Transport Sector Research Articles

Research on the Impact of Elon Musk's Business Empire on Global Macroeconomy

In the context of accelerating technological disruption and global energy transition, Elon Musks enterprises, including Tesla and SpaceX, have emerged as pivotal forces reshaping industries and macroeconomic dynamics. This paper investigates the impact of Musks business empire on the global macroeconomy, focusing on its role in driving structural changes in the energy, transportation, and aerospace sectors. The study aims to elucidate how Musks innovations reconfigure industrial landscapes, alter geopolitical economic power, and generate new growth drivers. The research employs a mixed-methods approach: case studies of Tesla and SpaceX are analyzed to assess their industry-level disruptions and uses some data for analysis. Primary data sources include corporate financial reports, industry datasets (e.g., International Energy Agency), and government publications (e.g., U.S. Bureau of Labor Statistics). Comparative analysis is utilized to contrast Musks vertically integrated model with traditional industries. The findings reveal four key outcomes: First, Musks industries reshape traditional industries. Second, geopolitical economic power shifts, raising resource-rich countries' status. Third, they have a huge impact on employment. Last but not least, Tech giants' vertical integration brings problems, urging an international governance framework.

Accelerating Towards Sustainability: Policy and Technology Dynamic Assessments in China’s Road Transport Sector

Accelerating Towards Sustainability: Policy and Technology Dynamic Assessments in China’s Road Transport Sector

The promise and perils of transformative urban climate policy in German and American cities

Over the past two decades, numerous cities worldwide have proactively addressed the climate crisis, driven by diverse motivations and strategies. Building on the climate urbanism literature’s modes of reactive, entrepreneurial, and transformative strategies, we focus on transformative climate urbanism, which emphasizes systemic changes in transportation, energy, and building sectors, prioritizing justice and equity. This approach breaks from traditional governance practices by addressing the root causes of climate change and prioritizing radical systems change. Using Hajer’s framework, we argue that the mode of climate urbanism cities adopt emerges from discourse. This study analyzes discourse in four cities in Germany and the U.S. using discourse network analysis. We identify key discourse coalitions and themes, as well as discursive barriers to transformation, providing insights into the dynamics of urban climate policymaking. Transformative urban climate action integrates diverse knowledge, empowers vulnerable communities, and reshapes urban-nature relationships. The findings highlight discourse coalitions that promote, as well as those that seek to limit transformative climate urbanism, offering lessons for other cities.

Research on the measurement and influencing factors of carbon emission efficiency in China’s transportation sector based on EBM-Tobit model

The international community has increasingly focused on reducing carbon emissions. The transportation sector is one of the key areas of carbon emissions in China. This study uses the superefficiency EBM-DEA model considering undesirable outputs to estimate the transportation sector carbon dioxide emission efficiency (TSCDEE) for 30 provinces in China from 2012 to 2022. The Tobit model is used to analyze the influencing factors of TSCDEE and the heterogeneous characteristics of the influencing factors across regions. The results indicate that the mean value of efficiency in Chinese provinces is 0.709. The overall TSCDEE in China shows a fluctuating upward trend, with the carbon emission efficiency higher in coastal areas but lower in the Southwest and Northeast. This study shows that factors such as freight turnover level, transportation infrastructure level, and technological progress have significant positive impacts on TSCDEE. In contrast, population mobility has a significant negative effect on TSCDEE. Based on the above results, this study proposes specific measures such as optimizing travel modes, improving infrastructure construction, increasing freight turnover, and promoting technological progress. This study also considers the differences between eight regions and offers targeted suggestions. These findings provide a reference for achieving green and low-carbon development in the transportation sector.

Matching and Control Optimisation of Variable-Geometry Turbochargers for Hydrogen Fuel Cell Systems

The turbocharging of hydrogen fuel cell systems (FCSs) has recently become a prominent research area, aiming to improve FCS efficiency to help decarbonise the energy and transport sectors. This work compares the performance of an electrically assisted variable-geometry turbocharger (VGT) with a fixed-geometry turbocharger (FGT) by optimising both the sizing of the components and their operating points, ensuring both designs are compared at their respective peak performance. A MATLAB-Simulink reduced-order model is used first to identify the most efficient components that match the fuel cell air path requirements. Maps representing the compressor and turbines are then evaluated in a 1D flow model to optimise cathode pressure and stoichiometry operating targets for net system efficiency, using an accelerated genetic algorithm (A-GA). Good agreement was observed between the two models’ trends with a less than 10.5% difference between their normalised e-motor power across all operating points. Under optimised conditions, the VGT showed a less than 0.25% increase in fuel cell system efficiency compared to the use of an FGT. However, a sensitivity study demonstrates significantly lower sensitivity when operating at non-ideal flows and pressures for the VGT when compared to the FGT, suggesting that VGTs may provide a higher level of tolerance under variable environmental conditions such as ambient temperature, humidity, and transient loading. Overall, it is concluded that the efficiency benefits of VGT are marginal, and therefore not necessarily significant enough to justify the additional cost and complexity that they introduce.

