Character Transposition Research Articles

On the distinction between position and order information when processing strings of characters.

To probe the processing of gaze-dependent positional information and gaze-independent order information when matching strings of characters, we compared effects of visual similarity (hypothesized to affect gaze-centered position coding) with the effects of character transpositions (hypothesized to affect the processing of gaze-independent order information). In Experiment 1, we obtained empirical measures of visual similarity for pairs of characters, separately for uppercase consonants and keyboard symbols. These similarity values were then used in Experiment 2 to create pairs of four-character stimuli (four letters or four symbols) that could differ by substituting one character with a different character from the same category that was visually similar (e.g., FJDK-FJBK) or dissimilar (e.g., FJVK-FJBK). We also compared the effects of transposing two characters (e.g., FBJK-FJBK) with substituting two characters (e.g., FHSK-FJBK). "Different" responses were harder to make in the single substitution condition when the substituted character was visually similar, and this effect was not conditioned by character type. On the other hand, transposition costs (i.e., greater difficulty in detecting a difference with transpositions compared with double substitutions) were greater for letters compared with symbols. We conclude that visual similarity mainly affects the generic gaze-dependent processing of complex visual features, and that the encoding of letter order involves a mechanism that is specific to reading.

Development of fuzzy search method for creating an efficient information search system in text data

The object of research is the processes of effective search for information in a set of textual data. The subject of the research is the fuzzy search method, which will allow to effectively solve the problem of searching for information in a set of textual data. The paper considers the process of developing a fuzzy search method, which consists of 9 consecutive steps and is required for a quick search for matches in a large set of text data. Based on this method, it is proposed to create a fuzzy search system that will solve the problem of finding the most relevant documents from a set of such documents. The proposed fuzzy search method combines the advantages of algorithms based on deterministic finite automata and algorithms based on dynamic programming for calculating the Damerau-Levenshtein distance. Such a combination allows to implement the symbol similarity table in an optimal way. As part of the work, an approach for creating a symbol similarity table was proposed and an example of such a table was created for symbols from the English alphabet, which allows to find the degree of similarity between two symbols with constant asymptotics and to convert the current symbol into its basic counterpart. For document filtering, a metric was developed to evaluate the correspondence of text data to a search phrase, which simultaneously takes into account the number of found and not found characters and the number of found and not found words. The Damerau-Levenstein algorithm allows to find the edit distance between two words, taking into account the following types of errors: substitution, addition, deletion, and transposition of characters. The work proposed a modification of this algorithm by using a similarity table to more accurately estimate the editing distance between two words. The developed method makes it possible to create a fuzzy search system that will help find the desired results faster and increase the relevance of the obtained results by sorting them according to the values of the proposed test data similarity metric.

The effect of transposed-character distance in Chinese reading.

Previous research in alphabetic languages has shown that both position (external, internal) and distance (adjacent, nonadjacent) modulate letter position encoding during reading. To examine the generality of this pattern for a comprehensive model of word recognition and reading, we examined these effects during Chinese reading (i.e., an unspaced logographic language). Participants in two experiments read intact sentences and sentences containing transposed-character nonwords while their eye movements were monitored. Experiment 1 manipulated the distance between the transposed characters (adjacent vs. nonadjacent) within three-character words. Reading times were longer when nonadjacent characters were transposed compared with adjacent characters. Also, for adjacent character transpositions, a word-beginning character transposition led to longer reading times than a word-ending character transposition. Experiment 2 manipulated orthogonally character transposition distance (adjacent vs. nonadjacent) and position within four-character words, including the beginning versus the last character. Reading times were longer when the transposition involves the first character than when involves the ending character. Fixation durations on the target regions in the nonadjacent character transposition condition were longer than those in the adjacent character transposition condition. Taken together, these results reveal robust effects of both the initial character position and transposed-character distance in Chinese reading. Thus, the privileged status of the initial character is intrinsically related to how we access lexical information. (PsycInfo Database Record (c) 2022 APA, all rights reserved).

Data Security Techniques Using Square Block Keys in Text Format

The text format is a character format that can be read directly with any software. This format is used in sending data to facilitate sending and speed up sending data to message recipients. The text format is the message storage format with he least security because it can be directly read by the person who gets the message. The author wants to build a cryptographic application that can secure text formats using the character transposition technique. Character transposition is used based on the formation of a square matrix which is used as a key in the encryption and decryption process. The size of the matrix used is 4 x 4. The results of the study found that the text format was successfully transformed into ciphertext so as to avoid the possibility of data theft. Keywords: square, security, block, encryption

The recognition of coordinative compound words by learners of Chinese as a foreign language: A mixed methods study

