Transport Museum Research Articles

STEM Connections: A model for empowering academics to deliver outreach by reducing barriers to engagement

STEM Connections worked with academic staff to develop their skills and confidence to communicate with any audience. Through creating a demonstration of their area of expertise and speaking with school-aged students, the academics hear a range of perspectives and repeatedly practice pitching their presentations. This project aimed to develop staff, engage the public, and work in partnership with local cultural institutions – in this case CV Life. Training has been provided by third-party organisations, by the project team and by the partner institution in both years. Over two years, the project has worked with 23 academic members of staff across 17 different areas of research. Events have been run with 19 schools, either within those schools or at Coventry Transport Museum, reaching a total of 944 students with high-quality interactions. As of January 2024, the online resources have received over 36,000 views. Demonstrations have been used outside of the STEM Connections project for interactions with visitors, VIPs, funding bodies, and also filmed by TV crews for media work. Several staff on the project have mentioned STEM Connections in promotion cases and award nominations. Produced materials have complimented academic teaching and have been used to explain concepts more effectively during lectures. All the project resources and staff involved can be found at www.warwick.ac.uk/stemconnections. The project targeted 5 key elements of outreach that are challenging for academics and may make engagement more difficult for them. This paper reflects on those challenges and how the project worked to reduce the barriers to engagement.

Assessing the Long-COVID Impact on Heritage Organisations

The aim of this paper is to understand the long-COVID impact on cultural heritage organisations, and future research needed. COVID-19 was disruptive to cultural heritage socioeconomic activities across the world during 2020 and 2021. Whilst government intervention and changes from physical to digital engagement generally prevailed, the long-COVID impact on cultural heritage organisations, their people and users, buildings, and collections remains unknown. The extent, also, to which financing, curating, visiting, and volunteering patterns have changed is uncertain. Following the pandemic closures and associated support, cultural heritage organisations are facing continuing economic, social, political, environmental, technological, and organisational culture pressures. This research examines the existing academic literature, sector publications, annual reports and associated visitor information to understand whether cultural heritage organisations have long-COVID, whether they can survive another pandemic, and what further research is needed to be better prepared. Four case studies from the UK look at the visitor and financial impacts of COVID-19 on the British Library, the London Transport Museum, The Theatre Royal Drury Lane, and Kensington Palace. This paper contributes to heritage research by providing a deeper understanding of the impact that COVID-19 had on heritage, and how to proactively plan for similar future disruptions. The impact themes show that change did not result in a new normal but in the need for a new space, consisting of blended space (physical and digital), mixed space (indoors and outdoors), and community of practice space (isolated or cross-sector networking space). The literature highlights the significance of the sector coming together during the pandemic to share knowledge and provide support through its networks. It also highlights how important it is for such unity not to be lost but to be harnessed to support ongoing organisational sustainability and better preparedness for future crises. Finally, future research suggestions are proposed grouped into social, digital, financial, and operational research themes.

Finding Scepter: assessing European influences in early Swedish shipbuilding and evaluating new excavation techniques

In 2017 the Swedish National Maritime and Transport Museums were commissioned to monitor the excavation at the old shipyard at Skeppsholmen’s quay in Stockholm in case remains were revealed. The shipyard was the biggest workplace in the 17th century. During the excavation a careening dock that was used for the maintenance and repair of large naval ships was first found. It was made of a large number of huge piles. The piles were pulled up and massive ship parts appeared beneath. It turned out to be a large shipwreck in oak. Due to the short time available we tried a new technique. We used a powerful suction digger so as not to damage the roots of trees during excavations. The suction digger helped us to remove the fill material very smoothly and quickly. With this method we managed to uncover large parts of the starboard side. A great number of dendro-samples were taken and it was also possible to conduct detailed archaeological documentation.The identification of the Scepter was made with the support of archaeological observations and dendrochronological samples, confirmed by archival documents. With these results we could see that this ship was indeed the first flagship of King Gustav II Adolf. The ship had a long and exciting history that now could be revealed.This is a fine example of how salvage archaeology together with new techniques can give us new information and great history that was once forgotten.