Pengaruh Infrastruktur Transportasi Darat Terhadap Kemacetan Di Kota Jayapura

The transportation sector is one sector that has a significant impact on the environment, especially air pollution in urban areas. Apart from that, congestion and damage to several road sections are influenced by traffic volume, proportion of heavy vehicles, speed and the size of delays. The transportation system is very important in supporting daily activities such as economic activities, activities in the world of education and activities in the world of work. The aim of this research is to determine the effect of land transportation infrastructure on traffic jams in the city of Jayapura. This research is quantitative research. The data collection technique used in this research was by using a questionnaire. Data analysis in this research was carried out using simple regression analysis. Based on the research results of the t test results (partial), it can be seen that the SPSS calculation obtained a t count of -8.957 with a probability value (sig value) of 0.000. This probability value is smaller than alpha (5%). Thus, it can be concluded that partially land transportation infrastructure has a significant effect on congestion.

A Framework for Leveraging Digital Technologies in Reverse Logistics Actions: A Systematic Literature Review

Background: The global climate crisis has intensified the demand for sustainable solutions, positioning Reverse Logistics (RL) as a critical strategy for minimizing environmental impacts. Simultaneously, Industry 4.0 technologies are transforming RL operations by enhancing their collection, transportation, storage, sorting, remanufacturing, recycling, and disposal processes. Understanding the roles of these technologies is essential for improving efficiency and sustainability. Methods: This study employs a systematic literature review, following the PRISMA methodology, to identify key Industry 4.0 technologies applicable to RL. Publications from Scopus and Web of Science were analyzed, leading to the development of a theoretical framework linking these technologies to RL activities. Results: The findings highlight the fact that technologies like the Internet of Things (IoT), Artificial Intelligence (AI), Big Data Analytics, Cloud Computing, and Blockchain enhance RL by improving traceability, automation, and sustainability. Their application optimizes execution time, reduces operational costs, and mitigates environmental impacts. Conclusions: For the transportation and manufacturing sectors, integrating Industry 4.0 technologies into RL can streamline supply chains, enhance decision-making, and improve resource utilization. Smart tracking, predictive maintenance, and automated sorting systems reduce waste and improve operational resilience, reinforcing the transition toward a circular economy. By adopting these innovations, stakeholders can achieve economic and environmental benefits while ensuring regulatory compliance and long-term competitiveness.

Sustainable Risk Governance in Maritime Transport: Embodied Carbon Emissions and Responsibility Distribution Across BRICS Coastal Economies

Maritime carbon responsibility allocation can guide sea level rise and storm surge mitigation in BRICS coastal zones by addressing emissions-driven climate risks. This study analyzes the characteristics of and differences in embodied carbon emissions in the Maritime Transport Industry of the BRICS countries from the perspectives of producer responsibility, consumer responsibility, and shared responsibility, based on a global value chain framework. Using non-competitive input–output data from the OECD and introducing a processing trade adjustment mechanism, the study calculates the carbon emissions of the five countries from 1995 to 2018. The empirical results show that under producer responsibility, carbon emissions in China and South Africa’s maritime transport sectors are mainly driven by exports, with production-side emissions significantly higher than consumption-side emissions. Under consumer responsibility, emissions in India and Brazil are driven by the demand for imported goods, reflecting their high reliance on external markets. In shared responsibility accounting, China’s cumulative carbon emissions account for 66.81% of the total emissions from the five countries, highlighting its central role in global supply chains. The study also finds that the differences in carbon emissions among the countries are mainly due to differences in economic structures, trade dependencies, and consumption patterns. Different responsibility accounting methods have a significant impact on carbon emissions, with export-oriented countries tending to weaken producer responsibility, while import-oriented countries seek to avoid consumer responsibility. The shared responsibility mechanism, through the dynamic allocation coefficient α, provides a practical approach to balancing efficiency and equity in global carbon governance.

