Travel Diary Research Articles

Крымское путешествие Виктора де Карамана

This paper analyses a poorly-known source on the history of the Crimea, the travelogue by French Victor de Caraman, who visited the peninsula in spring 1784. The 22-year-old traveller made a tour of Europe as a part of the educational programme foreseeing practical acquaintance with the life of foreign countries and strange peoples. His travel diary was intended for memory and not for publication. Later on, de Caraman made an outstanding career on the French diplomatic service. The Crimean fragment of his travelogue was published after his death. Although de Caraman was under protection of almighty Grigorii Potemkin and Russian generals in the Crimea, his evaluations of the events on the peninsula were often unpleasant to Russia. He paid attention to a series of crises events appearing on the eve and after the unification of the Crimea with Russia. Simultaneously, the traveller marked the government’s actions towards the integration of the region into the imperial structure and opportunities of the economic development of the country. De Caraman described the strongholds of the Russian army and Black Sea navy in the Crimea in details. He also studied the natural environment and population of the peninsula. Interesting are his reflections on the Crimean antiquities and particularly an episode with “excavations” at the ancient town atop Mangup plateau. The Russian translation of de Caraman’s travelogue with necessary comments is published.

An efficient approach to create agent-based transport simulation scenarios based on ubiquitous Big Data and a new, aspatial activity-scheduling model

Agent-based transport simulation models are a particularly useful tool to analyze demand-oriented transport policies and new mobility services, which have both gained significant attention lately. Since travel diaries, a traditional source to create the transport demand in agent-based transport models, are often hard to procure and not policy-sensitive, alternative approaches to creating travel demand representations for simulation scenarios are sought. In this study, a particularly efficient approach based on Big Data and a new, aspatial activity-based demand model with comparatively low input data requirements is established. Home, work, and education locations are informed based on mobile-phone-based origin-destination matrices. Other activity locations are modeled within the scope of the coevolutionary algorithm of the agent-based transport model, which is also responsible for finding suitable travel options of the modeled individuals. As a result, a comparatively lightweight process chain to create an agent-based transport simulation scenario is established, which is transferable to other regions. A basic quality evaluation of the created tool chain is carried out against a well-validated transport simulation model of the same region.

Everyday built environments of care: Examining the socio-spatial relationalities of suburban neighbourhoods for people living with dementia

There has been a call from US policy advisors to expand research on people living with dementia (PLWD) from health and social sectors to urban planning. The World Health Organization projects the number of PLWD to increase from 47 to 132 million worldwide by 2050, with 60–80% of PLWD residing within the community (as opposed to congregate settings). For PLWD, being supported by their neighbourhoods in terms of access has many benefits: more social interaction, sense of worth, dignity, and improved physical/mental health. As PLWD are likely to experience a “shrinking world” effect, it is important to investigate the socio-spatial relationality between PLWD and their neighbourhoods. Using a relational care lens, this research seeks to understand the everyday practices of seven (7) PLWD in their suburban neighbourhoods using multiple methods (semi-structured and go-along interviews, GPS tracking, travel diaries). PLWD interact with their neighbourhoods through processes of caring for self in the past, present, and future, in addition to (re)organizing their newfound interdependent realities and being cared for through human and more-than-human encounters in public spaces. This research demonstrated the ways in which PLWD were living through adversity in the built environment (“hopeful adaptation”), revealing innovative practices and structural barriers in suburban areas. Being able to access one's neighbourhood is a right, and this research highlights how certain socio-spatial characteristics of suburban neighbourhoods can, through a relational care lens, become a simultaneously caring and careless place.

The Art of Persistence: Akamatsu Toshiko and the Visual Cultures of Trans war Japan by Charlotte Eubanks