Beyond “a contradiction in terms”. Transport museums, research agendas, and public history

Both Transport History and Transport Museums stand at a critical point, this piece argues, with both their academic relevance and public interest and support in the balance. Drawing on recent debate in this journal about the future of Transport History given the recent turn towards mobility, this piece argues that museums and scholars would benefit greatly from the joined up thinking that would allow for new critical perspectives to develop. The challenges of audiences and interpretations, so key to the daily work of museums, fit perfectly with the new perspectives on transport in the past academics themselves are wrestling with, and present exciting opportunities for reflective collaboration.

Attraction Tactics and Management Features of New York State Transport Museums in the Aspect of Related Institutions Work in Ukraine

The purpose of the research . Important conditions for success of a museum are a competently built-up management system and consistent attraction activities designed for different types of target audience. The article analyses the structure of attraction activities in Ukraine’s transport museums compared to that of New York State museums. The methodology of the research . The museum visitors were interviewed, the content of the museums’ websites and testimonials was analyzed. The focus was on the description of the museums’ exposition, dramaturgy, types of attraction policy and activities for various types of target audience. Comparison of opportunities for actualizing the attraction potential of transport museums in Ukraine and New York State was made. Based on the analysis, a method of increasing their popularity was deduced. The scientific novelty lies in adaptation of attraction strategies of the US transport museums to Ukraine’s realia. For the first time, the factors of influence on the audience from attraction events in transport museums in Ukraine and the US (on the example of the state of New York) have been systematized. Conclusions . Methods of museum space theatricalization and animation in transport museums of the US have been analyzed. Based on that, an algorithm of actions for Ukraine transport museums have been deduced. There is a need to consider means of attracting financial resources and museum volunteering to the museum space. The issue of practical realization of this task by museum workers in the realia of post-soviet cultural space has been raised. Experimental modelling of an attraction events program in Ukraine’s existing transport museums may approbate the results of the research.

Underground tales, overground lives: mobile work identities through to post-retirement

ABSTRACT Although there has been recent attention given to the subject of mobile work, there has been less focus, within mobility studies, on the work of those who enable movement: the job of the transport worker. This article takes this incarnation of mobile workers as the basis for understanding the ways in which mobile work identities are pulled through into retirement. The article first proposes that transport workers, as movement enablers, have particular identities and are an important and neglected topic of study within mobilities. Second, it suggests that the post-work identities of mobile workers are contingent on their experiences during their working lives and that these are particular to mobile work. The article is evidenced through data gathered during a mobile ethnographic study with two retired London Underground employees. The participants joined the researchers on a walking tour of a disused underground railway station in London, “Hidden London”, organized by the London Transport Museum and their experiences and emotional responses were recorded and analysed. Understanding post-work identities through the embodied and spatial experiences of the present, the research sought insights of the past and future: the continuity and fluidity of working identities that permeated through to post-work lives. This article argues that mobile work identities are specific identities that shape a distinct post-retirement identity.

Geospatial Augmented Reality for the interactive exploitation of large-scale walkable orthoimage maps in museums

Abstract. In this paper we present an app framework for augmenting large-scale walkable maps and orthoimages in museums or public spaces using standard smartphones and tablets. We first introduce a novel approach for using huge orthoimage mosaic floor prints covering several hundred square meters as natural Augmented Reality (AR) markers. We then present a new app architecture and subsequent tests in the Swissarena of the Swiss National Transport Museum in Lucerne demonstrating the capabilities of accurately tracking and augmenting different map topics, including dynamic 3d data such as live air traffic. The resulting prototype was tested with everyday visitors of the museum to get feedback on the usability of the AR app and to identify pitfalls when using AR in the context of a potentially crowded museum. The prototype is to be rolled out to the public after successful testing and optimization of the app. We were able to show that AR apps on standard smartphone devices can dramatically enhance the interactive use of large-scale maps for different purposes such as education or serious gaming in a museum context.