Travel experience in public transport: Experience sampling and cardiac activity data for spatial analysis

The transportation sector has the potential to enable a greener future if aligned with increasing mobility needs. Making public transport an attractive alternative to individual transportation requires real-world data to investigate reasons and indicators of positive and negative travel experiences. These experiences manifest not only in subjective evaluations but also in physiological reactions like cardiac activity. We present a geo-referenced dataset where participants wore electrocardiograms and reported real-time stress, satisfaction, events, and emotions while traveling by tram, train, and bus. An interactive experience map helps to visually explore the data, with benchmark analyses identifying significant stress hot spots and satisfaction cold spots during journeys. Events and emotions in these spots highlight positive and negative travel experiences in an ecologically valid setting. Data on age and self-identified gender provide insights into differences between user groups. Despite including only 44 participants, the dataset offers a valuable foundation for transportation researchers and mobility providers to combine qualitative and quantitative methods for identifying public transportation users’ needs.

PERFORMANCE EVALUATION OF A GAS ENGINE OPERATING ON HIGH-CO₂ NATURAL GAS AT LATE INJECTION TIMING

The increasing energy demand in the transportation sector and the depletion of conventional fossil fuel reserves necessitate the exploration of alternative fuel sources. Malaysia holds significant untapped natural gas reserves with high carbon dioxide (CO₂) content, which has historically been considered unsuitable for commercial use due to economic and technical challenges associated with CO₂ removal. This study investigates the feasibility of utilizing highCO₂ natural gas directly in internal combustion (IC) engines and its effects on engine performance. A single-cylinder, four-stroke, direct-injection compressed natural gas (DI-CNG) engine was used to evaluate the impact of CO₂ addition on key performance parameters, including brake torque, brake power, brake specific fuel consumption (BSFC), and brake thermal efficiency (BTE). Experiments were conducted at a late injection timing of 120° crank angle before top dead center (BTDC) and an engine speed of 2100 rpm, with CO₂ proportions ranging from 0% to 40% by volume. The results demonstrated that moderate CO₂ additions (up to 20%) improved BTE and reduced BSFC due to enhanced combustion control and lean-burn stability. However, higher CO₂ proportions (>20%) led to significant reductions in brake torque and brake power, attributed to dilution effects and reduced calorific value. The findings suggest that controlled CO₂ inclusion in CNG can optimize combustion and emissions, offering a potential pathway for utilizing Malaysia’s undeveloped natural gas reserves.

A New Modification of Classification of Traumatic Patients with Pelvic Fracture

Background/Purpose: In recent years, the occurrence of pelvic fractures resulting from high-energy trauma has been steadily rising due to the accelerated advancement of the transportation sector. These types of which are associated with high rates of mortality and disability. This study aims to show essential viewpoints regarding quadrilateral plate fracture and classification. Method: During the period from September 2022 to December 2023, data collected from two hospitals in Xianning city, China, including patients diagnosed with pelvic fractures. Moreover, the patients were included in the analysis after applying specific inclusion and exclusion criteria. The collected data, including age, gender, mechanism of injury, follow-up time, operation time, associated diseases, and associated fractures, were analyzed using SPSS version 22. Applied a modified classification method, and incorporating details about bilateral fractures, proximal femur fractures, and sacrum abnormalities. Result: This study included 60 patients with a mean age of 49.5 ± 12.3 years, comprising 32 males and 28 females. The majority of fractures caused by traffic accidents (71.7%), followed by falls (28.3%). The mean follow-up time was 8.9 ± 2.3 months. Diabetes, hypertension, heart failure, and dementia were among the associated diseases, with diabetes being the most common (68.3%). Unilateral abnormalities observed in 63.9% of patients, while bilateral abnormalities were seen in 36.1%. Conclusion: The APQ-SF classification plays an essential role in treatment planning through assessing the stability of the pelvic fracture, enabling effective anatomical reduction and rigid internal fixation. Moreover, can reduce the need for expensive 3D printing for fracture assessment, making the treatment approach more efficient and cost-effective.