Reviewed by: The Art of Persistence: Akamatsu Toshiko and the Visual Cultures of Trans war Japan by Charlotte Eubanks Max Ward (bio) The Art of Persistence: Akamatsu Toshiko and the Visual Cultures of Trans war Japan. By Charlotte Eubanks. University of Hawai'i Press, Honolulu, 2020. xviii, 314 pages. $72.00. In the last decade, scholars have started to explore the explosion of artistic activity in Japan following the defeat of militarism and the collapse of Japan's empire in 1945. This activity was part of a wider cultural project carried out by writers, intellectuals, and others to find new forms of political subjectivity to account for the past and to develop new liberatory [End Page 527] modes of cultural and social practice. Indeed, recent scholarship has revealed that some of the most intense debates over political responsibility and subjectivity took place in the domain of cultural production, both in the immediate postwar period and continuing later into the 1960s, including William Marotti, Money, Trains, and Guillotines (2013), Namiko Kunimoto, The Stakes of Exposure (2017), and Justin Jesty, Art and Engagement in Early Postwar Japan (2018), among others.1 Whereas much of this recent work has focused on the politics of artist groups and their collaborations in the postwar period, Charlotte Eubanks's well-written and extensively researched new book The Art of Persistence: Akamatsu Toshiko and the Visual Cultures of Transwar Japan focuses on an individual artist and extends the historical scope to the "transwar" period—roughly 1930–60—in order to explore the ways in which one "might have attempted … to live a socially engaged life as an artist across the ages of empire, war, defeat and protest politics" (p. 4). Eubanks's approach thus counters one of the dominant assumptions informing art historical (and historical) scholarship on Japan, in which 1945 functions as a clear divide, distributing artists and their creative works into clean pre- and postwar periodizations, what Namiko Kunimoto has called elsewhere the "postwar paradigm."2 Such a paradigm also elides the more complicated task of understanding the messy political valences across what might be called Japan's "long transwar" period between 1920 and 1960. Writing against this paradigm, Acts of Persistence thus not only contributes to art historical scholarship but can also be read along with other histories—literary, intellectual, and political—that have explored the experiences of imperialism and war mobilization in Japan during the 1930s and 1940s, and the reckoning with such mobilizations in the postwar period.3 The Art of Persistence centers on the experiences, writings, and artwork of Akamatsu Toshiko (1912–2000)—more commonly known as Maruki Toshiko—across the interwar, wartime, and postwar periods. Eubanks analyzes an impressive amount of sources that include Akamatsu's formal artworks and sketches, but also her travel diaries, publications, and manifestos, [End Page 528] thus combining artistic/visual analysis with close textual readings. Eubanks traces Akamatsu's settler-colonial upbringing in Hokkaido and her travels to Japan's South Seas Mandate (chapter 1), her work illustrating children's books during the Pacific War (chapter 2), travels to the Soviet Union (chapter 3), Akamatsu's political transformations and activities during the Allied occupation (chapters 4 and 5), through to what Akamatsu is best known for: her postwar pacifist artwork (chapter 6), in particular her Genbaku no zu (Nuclear panels, 1950–52), created and exhibited with her husband Maruki Iri (1901–95).4 Similar to Namiko Kunimoto's analysis of Katsura Yuki's (1913–91) transwar artistic activities,5 Eubanks hopes to expand our understanding of Akamatsu beyond just her postwar art and activism by exploring Akamatsu's "wartime activity and its moral implications" (p. 5), not to indict or vindicate, but to "narrat[e] a social history of art" (p. 3) through Akamatsu's individual experiences. To this end, Eubanks proposes a "microhistorical" analysis in which Akamatsu's "lived experience" between 1930 and 1960 and the artworks she produced open into larger "issues in modern Japanese history and visual culture: empire, colonialism, violence, and gender" (pp. 2–3). At times, Eubanks returns to a more conventional biographical mode of analysis whereby she contextualizes Akamatsu's primary sources by citing secondary scholarship on particular historical...

Selling the Sights: The Invention of the Tourist in American Culture by Will B. Mackintosh