DEVELOPING ENGLISH READING MATERIALS FOR LIGHT VEHICLE ENGINEERING DEPARTMENT

This study is aimed to develop English reading materials for vocational school.This study was conducted by using Research and Development (R&D). Thesubject of this research was Grade X students of Light Vehicle EngineeringDepartment of SMK YPT Pangkalan Brandan consisting of 22 students. The dataconsist of syllabus, lesson plan, syllabus and existing materials. Instrument ofcollecting data were questionnaires and interview which were used to collectinformation about students’ needs and learning needs. The need analysis showedthat 81.8 % of students had difficult to understanding English reading text becausethe text is not relevant, difficult to understand the structure of word and sentencesin reading text and difficult to conclude the reading text. The evaluation ofexisting reading materials showed that the existing reading materials are notintended for students of Light Vehicle Engineering Department. The existingreading materials are intended for all vocational students. After the students’ needand reading materials had been analyzed, the new reading material was developedthat considering the students’ need and the relevant with vehicle. The genre of thereading texts which were developed is descriptive text. Based on basiccompetence, kinds of descriptive text which developed are describing people,tourism place, and historical building. The product of this study consists of fivechapters which titles are Soichiro Honda, Museum Angkut, Coventry TransportMuseum, TMII Transport Museum, and Cadillac Ranch. The product wasvalidated by an English teacher and an English lecturer with the mean score is 4.1from 5. The product is categorized as “Good and Relevant” reading materials.

Reviews of Books and Maps

REVIEWS OF BOOKSIRELAND IN PREHISTORY, by Michael Herity and George Eogan. London: Routledge and Kegan Paul, 1977. 302 pp. £8.95. Reviewed by: T. J. HughesTHE LIVING LANDSCAPE: KILGALLIGAN, ERRIS, CO. MAYO, by S. Ó Catháin and Patrick O'Flanagan. Dublin: Comhairle Bhéaloideas Éireann, 1975. 312 pp. Reviewed by: R. H. BuchananTHE IRISH TOWN: AN APPROACH TO SURVIVAL, by Patrick Shaffrey. Dublin: The O'Brien Press, 1975. 192 pp. £5.00. Reviewed by: K. A. MawhinneyLOST DEMESNES: IRISH LANDSCAPE GARDENING 1660–1845, by Edward Malins and the Knight of Glin. London: Barrie and Jenkins, 1976. 208 pp. ,£15.00. Reviewed by: K. A. MawhinneyNORTH BULL ISLAND, DUBLIN BAY — A MODERN COASTAL NATURAL HISTORY, edited by D. W. Jeffrey and others. Dublin: Royal Dublin Society, 1977. 158 pp. Hardback .£6.50, paperback £3.60. Reviewed by: J. P. HaughtonCONFLICT IN NORTHERN IRELAND: THE DEVELOPMENT OF A POLARISED COMMUNITY, by John Darby. Dublin: Gill and Macmillan, 1976. 268 pp. £7.95. Reviewed by: F. W. BoalBELFAST: AREAS OF SPECIAL SOCIAL NEED. REPORT BY PROJECT TEAM. Belfast: Her Majesty's Stationery Office, 1976. 85 pp. £3.25. Reviewed by: Robert D. OsborncDUBLIN: A CITY IN CRISIS, edited by P. M. Delany. Dublin: Royal Institute of the Architects of Ireland, 1975. 108 pp. £3.25. Reviewed by: Anngret SimmsIRELAND'S VERNACULAR ARCHITECTURE, by Kevin Danaher. Cork: Mercier Press for the Cultural Relations Committee of Ireland, 1975. 82 pp., 68 plates. £1.50. Reviewed by: F. H. A. Aalen18TH CENTURY ULSTER EMIGRATION TO NORTH AMERICA, Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Education Facsimiles 121–140. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1972. £0.45.; PLANTATIONS IN ULSTER, c. 1600–41, by R. J. Hunter. Public Record Office of Northern Ireland Education Facsimilies 161–180. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1975. £1.00.; RURAL HOUSING IN ULSTER IN THE MID-NINETEENTH CENTURY, prepared by Alan Gailey, Victor Kelly and James Paul with an introduction by E. Estyn Evans, for the Teachers' Centre of the Queen's University, Belfast in association with the Ulster Folk Museum and the Public Record Office Northern Ireland. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1974. £0.70.; LETTERS OF A GREAT IRISH LANDLORD: A SELECTION FROM THE ESTATE CORRESPONDENCE OF THE THIRD MARQUESS OF DOWNSHIRE, 1809–45, edited with an introduction by W. A. Maguire, for the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland. Belfast: H.M.S.O., 1974. 189 pp. £1–65.; ORDNANCE SURVEY MEMOIR FOR THE PARISH OF DONEGORE, Belfast: Department of Extra-Mural Studies, Queen's University, and the Public Record Office of Northern Ireland, 1974. v + 64 pp. 1 map and 31 plates. £0.75. Reviewed by: A. A. HornerTHE LANDED GENTRY. Facsimile documents with commentaries. Dublin: The National Library of Ireland, 1977. 20 sheets and introduction. £1.00. Reviewed by: J. A. K. GrahameSANITATION, CONSERVATION AND RECREATION SERVICES IN IRELAND, by Michael Flannery. Dublin: Institute of Public Administration, 1976. 178 pp. £5.75. Reviewed by: Michael J. BannonGEOGRAPHY, CULTURE AND HABITAT, SELECTED ESSAYS (1925–1975) OF E. G. BOWEN, selected and introduced by Harold Carter and Wayne K. D. Davies. Llandysul: Gomer Press, 1976. 275 pp. £6. Reviewed by: J. H. AndrewsDICTIONARY OF LAND SURVEYORS AND LOCAL CARTOGRAPHERS OF GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND 1550–1850 edited by Peter Eden. Folkestone: William Dawson & Sons. Part I, 1975; Parts II and III, 1976. 377 pp. £6.00 per part. Reviewed by: A. A. HornerFIELDS, FARMS AND SETTLEMENT IN EUROPE, edited by R. H. Buchanan, R. A. Butlin and D. McCourt. Belfast: Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, 1976. 161 pp. £5. Reviewed by: J. H. AndrewsREVIEWS OF MAPSNORTHERN IRELAND — A MAP FOR TOURISTS. 1:250,000(1970); CASTLEWELLAN FOREST PARK. 1:10,000(1975); ADMINISTRATIVE MAPS; MAP CATALOGUE (1975 edition). 26 pp. Reviewed by: J. A. K. Grahame