The effect of port water injection on knocking and emission characteristics of natural-aspirated GDI engine operated under cruising condition

The negative impacts of climate change and worsening air quality, driven by anthropogenic emissions from activities like construction, industrial production, energy generation and transportation, are well-documented. To reduce greenhouse gas emissions from road transport, automakers are downsizing engine displacement to increase brake thermal efficiency, thereby improving fuel economy and reducing CO 2 emissions. However, downsized gasoline direct injection (GDI) engines are prone to knocking and emit higher levels of NO x and particulate matter (PM) compared to port-injected gasoline engines. This study investigates the effects of port-water injection (PWI) on the combustion and emission characteristics of a naturally aspirated GDI engine fuelled with gasohol E20 under steady-state conditions. Injecting up to 30% water (relative to fuel mass) with optimised ignition timing resulted in an 80% reduction in NO x , decreased PM diameter and mass and complete knock suppression. PM morphology analysis showed enhanced reactivity due to the generation of smaller particles with increased surface area. Adverse effects on engine performance and emissions from water injection were mitigated by advancing spark ignition timing. Optimal ignition timing for maximum thermal efficiency did not align with the Knock Limiting Spark Angle (KLSA), but a slightly lower advance favoured NO x reduction. Our findings suggest that automakers can produce GDI engines with minimal NO x and PM emissions without relying on precious metal-based catalysts, promoting sustainability in the transportation sector.

An Analysis of the Synergistic Effects of Air Pollutant Reduction and Carbon Mitigation in Major Emission Reduction Policies in China’s Transportation Sector

As of 2023, China’s transportation energy carbon emissions account for over 10%, which has a significant impact on achieving “dual carbon” goals. China has successively issued various policies to address pollution emissions in the transportation industry. This study mainly analyzes the synergistic effects of pollution reduction and carbon reduction measures implemented in this industry. We selected 2023 as the base year, focused on promoting new energy vehicles (NEVs), advocating bus transit (ABT), and advancing rail transit (ART) as the three major emission reduction policies, and analyzed their synergistic effects on air pollutant control and greenhouse gas emission reduction. Based on national scale data on driving conditions, energy consumption, and emission factors, the synergistic emission reductions in greenhouse gases and air pollutants brought about by the three policies were first calculated. Then, using the coordinate system of synergistic control effects, cross elasticity analysis of pollutants, and normalization evaluation methods, the multi pollutant synergistic control capabilities of each policy were quantified. Quantitative results revealed that the NEV substitution policy achieved a CO2 reduction of 100.966 million tons in 2023, alongside reductions of 1.0196 million tons (CO), 59,506 tons (NOx), 103,500 tons (NMHC), 6266 tons (PM10), and 3071 tons (SO2). Based on the APeq ranking, its comprehensive benefits (APeq = 166,734.52) significantly outperform ART (APeq = 97,414.89) and ABT (APeq = 19,796.80). The main research conclusion shows that replacing private gasoline cars with new energy vehicles can have a synergistic emission reduction effect on all five types of air pollutants and greenhouse gases involved in this study, with a positive synergistic effect. Moreover, the policy development priority is relatively better based on the synergistic emission reduction equivalent. Both buses and rail transit have not brought about SO2 emission reduction, nor have they had a positive synergistic effect on SO2 and CO2 emission reduction. On this basis, buses also contribute to NOx emissions. For other air pollutants, both rail transit and buses can have a synergistic effect of reducing pollution and carbon emissions.

Experimental Study on Mixed Combustion Characteristics of Methanol/Diesel Pool Fires in Engine Rooms of Hybrid Ships

Methanol/diesel hybrid−powered vessels represent a significant advancement in green and low−carbon innovation in the maritime transportation sector and have been widely adopted across various shipping markets. However, the dual−fuel power system modifies the fire load within the engine room compared to traditional vessels, thereby significantly influencing the fire safety of methanol/diesel−powered ships. In this study, anhydrous methanol and light−duty diesel (with 0 °C pour point) were used as fuels to investigate the mixed combustion characteristics of these immiscible fuels in circular pools with diameters of 6, 10, 14, and 20 cm at various mixing ratios. By analyzing the fuel mass loss rate, flame morphology, and heat transfer characteristics, it was determined that methanol and diesel exhibited distinct stratification during combustion, with the process comprising three phases: pure methanol combustion phase, transitional combustion phase, and pure diesel combustion phase. Slopover occurred during the transitional combustion phase, and its intensity decreased as the pool diameter or methanol fuel quantity increased. Based on this conclusion, a quantitative relationship was established between slopover intensity, pool diameter, and the methanol/diesel volume ratio. Additionally, during the transitional combustion phase, the average flame height exhibited an exponential coupling relationship with the pool diameter and the methanol/diesel volume ratio. Therefore, a modification was made to the classical flame height model to account for these effects. Moreover, a prediction model for the burning rate of methanol/diesel pool fires was established based on transient temperature variations within the fuel layer. This model incorporated a correction factor related to pool diameter and fuel mixture ratio. Additionally, the causes of slopover were analyzed from the perspectives of heat transfer and fire dynamics, further refining the physical interpretation of the correction factor.