Reviewed by: Selling the Sights: The Invention of the Tourist in American Culture by Will B. Mackintosh Thomas Weiss (bio) Selling the Sights: The Invention of the Tourist in American Culture will b. mackintosh New York University Press, 2019 244 pp. When I first read Daniel Boorstin's remark in The Image: A Guide to Pseudo-Events in America (Harper Colophon Books, 1964) that "the modern American tourist now fills his experience with pseudo-events" (79), I presumed he was reacting to a large number of tourists that had crowded in on his holiday, and I thought he was overreacting a bit. There are boorish tourists that make many of us cringe, but to ridicule an entire class of travelers seemed a bit much. Little did I realize that writers had reacted this same way over two hundred years ago, long before the swelling crowds had appeared at prominent tourist destinations. The details differed—Boorstin criticized the inauthentic while the earlier critics critiqued the useless and frivolous—but they shared the idea that travelers differed from, and were superior to, tourists. Selling the Sights is the history of how this basic dichotomy arose, why tourists came to be held in low esteem, and why that early opposition to tourism continues to shape our views about the meaning of travel today. At the start of the nineteenth century, very few Americans were touring and destinations were limited, primarily to mineral and hot springs, but after the War of 1812, the number of tourists and their destinations began to increase. In the mid-1820s, boosters began to collectively label these northern destinations the "Fashionable Tour" or the "American Grand Tour." The trends continued upward as additional destinations sprung up along the Fashionable Tour route, and travelers struck out for new territories in the Ohio River valley by the 1830s and the Great Lakes by the 1840s. All of this was driven by a number of factors: increased incomes; many improvements in transportation, including the opening of the Erie Canal in 1825; and, importantly in Mackintosh's view, the publication of guidebooks. Initially the guidebooks focused on providing information on how to get to the sights, but as the transportation system improved, they evolved into marketing the destination. Mackintosh stresses that these guidebooks were a strategy not only to [End Page 965] inform travelers but also, more importantly, to define their experience. The travelers' experiences were shaped by what they read in guides, which "covered a limited number of fixed routes, highlighted a handful of desirable destinations, and articulated an increasingly stable set of cultural meanings for those routes and destinations" (53). These books brought about a transition from an experience in which an individual made all the arrangements, and thus "produced" his or her own travel, to a system in which he or she purchased tickets on one or more modes of transportation. Mackintosh very deftly draws on some of the many travel diaries, memoirs, and essays produced by early travelers to show what this transition meant for them; what was gained and what lost; and how their expectations changed. By the 1830s, some travelers questioned the value of the experiences described in the guidebooks "because they seemed overly fashionable, superficial, and perhaps even dangerously meaningless." Those who continued to take the "well-beaten paths in order to have well-understood and fundamentally predictable experiences" came to be known as tourists (86). Numerous satirists, including Washington Irving and Mark Twain, had a field day with the topic, and Mackintosh presents a detailed and nuanced account of this literature and its changing focus over time. Interestingly, much of the satire written before 1850 was directed primarily at British visitors, especially those who wrote about their travels, because they were seen as "'gentry [who] regarded their trashy experiences as of so much moment to society at large that they absolutely committed them to print'" (123), and because they made some nasty or condescending remarks about the United States. With the satire having been aimed at British visitors, I wondered whether American tourists were as frivolous and "dangerously meaningless" as depicted; or whether there were only a few of them around, none of whom wrote...

Egyptian Darkness: Antebellum Reconstruction, "Republicanization," and Southern Illinois in the Republican Imagination, 1854–61

Egyptian DarknessAntebellum Reconstruction, "Republicanization," and Southern Illinois in the Republican Imagination, 1854–61 Eric Michael Burke (bio) At 4:00 p.m. on June 23, 1861, the final northbound train of the day crawled out of the swampy confines of Cairo, Illinois, carrying London Times correspondent William Howard Russell away from the "cheerless, miserable place" in which he had sojourned over the previous four days. Four months had transpired since he first arrived in New York City to begin a grand tour of the now fractured United States. His journey had led southward through the urban centers of the Northeast, into the so-called Confederate States of America, and now carried him northward again through the fabled "North-west." Thus far, his return to the "Free States" had been less than impressive. Although his travels throughout the slave South had poignantly illustrated the severely detrimental effects of the peculiar institution on both black and white Americans, he had quite enjoyed partaking as a guest in the luxurious lifestyle of the elite slaveholding class. Now, finding himself crammed into an uncomfortable passenger car alongside scores of "wild-looking banditti" masquerading as soldiers and "a few unfortunate women, undergoing deportation to some less moral neighborhood," he began to wonder if the United States really was "the most enlightened nation in the world," as it so often claimed to be.1 Perhaps in an effort to avoid conversation, Russell peered out of his window into the "wild, flat sea of waving grass, dotted by patch-like Indian corn enclosures" that, together with spotty "forests of dead trees," comprised the southern Illinois landscape. The first station—Mound City—"a mere heap of earth" dotted with "a few log huts and hovels" seemed out of place resting alongside the internationally [End Page 167] renowned and still all but brand new Illinois Central Railroad. As if able to read his mind, the "jolly-looking, corpulent man" seated next to Russell explained at once how the character of the settlers that dwelled in such out-of-the-way places were acknowledged to be "awful warnings to the emigrants not to stick in the south part of Illinois." Further down the track, the larger stations at Jonesboro, Cobden, and Carbondale confirmed such notions. Surrounded by cornfields that "bore a peculiarly blighted and harassed look," none of the communities looked to be "very flourishing nor very civilized."2 Although, he admitted, it was slightly unfair to "judge the condition of a people from the windows of a railway carriage," he nevertheless did just that in his travel diary. "The external aspect of the settlements along the line, far superior to that of slave hamlets, does not equal my expectations," he noted. Beyond a telling volume of "drinking saloons" (four were visible from the tracks in Cobden alone), where Russell was sure "the highest citizen in the place" hobnobbed familiarly with "the worst rowdy in the place," there seemed little to distinguish "one of these civilising centres which the Americans assert to be the homes of the most cultivated and intelligent communities in the world." Taking the opportunity to poke fun at the shortcomings of democracy, he added that, "though they do carry a vote for each adult man, 'locations' here would not appear very enviable in the eyes of the most miserable Dorsetshire small farmer." Indeed, he added, there was "a level modicum of comfort, which may be consistent with the greatest good of the greatest number," as purported by proponents of republican government, "but which makes the standard of the highest in point of well-being very low indeed." As far as Russell could tell, noticing a wooden placard left over from the recent election, which read: "Vote for Lincoln and Hamlin, for Union and Freedom" and was defaced with "bitter words" and "offensive additions," the degeneracy visible from his car window was proof of just that.3 Receiving equal amounts of attention and opprobrium from American readers upon its US publication in 1863, the anti-republican rhetoric and critical outlook on democratic government expressed in Russell's My Diary North and South rankled a still nascent American nationalism made all the more sensitive after two years...

