The huge number of possible permutations of genes, proteins and small molecules make the random emergence of cellular networks problematic. How, therefore, do interactomes come into existence? What selects for their stability and functionality? I hypothesize that interactomes originate from molecularly complementary modules (MCMs) that are selected for stability and retain their interactivity when mixed and matched with other such modules to create novel molecules and complexes displaying emergent properties not present in the individual components of the network. Because evolution can only proceed by working upon existing variants, and these variants emerge from selection of MCMs, the resulting systems must exhibit the characteristics of pleiofunctional, epistatic interactomes (PEIs). The resulting systems should display “molecular paleontology”, providing clues as to the historical process by which these MCMs were incorporated into the system. The MCM mechanism of PEI evolution is illustrated here by two case studies. The first concerns the prebiotic emergence of the glutathione–ascorbate anti-oxidant system and its later incorporation into regulation of glucose transport and catecholamine receptor activity. The second concerns the MCM evolution of the ribosome as, perhaps, the first PEI, and its role as a module for the later construction of the first cellular genomes.

2D Prussian blue and its analogues hold great promise for applications in catalysis, energy conversion, sensing, and memory devices, thanks to their open frameworks, surface activity, and directional ion transport. However, synthesizing high-quality and large-area 2D films remains a major challenge. Here, we present a robust and scalable liquid-liquid interfacial synthesis that enables the formation of continuous, 2D flakes of Prussian blue (Fe3+[Fe2+(CN)6]0.75) with tunable thicknesses from ∼2nm to several hundred nanometers. The controlled reduction of [Fe3+(CN)6]3- to [Fe2+(CN)6]4- enables slow, directed growth of 2D-FeFe layers. Unlike films formed from nanoparticles, this method yields high-quality flakes suitable for integration into devices. As a demonstration, we incorporated these films into Ag filament-based electrochemical metallization memristors. The 2D-FeFe devices ≥50nm thick exhibited reliable bipolar electrical switching, with high Roff/on ratios (∼106), >6h retention, and stability over 150 cycles. Strikingly, switching was observed across 1.5µm lateral gaps, far exceeding conventional silver filament formation distances, highlighting the superior ion transport and structural integrity of these 2D frameworks. This scalable approach to 2D Prussian blue, which has the potential to be extended to other related coordination polymers, offers exciting opportunities beyond memristors, enabling integration into technologies where thin-film compatibility, directional ion transport, and high surface activity are critical, such as catalysis, energy storage, and neuromorphic computing.

Real-time weather monitoring has become an essential requirement for supporting various community activities, particularly in areas sensitive to weather fluctuations such as agriculture, disaster risk reduction, transportation, and outdoor activities. This study designs an Internet of Things (IoT)-based weather monitoring system with a multi-node approach to obtain a more precise picture of environmental conditions in an observation area. The developed system consists of three Wemos D1 Mini-based IoT nodes equipped with DHT11 sensors for temperature and humidity measurements, BMP280 for atmospheric pressure, LDR for light intensity, and a rain sensor. All data is sent to the Firebase Realtime Database as the main repository, while a MicroSD module serves as backup storage in case of network connection disruptions. A Flutter-based mobile application was developed to present monitoring data in both numerical and historical graphic formats from each node. Test results show that the system operates stably at 1–5 minute transmission intervals and is capable of producing uniform data across nodes. This system offers a reliable, accessible weather monitoring solution and has the potential to be developed for more in-depth analysis purposes.

Introduction: Physical inactivity is a major global public health concern, with women consistently reporting lower activity levels than men. Beyond total activity volume, examining domains of activity—leisure, transportation, occupational, and domestic—is essential, as participation patterns are strongly shaped by socio-cultural influences. Objective: This study was to compare total physical activity levels and domain-specific activity patterns among women in Jordan and Hungary. Methodology: A cross-sectional comparative study was conducted involving 800 adult women aged 18–45 years (Jordan: n = 399; Hungary: n = 401) residing in Amman and Budapest. Physical activity was assessed using the International Physical Activity Questionnaire (IPAQ). Total physical activity was expressed as MET-minutes/week and classified into low, moderate, or high levels. Non-parametric statistical tests (Mann–Whitney U and Chi-Square) were applied to examine differences in activity levels and domain-specific participation between groups. Results: Hungarian women demonstrated significantly higher total physical activity than Jordanian women (median MET-minutes/week: 918.0 vs. 464.3; p < .001) and were more likely to meet health-enhancing physical activity (HEPA) recommendations. Nearly two-thirds of Jordanian women were classified as having low activity levels. Clear domain-specific differences were observed: Hungarian women accumulated activity mainly through leisure-time (91.8%) and active transportation (58.9%), whereas Jordanian women relied on occupational (69.9%) and domestic activities (30.3) (p ≤ .001 for all comparisons). Conclusions: Marked cross-cultural differences exist in both the level and domains of physical activity among women in Jordan and Hungary, highlighting the need for culturally and contextually tailored public health interventions rather than universal approaches.