AbstractLearners of Chinese as a foreign language (CFL) tend to swap the two characters within a coordinative compound word in verbal identification and written production. This mixed methods study not only investigated how CFL learners identified intercharacter orthographic and semantic relationships within two‐morpheme coordinative compound words, but also explored how they used decoding strategies to resolve confusion related to constituent characters within compound words. Thirty‐two English‐speaking learners of Chinese participated in this study. The quantitative strand using a lexical decision task revealed significant character transposition effects and intercharacter semantic similarity effects but nonsignificant intercharacter orthographic similarity effects. Such effects were supported and further complemented by qualitative findings from a semistructured interview on learners' thought processes for compound word recognition. The nonsignificant intercharacter orthographic similarity effects were attributable to the meaning relationships between the constituent characters that shared the same radicals. Taken together, the results suggested that CFL learners tended to perceive compound words as whole units. For pedagogical recommendations, this study emphasized the importance of sublexical radical knowledge, morphological awareness for self‐sufficient vocabulary building, and character handwriting for CFL learners' efficient reading development.

Electrophysiological correlates of character transposition in two-character Chinese word identification

The present study investigated brain activity elicited by character transposition processing of two-character Chinese words using event-related potentials (ERPs) with a two-target rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. The behavioral results showed higher accuracy with canonical and transposed words than pseudowords in the short stimulus onset asynchrony (SOA, 249 ms) condition, but not in the long SOA (581 ms) condition. Additionally, relative to the pseudoword condition, the ERP results indicated that the canonical and transposed words elicited statistically less negative N250 and N400 amplitudes. Furthermore, both the canonical and transposed words revealed no significant differences in the early N100, P200, and N250 components, whereas a significant difference was observed in the N400 amplitude regardless of the SOAs between the two constituent characters, indicating less semantic activation. Taken together, our electrophysiological data indicate that early ERP components are not sensitive to Chinese character transposition. In contrast, such morpheme transposition affects the semantic processing of Chinese compound words.

Right Hemisphere Lateralization of Character Transposition Processing: Evidence From Early N1 Response

The acoustics of lexical tones are highly variable across talkers, and require second-language (L2) learners’ flexibility in accommodating talker-specific tonal variations for successful learning. This study investigated how tone training with high vs. low talker-variability modulated novice learners’ neural responses to non-native tones. A passive oddball paradigm tested Mandarin-speaking participants’ neural responses to Cantonese low–high and low-mid tonal contrasts in the pretest and posttest. Participants were trained using a tone identification task with feedback, either with high or low talker-variability. The results of mismatch negativity (MMN) showed no group difference in the pretest whereas the high-variability group demonstrated greater neural sensitivity to the low–high tonal contrast produced by a novel talker and a trained talker in the posttest. The finding provides (tentative) novel evidence that training variability may benefit perceptual learning of the relatively easy tone pair and facilitate the formation of talker-independent representations of non-native tones by novice learners.

Electrophysiological Correlates of Character Transposition in the Left and Right Visual Fields.

This study examined the brain activity elicited by the hemispheric asymmetries and morpheme transposition of two-character Chinese words (canonical and transposed word) and pseudowords using event-related potentials (ERPs) with a dual-target rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) task. Electrophysiological results showed facilitation effects for canonical words with centrally presented visual field (CVF) and right visual field (RVF) presentations but not with left visual field (LVF) presentations, as reflected by less negative N400 amplitudes. Moreover, more positive late positive component (LPC) amplitudes were observed for both canonical words and transposed words irrespective of the visual fields. More importantly, transposed words elicited a more negative N400 amplitude and a less positive LPC amplitude compared with the amplitudes elicited by canonical words for CVF and RVF presentations. For LVF presentations, transposed words elicited a less negative N250 amplitude compared with canonical words, and there was no significant difference between canonical words and transposed words in the N400 effect. Taken together, we concluded that character transposition facilitated the mapping of whole-word orthographic representation to semantic information in the LVF, as reflected by the N250 component, and such morpheme transposition influenced whole-word semantic processing in CVF and RVF presentations, as reflected by N400 and LPC components.

Morpheme Transposition of Two-Character Chinese Words in Vertical Visual Fields.

The present study explored the morpheme transposition process of two-character Chinese words in the upper and lower visual fields by adopting a dual-target rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. The results showed that the identification accuracy of canonical words was better in the lower visual field, whereas the accuracy of transposed words was almost identical in the upper and lower visual fields. Furthermore, there was no significant difference between canonical and transposed words at 0°, 2°, 4°, and 6° eccentricities in the upper visual field. However, the accuracy of canonical words was markedly higher than that of transposed words at 2°, 4°, and 6° eccentricities in the lower visual field. Finally, the character order errors mainly occurred at 0°eccentricity with a duration of 100ms in vertical visual fields. These findings, taken together, indicated that the character transposition affected the lexical process of two-character Chinese words in the lower visual field but not in the upper visual field, and the character order of words was more likely to be reversed at 0° eccentricity and the initial stage of visual word processing in vertical reading.