СТУДЕНЧЕСКИЕ ПУТЕШЕСТВИЯ С.И. ТУРГЕНЕВА: ЕВРОПЕЙСКИЙ ОПЫТ И ЕГО ПРЕЛОМЛЕНИЕ В ДНЕВНИКАХ 1811 г.

The article is written on the material of the unpublished diaries of Sergei Ivanovich Turgenev (1792–1827) and focuses on two journeys he made in 1811 while studying at the University of Göttingen: to the Harz and to Holland. The former is a special type of student travel that developed in the German “Bursch” environment and had its own stable routes and behavioral “rituals”. The curriculum of the University of Göttingen had a special course on travel; therefore, for university students, hiking in the Harz was part of the unwritten compulsory “program”. The relative proximity of the Harz to Göttingen, its connection with German history, and the beauty of its nature made it an attractive destination for an educational trip that allowed combining the useful with the pleasant. However, the concept “useful”, when applied to the Harz, changed at the turn of the 19th century. The amateur interest in natural history and mineralogy led to a shift in focus from the description of historical monuments to the natural sciences. The Harz began to be considered primarily as a geological phenomenon and a place of mining, which also determined the plans for its exploration. This focus on natural science is evident in the recordings of Sergei Turgenev’s elder brothers, Alexander and Nikolai, who also studied in Göttingen and visited the Harz several years earlier. The described context allows seeing the peculiarities of Sergei Turgenev’s perception of the Harz. He went there solely for pleasure, did not prepare for the journey in any way, and wrote down his impressions only to satisfy Alexander Turgenev’s request of a report on the trip from his younger brother. For this purpose, Sergei “literated” some of his notes based on his travel diary. Lacking pragmatic information, he tried to compensate for it with “sensitive” reasoning and poetic quotations. The somewhat artificial literary character of the text is balanced by the vivid details and sketches of momentary everyday situations. Sergei Turgenev did not post-process his travel notes on the trip to Holland. The notes show that, within just a few months, Sergei Turgenev’s perception of the European space changed. The entertaining “Bursch” transformed, according to his own words, into an “inquisitive” traveler from Stern’s “classification”. He looks at the Dutch, who then recently became new subjects of the French Empire; watches their preparations for Napoleon’s arrival; is surprised at the degree of their loyalty to the foreign ruler; and ponders the question of how much this loyalty depends on citizens’ well-being. The trip to Holland leads Sergei Turgenev, upon his return to Göttingen, to reading Adam Smith, on the one hand; on the other hand, it gives a start to the reasoning, which goes through all his later diaries and letters, on constitutionalism, on the nature of revolutions, and on the need for modernization reforms in Russia.

Дневник В. Н. Вебера о работе российско-шведской экспедиции по градусным измерениям на архипелаге Шпицберген в 1901 г.