Nine Years of MowingMy Ghost

Research Article| March 01 2014 Nine Years of MowingMy Ghost Jeremy Wood Jeremy Wood Jeremy Wood is an artist and map maker who founded GPS drawing in 2000 as a method of digital mark making using his body as a geodetic pencil. He explores drawing and mapping as a means of expression as well as capturing all his daily movements for the last fourteen years with GPS as a form of personal cartography, whether it's over land, on water, or in the air. He has lectured and conducted numerous workshops in schools and universities to explore the educational possibilities of GPS drawing, and was featured in the New York Times' “2003: Year in Ideas.” His work has been exhibited internationally and is in private and public collections including the Victoria and Albert Museum and the London Transport Museum. Search for other works by this author on: This Site Google English Language Notes (2014) 52 (1): 122–123. https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-52.1.123 Cite Icon Cite Share Icon Share Facebook Twitter LinkedIn MailTo Permissions Search Site Citation Jeremy Wood; Nine Years of MowingMy Ghost. English Language Notes 1 March 2014; 52 (1): 122–123. doi: https://doi.org/10.1215/00138282-52.1.123 Download citation file: Zotero Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search Books & JournalsAll JournalsEnglish Language Notes Search Advanced Search The text of this article is only available as a PDF. Copyright © 2014 Regents of the University of Colorado2014 Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

The Chairs Were Left Flat on the Street: Evidence of a Funerary Tradition in Ulster

In 1963 a questionnaire on the subject of local funeral customs was circulated by the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, which elicited important information on a range of traditions associated with death. In this paper, accounts of the custom of knocking over the chairs on which the coffin rested immediately prior to the funeral are analysed as a symbol of transference from the natural to the other world.

The London Underground and the London Transport Museum

The focus of 150th anniversary celebrations has been on the Underground’s pervasive influence on London’s social history and cultural identity, including iconic designs for station architecture, posters, and typeface. The Underground has been a barometer for the state of London: resilient under attack in 2005; and newly confident during the 2012 Olympics and 2013 celebrations, when the London Transport Museum delivered a restoration legacy in Metropolitan Railway Locomotive No. 1 and coach 353, a new published history, and a fresh approach to collecting through broader participation and social media.