Reading minds in motion: Mouse tracking reveals transposed-character effects in Chinese compound word recognition

AbstractThis study investigated the development of character transposition effects during Chinese compound word recognition via computer mouse movements instead of the conventional key presses. Empirical evidence to reveal the impacts of vocabulary knowledge, grade level, and whole word frequency on Chinese transposed-character effect is lacking. In the present study, we measured the transposed-character effect in two groups of Taiwanese children (second and fourth graders) in a mouse-tracking lexical-decision task including nonwords derived from real words by transposing two characters (e.g., “習學” from “學習” [learning]) and control nonwords in which two characters are replaced (e.g., “以修”). Our results indicate that participants showed longer mouse movement times and larger spatial attraction in recognizing transposed-character nonwords than in replaced-character nonwords, suggesting that the dominant role of whole-word representation in processing Chinese compound words. Our results also further demonstrate that how the degree of character transposition was affected by vocabulary knowledge, grade level, and word frequency.

The influence of parafoveal preview, character transposition, and word frequency on saccadic targeting in Chinese reading.

This article reports the results of an eye-movement experiment which manipulated the frequency and parafoveal preview (i.e., nonword, transposed-character, or identical) of 2-character Chinese target words using a gaze-contingent boundary paradigm (Rayner, 1975). The key findings were that progressive saccades were longer into high- than low-frequency target words, and that this word-frequency effect was more pronounced for identical than transposed previews. These findings suggest that Chinese readers adjust their saccade lengths in response to variables that influence the rate of parafoveal lexical processing. To examine the feasibility of this hypothesis, 2 computer simulations were completed that pitted this dynamic-adjustment account (Liu, Huang, Gao, & Reichle, 2017) against an account in which readers simply move their eyes to a small number of default saccade targets (e.g., the beginning or center of the upcoming word; Yan, Kliegl, Richter, Nuthmann, & Shu, 2010). The simulation results show that the dynamic-adjustment hypothesis more accurately describes our experimental findings using fewer parameters. The theoretical implications of the dynamic-adjustment account of saccadic targeting are discussed relevant to both models of eye-movement control in reading and modes of Chinese word identification. (PsycINFO Database Record (c) 2019 APA, all rights reserved).

CONTAMINAÇÕES INTERMIDIÁTICAS E SOBREVIDA DA PERSONAGEM EM RUBEM FONSECA

Quais os dispositivos fi gurativos que cada mídia utiliza e qual prolongamento ela exercerá sobre a personagem? Como se dá a transposição intermidiáticada personagem? Em que aspectos a adaptação aproxima-se ou afasta-se da obra? Como os elementos visuais e sonoros realizam um alargamento do modelo mental que a literatura proporciona? Essas questões norteadores contribuem para a tessitura do artigo em que pretende-se discutir as questões de adaptações, da sobrevida das personagens, dos reaproveitamentos fi ccionais, das transposições midiáticas e de prolongamentos temáticos abordados a partir da obra de Rubem Fonseca.

Character Decomposition and Transposition Processes of Chinese Compound Words in Rapid Serial Visual Presentation.

Character order information is encoded at the initial stage of Chinese word processing, however, its time course remains underspecified. In this study, we assess the exact time course of the character decomposition and transposition processes of two-character Chinese compound words (canonical, transposed, or reversible words) compared with pseudowords using dual-target rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) of stimuli appearing at 30 ms per character with no inter-stimulus interval. The results indicate that Chinese readers can identify words with character transpositions in rapid succession; however, a transposition cost is involved in identifying transposed words compared to canonical words. In RSVP reading, character order of words is more likely to be reversed during the period from 30 to 180 ms for canonical and reversible words, but the period from 30 to 240 ms for transposed words. Taken together, the findings demonstrate that the holistic representation of the base word is activated, however, the order of the two constituent characters is not strictly processed during the very early stage of visual word processing.

Character Decomposition and Transposition of Chinese Compound Words in the Right and Left Visual Fields.

This study investigated the character decomposition and transposition processes of Chinese two-character compound words (canonical and transposed words) and pseudowords in the right and left visual fields using a dual-target rapid serial visual presentation paradigm. The results confirmed a right visual field superiority for canonical words, but this advantage vanished for transposed words. The findings further indicated that the same quality of lexical processing could be obtained from the foveal and parafoveal regions of the right and left visual fields, regardless of the character order, but not in the periphery of the right visual field. Moreover, the proportion of order reversals peaked at the central position and the shortest exposure time, but it declined with increasing eccentricity and time interval. We concluded that the character transposition of Chinese compound words was significantly sensitive in the periphery of the right visual field. Furthermore, the character order errors were mainly encoded in the foveal vision with a duration of 100 ms, which suggested that the order of the foveally presented Chinese characters was more likely to be reversed at the early stage of visual word processing.