The article concentrates on the study of historical experience of the Russian science in the development of the Arctic and the northern territories. The object of its analysis is the travel diary of the geologist, Doctor of Geological and Mineralogical Sciences (1937), employee of the Geological Committee of Russia,Valerian Nikolaevich Weber (1871–1940), a participant of the Russian-Swedish expedition on grade measurement on the Svalbard archipelago in 1901, stored in fond no. 58 “The Geological Committee of the Mining Department” of the Russian State Historical Archive. The Russian-Swedish grade measurement expedition to the Svalbard archipelago was carried out in 1899-1901 and became one of the major international scientific projects for studying the Arctic space at the turn of the 20th century. The results of this expedition went down in the history of the Arctic studies, and its results laid the foundations for the modern study of polar territories. The travel diary of V.N. Weber covers the period from May 27, 1901 to August 18, 1901 and describes the activities of the Russian researchers on board of the icebreaker Yermak in 1901. This documentary source is a unique historic monument, not only revealing the history of the expedition research, but also showing all its events in assessment and interpretation of a participant. In Soviet historiography such sources were considered supplementary, but modern trends in of historical scholarship allow us to analyze such documents as independent subjects of study. Travel diaries are kept in order to preserve the memory and for practical purposes of the expedition. Such sources usually have rich information potential, representing various aspects of the expedition’s activities; regular travel notes reflect, as a rule, a consistent course of events, providing valuable retrospective information for research. The diary of V.N. Weber details the route of the research party, the living conditions and daily life of the expedition participants, their scientific activities and the research results. Analysis of the diary demonstrates what efforts won great results for the Russian scientific community in the development of the Arctic territory in the early 20th century. This document, being a valuable source for scientific study and comprehension of the Arctic, helps the modern generation to understand this unique historical experience.

История, локализация и планиграфия Бергамакского острога

Purpose. Bergamaksky Ostrog is the westernmost element in the chain of fortified points, designed to ensure safe and uninterrupted traffic along the section of the Moscow-Siberian Route from Tara to Tomsk. The history of this defensive fortification is presented in the works of several researchers, however the complete picture has not been presented in available literature so far. The reason for this is that different types of sources were looked at separately, and the most informative evidence of contemporaries has remained out of sight of the researchers. The source base is represented by archival documents on the history of the Bergamaksky Ostrog, published by various researchers, information from travel diaries of D. G. Messerschmidt (1721) and J. G. Gmelin (1741), materials from archaeological excavations of 1996 and 1998 (L. V. Tataurova and S. F. Tataurov), the results of dendrochronological dating of wooden structures selected during archaeological research. Results. A comprehensive and interlinked consideration of all types of sources made it possible to form a complete picture of the history of the Bergamaksky Ostrog and identify a number of erroneous statements entrenched in scientific literature. It is established that before 1668, there were no Russian settlements on the site of the modern village of Bergamak in the Omsk Oblast. The records that report that the Bergamak settlement appeared in 1627 are false, since it belonged to the Tatar village of Bergamak. It has been established that the Ostrog was built in the settlement in 1670. By the turn of the 17th – 18th centuries it fell into complete disrepair and was not mentioned as a defensive fortification in the office administration. Conclusion. As a result of the introduction of new sources (travel diaries of D. G. Messerschmidt and J. G. Gmelin), it was established that no earlier than 1721, a second Bergamaksky Ostrog was constructed in a new place. The article developed a hypothesis about its localization and a graphic and descriptive reconstruction of its layout plan was completed.

Efficiency and Equity Impacts of Urban Transportation Policies with Equilibrium Sorting

We estimate an equilibrium model of residential sorting with endogenous traffic congestion to evaluate the efficiency and equity impacts of urban transportation policies. Leveraging fine-scale data on household travel diaries and housing transactions with home and work locations in Beijing, we jointly estimate travel mode and residential location decisions. The estimation highlights the importance of incorporating work commute in housing decisions and features preference heterogeneity for the ease of work commute by gender. Counterfactual simulations show that while different policies can attain the same level of congestion reduction, their impacts on residential sorting and social welfare are drastically different. First, a driving restriction intensifies income-stratified urban structure where high-income households live closer to subway and work. Distance-based congestion pricing reduces the spatial separation between residence and workplace across income levels, while subway expansion does the opposite. Second, residential sorting strengthens the effectiveness of congestion pricing in improving traffic conditions but undermines that of the driving restriction and subway expansion. Third, the driving restriction is welfare reducing as it leads to large distortions on travel choices. Congestion pricing improves welfare but is regressive, highlighting the need to recycle revenue to address the associated equity concern. Finally, congestion pricing and subway expansion when combined deliver the largest congestion relief and efficiency gain and at the same time achieve self-financing, with revenue from congestion pricing fully covering the cost of subway expansion.