Assessment of commercial vehicle models in the urban public transport of Ghana

Public transportation is vital to the growth and development of a nation. In Ghana, the predominant public transportation modes are taxis and minivans (trotros). These commercial passenger vehicles are registered by Driver and Vehicle Licensing Authority (DVLA) and categorized based on their cubic capacities (cc)—commercial cars up to 2000 cc as taxis and above 2000 cc as trotros. Categorization based on their model types and quantities is unavailable per authors’ knowledge due to the inability to access such data from the transport sectors. Consequently, a quantitative survey was employed to ascertain the different vehicle models and fuel types as well as the vehicle mileages in the three largest cities in Ghana—Accra, Kumasi and Tamale. In all, a total number of 33 and 19 different taxis and trotro models were respectively attained. Diesel was the dominant fuel type amongst the trotro models whilst gasoline was prevalent in the taxis models. In terms of mileage, taxis recorded the highest number of trips,but the shortest distances per each trip relative to trotro vehicles. Survey results can be used by researchers and transport units to deduce accurate estimates of passenger vehicles’ fuel consumption and emissions in Ghana. Additionally, the results can inform decisions on traffic management and vehicle regulations in the country. The study recommends transport policies to revamp the Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) system and suppress the use of taxis and minibuses to attain sustainability in the sector.

Bio-inspired computational intelligence metaheuristic-based optimization and sensitivity analysis approach to determine techno-economic feasibility of hydrogen refueling stations for fuel cell vehicles

This study presents a comprehensive economic and technological evaluation of renewable hybrid power systems for hydrogen refueling stations (HRS) in Nizwa, Oman, leveraging cutting-edge optimization algorithms to determine the most cost-effective and efficient hybrid energy system configurations. Three hybrid energy systems of photovoltaic-wind turbine-battery (PV-WT-B), photovoltaic-wind-fuel cell-battery (PV-WT-FC-B), and wind turbine-battery (WT-B) were evaluated based on net present cost (NPC), levelized cost of energy (LCOE), and levelized cost of hydrogen (LCOH). The study employs advanced optimization techniques, including the Mayfly Algorithm, Genetic Algorithm, CUKO Search, Gray Wolf Optimizer (GWO), Constrained Particle Swarm Optimization (CPSO), Harmony Search (HS), and Flower Pollination Algorithm to determine the most viable hybrid energy system for the HRS in Nizwa. The results indicate that CPSO consistently achieves the lowest NPC, LCOE, and LCOH, whereas HS and GWO yield higher costs due to convergence inefficiencies. Sensitivity analysis reveals a strong inverse correlation between PV capacity and cost metrics, highlighting the economic advantage of increased solar generation. Additionally, hybrid configurations integrating PV and wind turbine (PV-WT-B, PV-WT-FC-B) significantly reduce NPC compared to WT-B, reinforcing the role of solar energy in optimizing economic costs. Furthermore, fuel cell integration (PV-WT-FC-B) imposes additional economic burdens, making PV-WT-B the most viable solution for HRS deployment in Oman. More so, the annual worth and return-on-investment analysis demonstrated that the PV-WT-B is the preferred energy system to meet the needs of the HRS in terms of investment. The findings underscore the importance of renewable energy fraction and capacity factor in energy economics, demonstrating that higher PV integration enhances sustainability and cost-efficiency. This study provides a transformative framework for decarbonizing Oman’s transportation sector, offering insights into optimal hydrogen production strategies to advance the global clean energy transition.