Alan Gailey BA, PhD, Former Director of the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, 1935–2013

Alan Gailey BA, PhD, Former Director of the Ulster Folk and Transport Museum, 1935–2013

For the People's Good: Hans Schleger (1898–1976), Poster Design and British National Identity, 1935–60

This essay explores the impact on British visual culture during the period c. 1935–47 of modernist graphic designer Hans Schleger (1898–1976), born Hans Schlesinger, who adopted the pseudonym ‘Zero’ in the mid-1920s. Comment is offered on the complex nature of Schleger's German-Jewish-Polish background and his Anglophilia, which can be dated to a period he spent working in advertising in New York (1924–9). Attention is focused on the accomplished design work he produced after he emigrated to Britain in 1932 for British companies and institutions such as Shell-Mex BP Ltd, the London Passenger Transport Board (London Underground), the General Post Office, the Ministry of Transport, Ministry of Food, ICI, British Coal, the British Sugar Corporation and British Railways. Particular comment is made on the importance to the artist of the British and especially the English countryside of the Home Counties and the significance of his experiences in London during the Second World War in moulding his understanding of what he found attractive, admirable and praiseworthy about the British ‘character’ under duress. The essay concludes that it was Schleger's very ‘foreign-ness’, however skilfully camouflaged, which allowed him to study the British with an unusually forensic and revealing gaze. Since the publication in 2001 of a memoir on him by his widow, Schleger's work has featured prominently in a series of high-profile exhibitions held at: the Imperial War Museum, London; the Victoria and Albert Museum; the London Transport Museum; the Ben Uri Gallery, the London Jewish Museum of Art.

Mobilities Research in the Southern Hemisphere

Is there something distinctive about mobilities research being carried out in the Southern Hemisphere? This question arose in the course of a conversation I had with Professor Gordon Pirie over lunch at the Berlin Transport Museum, during the inaugural T2M Summer School held in September 2011.

A Nineteenth Century Mail Coach, a Fifteenth Century Sailing Ship and a Bus Crash: Re-Thinking Collection and Display in Transport Museums

This article was written originally as thought-piece in 2010 for the University of the Western Cape's Transport Museum Preparatory Project. Funded by the social development and corporate responsibility arm of Hosken Consolidated Investment (HCI), the company that owns Golden Arrow Bus Services, the idea behind the project was to propose a process that could lead towards the development of a museum of bus transport in Cape Town. By drawing on an analysis of the collections and display in existing transport museums I suggest that such a new museum may be able to go beyond the limits of an accumulative and incorporative approach. It can begin to broach the very question of ‘whose history?’ by opening up the politics of acquisition, collection, classification, circulation and display. I present a possibility of accomplishing this by tracking histories of two objects, one in the Outeniqua Transport Museum in George and the other in the Dias Museum Complex in Mossel Bay. These objects are counterpoised with a set of photographs of a bus crash that took place before the 1988 Dias festival and are in the latter museum's collection, but not on display in Mossel Bay. These photographs contain a multitude of interrupted pasts of production, reproduction, archival deposit and circulation that disrupt the conventional notion of history as linear change and challenge transport museums to move beyond representing a singular history in a sequential time.

Three churches at the ulster folk and transport museum

(2011). Three churches at the ulster folk and transport museum. Material Religion: Vol. 7, No. 2, pp. 297-299.

The ‘rough and tumble’: displaying complexity in the motor museum

The motor museum is traditionally a place to present motor vehicles as objects of art, speed and prestige to be admired and cherished by enthusiasts. At the same time, some museums have tried to present motor vehicles within a social history context, largely in order to attract a wider visitor base. Even so, transport museums and motor museums more specifically have considerable difficulty in displaying the more complex story of motoring, which takes in the full range of human interaction with the motor vehicle. This includes the tragedy of road trauma. This paper examines displays in some of the biggest and best-known museums in Britain and Europe and asks whether it is possible to offer visitors a more complex motoring story using the material culture of motoring.

The London Transport Museum

The refurbished London Transport Museum remains one of the finest museums of urban transport in the world. Although the main audience is a general one, the museum’s exhibitions, archives and study facilities offer much to the specialist historian of technology. The new galleries present a survey of the many ways in which private and public transport has contributed to the development of London over the past two centuries. While public transport vehicles remain the dominant visual focus, they are contextualized in terms of the wider social, economic, and cultural history of the metropolis. The result is a series of exhibitions which, within the constraints of the medium, offers visitors a good introduction to the historical co-construction of transport technology and urban mobility and development. A final, and less successful, exhibition suggests how the future of urban mobility might develop given the imperative of addressing climate change.