Between exploration and tourism: Carl Irminger’s Iceland travel diary 1826

Abstract In the spring of 1826, the young Danish naval officer Carl Irminger and two of his friends sailed with a cargo ship from Copenhagen to Iceland to stay there during the summer. This article is based on Irminger’s unpublished travel diary. Irminger and his friends blended in with the local elite, which provided them with equipment and contacts to travel. Their journeys out from Reykjavik were adventurous and depended on local guides and the hospitality of residents along the way. The tales of hardships during the travels, combined with contacts established during the trip, became important credentials in Irminger’s future career. He was hired as an adjutant to the Danish prince, and the narrative of his summer in Iceland ignited a royal expedition there in 1834, of which Irminger was to be the trip leader. Irminger’s diary reflects a broader shift from Enlightenment exploration reporting into Romantic travel writing, with more emotional and aesthetic emphasis. His journey was a forerunner of the nature tourism that eventually was to sprout in Iceland.

Resistance Today

Following decades of neglect, the work of the German Jewish philosopher, literary author, cultural critic, and poet Günther Anders (1902–1992) is gaining increasing recognition in the English-speaking world. This translation of “Résistance heute” (Resistance Today) makes one of Anders’s most programmatic and polemical short texts available. Published at the height of his anti-nuclear activism, “Resistance Today” is the written version of a speech Anders delivered in November 1962 upon acceptance of the northwest Italian city of Omegna’s Resistance Prize (other notable recipients included Jean-Paul Sartre and Frantz Fanon). It first appeared in print in the West German left-wing journal Das Argument in November 1963. Clearly written for the occasion, the text condenses (and often further radicalizes) key premises about the end of history, the amoral character of work, and the continuity between Nazi totalitarianism, the nuclear age and the world of consumerism that are developed in great nuance across a range of books that Anders had recently published. Key co-ordinates include: Die Antiquiertheit des Menschen 1 (The Obsolescence of Human Beings 1, 1956), his groundbreaking critique of technology; Der Mann auf der Brücke (The Man on the Bridge, 1959), a philosophical travel diary occasioned by Anders’s 1958 visit to Japan and his participation at the World Conference Against Atomic and Hydrogen Bombs in Tokyo; Burning Conscience (1961), a correspondence with the American reconnaissance pilot Claude Eatherly, who scouted the target area before the Enola Gay went on to drop the atom bomb on Hiroshima. It seems likely that Burning Conscience, which turned into an international bestseller, occasioned the award of the prize.

Travel pattern analytics driven by cellular signaling data

Cellular signaling data (CSD) could be one of the primary data sources for transportation planning and demand forecasting as a result of the rapid growth in triangulation and location techniques. Utilizing CSD to analyze travel patterns requires a meticulous process to overcome data oscillation and trajectory discontinuities. This study analyzes CSD and develops analytical models to enhance the applicability of CSD in transportation planning. For this study, we invite 30 volunteers to participate in a 30-day travel diary survey to collect data. In addition, based on CSD, we develop analytical algorithms to generate travel trajectories and analyze travel patterns, including the home and work location, trip chaining, and trip purpose of the user. Comparing the model results against the diary travel survey data indicates 84% accuracy for trip estimation and 89% accuracy for trip purpose identification, suggesting that the applicability of the proposed algorithm is satisfactory.

