaction between e-shopping and shopping trips and the factors that affect this bidirectional relationship. Results show that e-shopping motivates shopping trips, and in-store shopping inhibits online shopping. It can be obtained that the increase of one standard deviation of e-shopping will increase the shopping trip by 0.17 standard deviation. When shopping trips increase by one standard deviation, e-shopping behavior also decreases by 0.12 standard deviation. The results also demonstrated that e-shopping and shopping travel behavior is heterogeneous across a variety of exogenous factors such as personal attributes, household characteristics, geography, travel distance/duration, and travel mode. Identifying the interaction may help formulate better transportation policies and lay the foundation for travel demand management strategies to reduce the stress on the transportation system and meet individual travel needs.

Sun, Sand and Submachine Guns: Tourism in a Militarized Xinjiang, China

AbstractIn recent years, domestic tourism into the Xinjiang region of China has grown rapidly. Government officials view tourism as a source of both economic capital and social stability, presenting a normalcy that makes it attractive for investment. There are two paradoxes to Xinjiang tourism. According to most literature, a massive military presence should deter tourists, but numbers have continued to grow in the militarized Xinjiang region. Second, the cultural “otherness” of Xinjiang is a big draw to the region, yet this culture is being suppressed by state policies to contain Islam. Using a dataset of Han Chinese travel diaries, I look at how narrated tourist experiences of Xinjiang justify policing, how ethnic boundaries are reinforced by practices in both transportation and personal interaction, and how state policies influence Chinese travellers’ views on the authenticity of their experience. While bodily assurances of security substantiate political legitimacy, tourists resist the bureaucratic management of sites, allowing for critiques focused almost exclusively on aesthetic taste.

Hâjj Sayyâh in 19th Century Iran: A Voyage in Search of an Identity

Abstract The travelogues from the late-19th century voyages of Iranians offer important knowledge on the political, social and cultural history of the modern state. Attention has been directed mainly towards the diaries of travels in Europe, less to the works recording the impressions of those who, for various reasons, travelled within the country during the Qâjâr era. Among these, the Khâterât-e Hâjj Sayyâh, by Mirzâ Mohammad ‘Ali Mahallâti, better known as Hâjj Sayyâh, is of remarkable interest. The article examines several aspects of this ‘travel diary’; in particular their revelation of the author’s critical and pessimistic vision of his homeland and those who are currently governing it. We observe the processes of defining a national ‘self’ in contrast to the ‘other’, influenced by comparisons between Europe and the needs for modernisation, but also from memories of greatness.

Mobility-Related Behavioral Flexibility and Routines

Abstract. Few empirical studies have explored psychological attitudes toward out-of-home mobility in old age. We aimed to validate an instrument to assess mobility-related behavioral flexibility and routines in the context of everyday mobility and successful aging. Data were gathered from face-to-face interviews and travel diaries of 211 community-dwelling older adults (aged 65–92) in Germany. Analysis revealed sufficient reliability and confirmed the factorial and convergent validity of the instrument. Mobility-related behavioral flexibility predicted the number of daily trips, particularly by mobility-impaired participants, and was strongly linked to autonomy and to psychological well-being. However, a preference for routines predicted neither out-of-home mobility nor further outcomes. The results demonstrate the importance of mobility-related flexibility in maintaining an active and independent life in old age.

Note sul Diario di viaggio sulle Alpi Bernesi di Hegel

Hegel’s Travel Diary in the Bernese Alps, a real daily diary, dating back to the summer of 1796, is rather neglected by Hegelian critics, but is full of interesting implications, whether naturalistic or philosophical. In fact, various levels of interpretation are intertwined, from anthropological to geographical, aesthetic and widely cultural level. There we find not only and not so much the confirmation of Hegel's lack of love for the mountains, but above all his subtle aptitude for grasping its poetic and spiritual inspiration. It is no coincidence that the Eleusis poem that Hegel sent to Holderlin in August 1796 is called into question here.

An Englishman in-between Two Worlds: Robert Bargrave’s Travel through East-Central Europe, 1652-1653

An Englishman in-between Two Worlds: Robert Bargrave’s Travel through East-Central Europe, 1652-1653&#x0D; The article discusses a journey of a young Englishman Robert Bargrave (1628-1661), who in the early 1650s travelled from Constantinople to England. The travel diary recording this journey reflects Bargrave’s keen interest in the customs, everyday life and languages as well as natural conditions and economy of the places he visited and shows that he tried to place it in a wider context. As a result, closer analysis of this text gives us an excellent opportunity to examine the picture of East -Central Europe as seen by a mid-seventeenth century Englishman and the way he perceived it in relation to both the Ottoman Empire and Western Europe.