Against the backdrop of rising global carbon emissions, promoting active transportation modes such as walking and cycling has become a key strategy for countries worldwide to meet carbon reduction targets and advance the goals of sustainable development. In China, the concept of low-carbon mobility has gained rapid traction, leading to a significant increase in public demand for non-motorized travel options like walking and cycling. From the perspective of inclusive urban development, gender imbalances in sample representation during design and evaluation processes have contributed to homogenization and a lack of diversity in urban slow-traffic environments. To address this issue, this study adopts a problem-oriented approach. First, we collect street scene images of slow-traffic environments through self-conducted field surveys. Concurrently, we gather satisfaction survey responses from 511 urban residents regarding existing slow-traffic streets, identifying three key environmental evaluation indicators: safety, liveliness, and beauty. Second, an experimental analysis is conducted to compare machine-generated assessments based on self-collected street view data with manual evaluations performed by 27 female participants. The findings reveal significant perceptual differences between genders in the assessment of slow-moving environments, particularly regarding attention to environmental elements, challenges in utilizing non-motorized lanes, and overall environmental satisfaction. Moreover, notable discrepancies are observed between machine scores and manual assessments performed by women. Based on these findings, this study investigates the underlying causes of such perceptual disparities and the mechanisms influencing them. Finally, it proposes female-inclusive strategies aimed at enhancing the quality of slow-traffic environments, thereby addressing the current absence of gender considerations in their design. This research seeks to provide a robust female perspective and empirical evidence to support improvements in the quality of slow-moving environments and to inform strategic advancements in their design. The findings of this study can provide a theoretical and empirical basis for the optimization of gender-inclusive non-motorized transportation environment design, policy formulation, and subsequent interdisciplinary research.

Urban traffic congestion is a growing challenge in many rapidly expanding cities, including Daraga, Albay. The study examines the role of infrastructure strategies in alleviating traffic congestion in the barangays of Bagumbayan, Sagpon, and Market Area Poblacion. A combination of road network enhancements, public transit improvements, active transportation facilities, and urban planning measures is explored to address the issue. The research employs a cross-sectional design, collecting data from 1,050 respondents through surveys and interviews. The findings indicate a high level of satisfaction with infrastructure strategies, particularly urban planning policies, which were deemed crucial for long-term congestion mitigation. Road network enhancements, such as road widening and intersection improvements, provided short-term relief, while public transit infrastructure, including Bus Rapid Transit (BRT) and railway systems, emerged as vital alternatives to private vehicle use. However, active transportation infrastructure, such as pedestrian walkways and cycling lanes, remains underdeveloped and requires further investment to maximize its potential. The study highlights the importance of integrated urban planning, including mixed-use development and transit-oriented strategies, to reduce dependency on private vehicles. Environmental and economic impacts, such as increased fuel consumption and productivity losses, are also examined. The study provides actionable recommendations for policymakers in Daraga, focusing on sustainable mobility solutions and the development of resilient transportation systems to improve urban livability.

While the relationship between daily travel and life satisfaction has been widely studied, its implications for transportation planning and policy remain significant. In this study, we extend the existing research by exploring how perceptions of accessibility via public transport influence both travel satisfaction and life satisfaction within a developing world context. A household travel survey was conducted in five neighborhoods of Lahore, Pakistan—encompassing both compact and sprawled areas—where 1,512 respondents provided retrospective insights into their daily travel satisfaction, perceived accessibility, and life satisfaction. Geographic coordinates of their travel destinations were collected and used to compute journey times through network analysis using the r5py library in Python. The direct and indirect effects of travel attributes, travel satisfaction, and perceived accessibility on life satisfaction were then analyzed using variance-based structural equation modeling with SMART PLS 4.0. Findings revealed that longer travel times were linked to lower levels of travel satisfaction, perceived accessibility, and life satisfaction. Additionally, in comparison to private modes of travel, active travel modes and public transportation were found to have more positive effects on travel satisfaction, perceived accessibility, and life satisfaction.

Sustainable management of PET waste via oxygen plasma-enriched PET/rGO/TiO2 counter electrodes in DSSCs.