“Patavium virum me fecit” – Padova come luogo di formazione delle antiche élite polacche

Using the Atti della Nazione Polacca at the University of Padua as a main source, the author describes the role that this university played in the education of students from the PolishLithuanian Commonwealth from the 16th to 18th centuries. According to the author’s research, this role was crucial in the 16th century, when a significant part of Polish elites included a stay at this university in their curriculum. In the 17th century, the number of students from Poland-Lithuania studying in Padua decreased slowly but continuously, and in the 18th century, the number was marginal. In the period under discussion, the social structure of this group significantly changed: students looking to acquire knowledge that was necessary for their future professional career were gradually replaced by young men of aristocratic and noble families, for whom a visit in Padua, be it long or short, was only a stage in their educational European Grand Tour. According to the author, this can be explained by intellectual changes in Polish-Lithuanian society: a general and rather superficial education was gradually preferred to university-based and professionally-provided knowledge. A study of selected travel diaries supplemented and confirmed the results of the presented statistical analysis. All Polish travellers visiting Padua in the 16th and 17th centuries described the University and considered it as the most important institution of the city; meetings with compatriot students were also often mentioned. Later on, the University was no longer the obvious subject of the descriptions and 18th-century travellers often did not even mention it at all. Nevertheless, there is still available evidence that the Polish presence in Padua, although reduced, was visible and important for the city.

Gatunek dziennika we Wspomnieniach z podróży do Syberii, pobytu w Berezowie i w Saratowie Ewy Felińskiej

"Memories of the Journey to Siberia, Staying in Berezovе and Saratov" by Eva Felinska is a complex genre-style formation of memoir literature of the Right Bank of Ukraine in the Romantic era with characteristic features of positivist tendencies. It is united by a common thematic idea, recording and contemplating on the events which took place during the author's forced journey to Siberia and stay in places of exile. Assimilation at the level of subgenres and modifications as a result of further "shaking" of the genealogical paradigm of the Enlightenment under the influence of the formation of a new individual romantic authorial consciousness, inherent in the literature of the first half of the nineteenth century, acquired a new stylistic color and functionality. Within the general subgenre dominance of women's Siberian memories of exile, a travel diary, forced travel, private letters, folk tales, article, review, business economic document were combined, which together made E. Felinska's "Memories of the Journey to Siberia…" interesting for a wider audience of readers, making it possible to present various spheres of socio-historical development of the era and directly construct and present a multifaceted image of the memoirist, which has not disappeared against the large-scale background of the era. E. Felinska's diary style is characterized by certain conciseness, attention is focused on the most significant events, and in the center of the image there is a nomination, the text provides above all cognitive-scientific informativeness. With the continuation of work on "Memories of the Journey to Siberia…" genre modification of the Siberian diary of forced travel, getting rid of the features of exotic space and ethnographic color, inherent in depicting the customs and traditions of indigenous peoples of the North, turns into a household diary that covers the everyday realities of the life of the writer-exile. Keywords: E. Felinska, genre, letter, genre modification, diary, memories.

Бурятия 1920-х гг. в путевом дневнике немецкого врача Карла Вильманса

Introduction. The article is based on the travel diary of German doctor Karl Wilmanns reflecting his impressions of the trip to Buryat-Mongolia. K. Wilmanns, a psychiatrist from Heidelberg, and A. Stühmer, a venereologist from Münster, were members of the group to have organized the joint 1928 Soviet-German expedition for the study of syphilis in Buryat-Mongolia. In the summer of 1926, they undertook a reconnaissance trip to the BMASSR for an initial assessment of the situation. Their visit determined the course of further preparatory arrangements, scientific and practical agendas of the Soviet and German sides. Goals. The article is aimed at singling out of descriptions and characteristics of Buryat-Mongolia, its multinational population, and cultures from the general narrative of the document and analysis of this material in the political and cultural contexts of the Soviet-German medical cooperation of the 1920s. Results. The study reveals some previously unknown information about the city of Verkhneudinsk and Khorinsky Aimag of the BMASSR during the NEP era. In particular, the travel journal outlines the atmosphere of daily life in a small town in the periphery of the USSR, describes its residents and features of the region’s economic conditions, highlights its nature and objects of tangible and intangible culture. The document also provides insight into the healthcare system of the BMASSR, as well as new data on the physical condition of the republic’s population. The diary’s materials proved essential in further analysis of archival materials about the subsequent conflict between Soviet and German participants that arose after the Germans returned to their homeland. Conclusions. The investigation of materials contained in Wilmanns’ diary disprove the Soviet-era belief that his research was racist. On the contrary, Wilmanns’ reasoning demonstrates sympathy to the Buryat people, empathy for their problems, and a desire to help them. The rather meager medical content of the diary is compensated by Wilmanns and Stühmer’s reports on their trip to the BMASSR in the summer of 1926 which were discovered in the State Archive of the Russian Federation.

Individual and neighborhood characteristics associated with neighborhood walking among US older adults.