Societal Impacts of Renewable Energy Consumption and Transport CO2 Emissions in New Zealand

Life expectancy and mortality rates are important indicators of public health and societal well-being, which are heavily influenced by environmental and economic factors. This study estimates the impacts of renewable energy consumption, transportation CO2 emissions, and other variables on life expectancy and mortality in New Zealand using the dynamic autoregressive distributed lag simulations methodology during 1972–2022. The findings indicate that a 1% increase in renewable energy consumption and household expenditure leads to rises in life expectancy of 0.03% and 0.005%, respectively, in the long run. Urbanisation can also boost life expectancy in the long run by 0.43% if its value rises by 1%. However, if CO2 emissions from the transport sector rise by 1% in the long run, it will contribute to a 0.07% decrease in life expectancy. However, the short-run results show that trade household expenditure, public health expenditure, and renewable energy consumption increase life expectancy, while capital formation and transport CO2 emissions reduce it, but with lower impacts. The mortality results show that trade, public health expenditures, urbanisation, and renewable energy consumption can reduce mortality in the long run by 0.59%, 0.52%, 16%, and 0.66%, respectively, when their values increase by 1%, while transport CO2 emissions increase it by 1.6%. However, capital formation can decrease mortality in the long run. It declines mortality by 0.21% when increased by 1%. These findings suggest the crucial role of renewable energy consumption and public health expenditure in decreasing mortality rates and improving life expectancy in New Zealand. Policymakers must prioritize these variables to achieve meaningful improvements in public health outcomes.

Production of Green Diesel via the Ni/Al Mo Hydrotalcite Catalyzed Deoxygenation of Rapeseed Oil

Growing concern about anthropogenic climate change and the continuous increase in the energy demand have driven the need to explore new energy sources, particularly in the transportation sector. Biodiesel is one of the most widely used biofuels, but its disadvantages restrict its use in blends with conventional diesel. A better alternative is green diesel, a hydrocarbon biofuel that can be used in its pure form and is produced through the catalytic deoxygenation of vegetable oils. In this study, a NiMoAl catalyst derived from layered double hydroxides (LDHs) was synthesized and used for the catalytic deoxygenation of rapeseed oil to produce green diesel. The catalyst was characterized using IR, XRD, and BET analysis. The reactions were carried out in a batch reactor, and parameters such as the temperature, pressure, catalyst loading, and reaction time were examined. The results demonstrated that the complete conversion of rapeseed oil was achieved under optimal conditions (320 °C, 40 bar H2, 4 wt% catalyst), with a diesel-range hydrocarbon content of over 90%. The recyclability of the catalyst was also evaluated, showing sustained activity over multiple reaction cycles while maintaining high conversion and selectivity toward hydrocarbons in the diesel range.

Kesiapan Aktor dan Kebijakan dalam Mewujudkan Smart Mobility di Provinsi Bali

Purpose: As the gateway to Indonesian tourism, Bali needs to transform into a smart city to overcome the complexity of the political environment, social and economic disparities, resolve rigid administrative systems, and increase the effectiveness of city infrastructure. One of the infrastructure problems is in the transportation sector which is caused by limited public transportation facilities to keep up with the increasing use of land as a generator and the use of private vehicles. This research tries to analyze the role of the actors and policies involved and the role of policy, power, interests, the relationship between actors and policies in realizing smart mobility. Research methods: Data sources for analysis were obtained from secondary data from planning documents and were verified through limited discussions with stakeholders. Results and discussion: The results obtained by policies related to smart mobility in Bali Province have fulfilled all the components that form smart mobility in Bali Province. Actors with high capabilities and interests include the Inna Group, Electric Vehicle Committee, Transportation Agency, PLN, and GIZ. The analysis of the relationship between policies, actors, and indicators of smart mobility shows that all actors and policies in Bali Province are suitable for realizing smart mobility. Implication: By recognizing smart mobility, it is hoped that people will get a better quality of life in several aspects: a better environment, better public services, and better economic and employment opportunities.

Electric vehicle battery storage displacement of grid storage in Australia’s renewable future.

Abstract Electric vehicles (EVs) with vehicle-to-grid (V2G) technology offer a dual solution to decarbonise the energy and transport sectors. This paper evaluates the potential for Australia’s passenger and light commercial EV fleet to replace large-scale battery storage under a 100% renewable energy system in the National Electricity Market. By simulating various levels of V2G battery availability, we assess the impact on energy production costs, renewable energy capacity and storage needs in a grid that includes a fully electrified residential sector. Our results show that leveraging 10-50% of the available V2G battery capacity can significantly lower grid storage costs while providing all the storage requirements needed for a full year of energy balancing. With infrastructure costs considerably lower than large-scale grid batteries, V2G presents a cost-effective path to decarbonisation. We also explore policy mechanisms, such as competitive V2G feed-in tariffs, to incentivise early adoption and promote large-scale EV participation in the energy market.