General

HistoryVolume 90, Issue 297 p. 93-118 General First published: 27 January 2005 https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1468-229X.2005.00324.xRead the full textAboutPDF ToolsRequest permissionExport citationAdd to favoritesTrack citation ShareShare Give accessShare full text accessShare full-text accessPlease review our Terms and Conditions of Use and check box below to share full-text version of article.I have read and accept the Wiley Online Library Terms and Conditions of UseShareable LinkUse the link below to share a full-text version of this article with your friends and colleagues. Learn more.Copy URL Share a linkShare onFacebookTwitterLinkedInRedditWechat Abstract Books reviewed: Marc Ferro, The Use and Abuse of History. Ramsay MacMullen, Feelings in History, Ancient and Modern. Beverley Southgate, Postmodernism in History: Fear or Freedom? C. Behan McCullagh, The Logic of History: Putting Postmodernism in Perspective. J. C. D. Clark, Our Shadowed Present: Modernism, Postmodernism and History. Alun Munslow, The New History. Patrick Manning, Navigating World History. Historians Create a Global Past. David B. Abernethy, The Dynamics of Global Dominance: European Overseas Empire 1415–1980. Hilary L. Rubinstein, Dan Cohn-Sherbok, Abraham J. Edelheit and William D. Rubinstein, The Jews in the Modern World: A History since 1750. M. Mulholland and B. Pullan (eds), Judicial Tribunals in England and Europe, 1200–1700. The Trial in History. Volume I. R. A. Melikan (ed.), Domestic and International Trials, 1700–2000. The Trial in History. Volume II. Joseph Canning, Hartmut Lehmann and Jay Winter (eds), Power, Violence and Mass Death in Pre-modern and Modern Times. Kenneth Chase, Firearms: A Global History to 1700. Mark McNeilly, Sun Tzu and the Art of Modern Warfare. Michael Stephenson (ed.), Battlegrounds: Geography and the History of Warfare. Clive Bloom, Violent London: 2,000 Years of Riots, Rebels and Revolts. J. Benson and L. Ugolini (eds), A Nation of Shopkeepers: Five Centuries of British Retailing. Marc Jacobs and Peter Scholliers (eds), Eating Out in Europe: Picnics, Gourmet Dining and Snacks since the Late Eighteenth Century. P. Riden (ed.), A History of the County of Northampton. Volume V Cleley Hundred. D. A. Crowley (ed.), A History of the County of Wiltshire. Volume XVII Calne Hundred. C. P. Lewis and A. T. Thacker (eds), A History of the County of Chester, Volume V, Part I: The City of Chester, General History and Topography. Gordon Biddle, Britain's Historic Railway Buildings: An Oxford Gazetteer of Structures and Sites. Colin Divall and Andrew Scott, Making Histories in Transport Museums. Keir Waddington, Medical Education at St Bartholomew's Hospital, 1123–1995. E. A. Heaman, St Mary's: The History of a London Teaching Hospital. David Taylor and Ruth Taylor, Mr Adams’ Free Grammar School. Richard Aldrich, The Institute of Education 1902–2002: A Centenary History. Doreen Rosman, The Evolution of the English Churches, 1500–2000. Jeremy Gregory and Jeffrey S. Chamberlain (eds), The National Church in Local Perspective: The Church of England and the Regions, 1660–1800. Justine Taylor, A Cup of Kindness: The History of the Royal Scottish Corporation, a London Charity, 1603–2003. Mary J. Henninger-Voss (ed.), Animals in Human Histories: The Mirror of Nature and Culture. Angela N. H. Creager and William Chester Jordan (eds), The Animal/Human Boundary: Historical Perspectives. R. V. Comerford, Ireland. Astrid Ringe, Neil Rollings and Roger Middleton, Economic Policy under the Conservatives, 1951–64: A Guide to Documents in The National Archives of the UK. Volume90, Issue297January 2005Pages 93-118 RelatedInformation