BackgroundNeighborhood walking connotes physical activity and opportunities for social and cognitive engagement and improved mental health, factors previously associated with outcomes including mortality, cardiovascular disease, and dementia. Few studies have examined correlates of neighborhood-specific walking in older adults.PurposeWe investigated the individual and neighborhood/regional correlates of neighborhood-based walking among US older adults.MethodsWe obtained cross-sectional data on ≥ 65 year olds from the population-based 2017 National Household Travel Survey (n = 73,523). Respondents completed diaries detailing trips during an assigned travel day. Adjusted logistic regression (using survey weights) tested associations between individual, neighborhood, and regional characteristics and ≥ 1 versus no neighborhood walk trips/day (from travel diary).ResultsTwelve percent had ≥ 1 neighborhood walk trip/day and 54% of the neighborhood walkers achieved ≥ 30 min of walking/day. African Americans/Blacks (versus non-Hispanic Whites) and working individuals (versus retired) had lower odds of neighborhood walking. Individuals without cars, bus/train users, and those with higher neighborhood housing density had greater odds of neighborhood walking. Utilitarian walking was less likely among African Americans/Blacks and Hispanics but more likely among Asians (versus non-Hispanic Whites). Social/recreational neighborhood walking was more likely for those without cars, bus/train users, and those with greater neighborhood housing density.ConclusionFew US older adults walked in their neighborhoods, suggesting a potentially fruitful target for health promotion efforts and community interventions to improve health and quality of life in older adults. Future work is needed to determine other neighborhood factors associated with greater neighborhood walking.

Olivier Rolin, écrivain sans contrée

<p>The writer Olivier Rolin has been working as a globetrotting writer for half a century and likes to share his peregrinations. He uses his travel diaries to recompose sensorial landscapes based on an enterprise of wandering writing and on a map that combines travel and literature. The writer proposes a personal geography and wonders about his attraction to the ruins of landscapes in no go zones. He thus sketches an autobiographical trajectory and works to depend on himself through a fruitful externality.</p><p align="center"> </p>

Dos desencontros ao encontro: a viagem de Albert Camus ao Brasil em 1949

Em 1949, Albert Camus viajou ao nosso país para empreender uma turnê de conferências no contexto de um intercâmbio cultural entre a França e o Brasil. A leitura do Diário de viagem composto durante sua estadia deixa a impressão de um grande desencontro entre o escritor e os brasileiros. Tal impressão é parcialmente verdadeira, uma vez que natureza do intercâmbio cultural enquanto "encontro oficial" impossibilitou de certa forma um verdadeiro encontro e um diálogo profícuo entre as partes. O objetivo de nosso artigo é mostrar que apesar disso o intercâmbio não foi um fracasso, pois seja nos encontros pessoais que travou ou por meio das ideias veiculadas em suas conferências houve um diálogo entre Camus, seus leitores e pares brasileiros. No Brasil, a visita deixa traços nos jornais da época, bem como na lembrança e nos relatos das pessoas que o receberam. Para Camus, algumas experiências vividas no Brasil e anotadas cuidadosamente no diário são empregadas na escrita da novela "A Pedra que cresce" de O Exílio e o Reino pela qual se opera um verdadeiro encontro com o Brasil por intermédio da ficção.

User Activity and Trip Recognition using Spatial Positioning System Data by Integrating the Geohash and GIS Approaches

Analyzing travel behavior in transportation networks within a city is significant to understand the user’s activity and travel pattern in relation to making improved city plans for the future. Unlike the traditional travel diary survey, GPS data have helped researchers to analyze Big Data with enriched travel information in an automated way. The focus of this research was to identify user activity and travel pattern from GPS data logs. We proposed three different approaches, including Geohash clustering, the GIS-based approach, and Combined Geohash–GIS approach, for automatic user activity and trip recognition in a continuous and aggregate manner. We developed different individual models considering different dwell times for the above three approaches. We considered three different testing scenarios based on specified tolerance levels, including simple, moderate, and critical testing to identify trip only, activity only, and sequential activity–trip analysis. In comparison with other approaches, the Combined Geohash–GIS approach considering 5 min dwell time accurately classified data with about 95% accuracy. The proposed Combined Geohash–GIS approach could significantly enhance the efficiency and accuracy of GPS travel surveys by correctly recognizing user activity and trip patterns. This proposed combined approach could serve as a foundation for a future model system of full-scale travel information identification with GPS data.