Character Decomposition and Transposition Processes in Chinese Compound Words Modulates Attentional Blink

The attentional blink (AB) is the phenomenon in which the identification of the second of two targets (T2) is attenuated if it is presented less than 500 ms after the first target (T1). Although the AB is eliminated in canonical word conditions, it remains unclear whether the character order in compound words affects the magnitude of the AB. Morpheme decomposition and transposition of Chinese two-character compound words can provide an effective means to examine AB priming and to assess combinations of the component representations inherent to visual word identification. In the present study, we examined the processing of consecutive targets in a rapid serial visual presentation (RSVP) paradigm using Chinese two-character compound words in which the two characters were transposed to form meaningful words or meaningless combinations (reversible, transposed, or canonical words). We found that when two Chinese characters that form a compound word, regardless of their order, are presented in an RSVP sequence, the likelihood of an AB for the second character is greatly reduced or eliminated compared to when the two characters constitute separate words rather than a compound word. Moreover, the order of the report for the two characters is more likely to be reversed when the normal order of the two characters in a compound word is reversed, especially when the interval between the presentation of the two characters is extremely short. These findings are more consistent with the cognitive strategy hypothesis than the resource-limited hypothesis during character decomposition and transposition of Chinese two-character compound words. These results suggest that compound characters are perceived as a unit, rather than two separate words. The data further suggest that readers could easily understand the text with character transpositions in compound words during Chinese reading.

Chronotopic adaptation in Nawal El Saadawi’s isis

Chronotopic adaptation in Nawal El Saadawi’s isis

The effects of character transposition within and across words in Chinese reading.

Given the lack of spaces between words in Chinese text, Chinese readers must parse these characters into words using their word knowledge. In this situation, are the characters belonging to a single word or to different words understood via different character-order encoding processes? In this study, we explored the effects of word boundaries in Chinese text on character-order encoding. We used four-character words (the one-word condition) and two two-character words (the two-word condition) as our targets. We embedded the target words into sentences and then manipulated the previews of the words using the boundary paradigm. The preview was identical to the target word (identity condition), had the two middle characters of the target word transposed (TC condition), or had two middle characters that were different from those in the target word (SC condition). Fixation durations on the target word in the TC condition were much longer than those in the identity condition for the two-word condition, but they were not significantly different for the one-word condition. Furthermore, for the one-word condition, gaze durations were longer in the SC than in the TC condition, whereas for the two-word condition, the difference between the TC and SC conditions was not significant. Word boundaries were found to affect the character-order encoding in Chinese reading, further suggesting the early occurrence of word segmentation.

Differential Sensitivity of Letters, Numbers, and Symbols to Character Transpositions

This study was designed to explore whether the human visual system has different degrees of tolerance to character position changes for letter strings, digit strings, and symbol strings. An explicit perceptual matching task was used (same-different judgment), and participants' electrophysiological activity was recorded. Materials included trials in which the referent stimulus and the target stimulus were identical or differed either by two character replacements or by transposing two characters. Behavioral results showed clear differences in the magnitude of the transposed-character effect for letters as compared with digit and symbol strings. Electrophysiological data confirmed this observation, showing an N2 character transposition effect that was only present for letter strings. An earlier N1 transposition effect was also found for letters but was absent for symbols and digits, whereas a later P3 effect was found for all types of string. These results provide evidence for a position coding mechanism that is specific to letter strings, that was most prominent in an epoch between 200 and 325 msec, and that operates in addition to more general-purpose position coding mechanisms.

Reading Words with Jumbled Characters in Japanese

Rayner, et al. (2006) was replicated with 36 Japanese undergraduates who read Japanese sentences in which characters were transposed in one word at the beginning, middle, or end. The same pattern of reading delays in relation to transposition location was found but in smaller magnitude. Transposition of characters at the beginning of words caused the largest delay in reading.

Automating the approximate record-matching process

Data quality has many dimensions one of which is accuracy. Accuracy is usually compromised by errors accidentally or intensionally introduced in a database system. These errors result in inconsistent, incomplete, or erroneous data elements. For example, a small variation in the representation of a data object, produces a unique instantiation of the object being represented. In order to improve the accuracy of the data stored in a database system, we need to compare them either with real-world counterparts or with other data stored in the same or a different system. In this paper, we address the problem of matching records which refer to the same entity by computing their similarity. Exact record matching has limited applicability in this context since even simple errors like character transpositions cannot be captured in the record-linking process. Our methodology deploys advanced data-mining techniques for dealing with the high computational and inferential complexity of approximate record matching.