ABSTRACT Active modes of transportation support positive health, environmental, and equity outcomes by promoting physical activity and reducing reliance on motor vehicles. Multi-use pathways are a type of active transportation infrastructure that supports a variety of modes and trip purposes. Because they accommodate diverse users, multi-use pathways have unique design considerations. Understanding the safety, comfort, and design of multi-use pathways can help practitioners understand when these facilities are appropriate and how to design them for the comfort and safety of all users. This paper presents a scoping review of the literature related to the safety, comfort, and design of multi-use pathways, with the aim of improving the understanding of the current research landscape and identifying gaps in the literature. Systematic search and screening methods were used to find 59 relevant papers. Common topics among the included papers were objective safety, user speeds, conflict/interaction, level of service analysis, and the exploration of user preferences. Identified research gaps included the need for more studies on emerging modes such as e-bikes and micromobility, a deeper understanding of user preferences and behaviour, more comparisons between different regions, and the use of findings to develop prescriptive design models for practitioners. The findings of this scoping review can guide future research in the area of multi-use pathways and help researchers produce useful findings to inform practitioners.

ABSTRACTBromodomain and extra terminal domain (BET) epigenetic ‘reader’ proteins are key regulators of both behavioural and molecular responses to cocaine. In substance use disorder (SUD) models, BET function has primarily been investigated using small molecule inhibitors that prevent both bromodomains of BET proteins from interacting with acetylated histones. Although these inhibitors have been shown to be effective in SUD models, the potential adverse effects of pan‐BET inhibition may restrict translational applications. Recently, RVX‐208, a clinically tested and domain‐selective BET inhibitor, was found to reduce cocaine conditioned responses and cocaine‐induced gene expression in the nucleus accumbens (NAc), while avoiding the learning and memory impairments associated with pan‐BET inhibitors. However, the effectiveness of RVX‐208 in cocaine self‐administration procedures remains unclear. Here, we investigated whether repeated RVX‐208 treatment during abstinence altered cocaine‐seeking behaviour in rats trained to self‐administer cocaine. Male and female Sprague Dawley rats underwent 17 days of cocaine or sucrose self‐administration, followed by daily treatment with vehicle or RVX‐208 (25 mg/kg, ip) during a 14‐day abstinence period. Rats in the RVX‐208‐treated group showed reduced lever pressing compared to vehicle controls. Sucrose‐seeking and open field behaviour (distance travelled and time in the centre zone) were not significantly affected by RVX‐208 treatment. Proteomic analysis of the NAc revealed that RVX‐208 modulated several proteins, including those associated with dopamine activity (DRD1 and SLC6A3), transcriptional regulation (NFKB1), glutamate transport (SLC1A2) and ion channel activity (KCNJ10), and many changes were sex‐dependent. Collectively, these findings indicate that domain‐selective BET inhibition is effective at reducing cocaine‐seeking behaviour and point to novel mechanisms that may contribute to its therapeutic effect.

Engineering functional CO2-concentrating mechanisms into C3 crops holds great potential for enhancing photosynthetic efficiency. Limited CO2-inducible A (LciA), a chloroplast envelope bicarbonate channel belonging to the formate/nitrite transporter (FNT) family, is a key algal CO2-concentrating mechanism component and has been considered as a prime candidate for introduction into C3 plants. However, its application has been hindered by an incomplete mechanistic understanding. Here we report the cryogenic electron microscopy structure of Chlamydomonas reinhardtii LciA. Combining structural analysis and growth assays, we determined key residues governing substrate access and permeation, and identified two substitutions (K136A/A114F) that enhance LciA activity. We found that bicarbonate selectivity is governed by electrostatic coordination mediated by Lys220 and steric constraint imposed by Ala117 and Val267 within the selectivity filter. Leveraging these insights, we successfully engineered the bacterial FNT family nitrite channel NirC through site-directed mutagenesis to gain bicarbonate transport activity, and we characterized the bicarbonate transport capacity of the Chlamydomonas nitrite channels NAR1.1/NAR1.5, which were amenable to further enhancement. Taken together, our study establishes LciA as a fundamental template for engineering and identifying FNT proteins with bicarbonate transport capability, thereby greatly expanding the molecular toolkit for synthetic biology approaches aimed at boosting photosynthetic efficiency in both algae and crops.

Structure-based engineering of bicarbonate transport activity unlocks the CO2-concentrating mechanism.

Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death worldwide, accounting for about a third of all deaths. Traditional risk factors like hypertension, diabetes, dyslipidemia, and obesity are well known, but iron also plays a crucial role in heart health. Iron is essential for oxygen transport, mitochondrial function, and heart muscle activity, and both deficiency and overload can harm cardiovascular outcomes. This review examines studies on iron metabolism, regulation via the hepcidin-ferroportin pathway, myocardial energy, oxidative stress, and clinical trials of iron supplementation or reduction in heart failure, chronic kidney disease, the elderly, women, and athletes. Iron deficiency affects over 60% of heart failure patients, leading to reduced energy, lower exercise capacity, and higher morbidity. Intravenous iron improves functional capacity, quality of life, and reduces hospitalizations, especially in patients with low transferrin saturation. Iron overload, on the other hand, increases oxidative stress, arrhythmias, and cardiomyopathy. Evidence shows a U-shaped relationship between iron and cardiovascular outcomes, emphasizing the importance of markers like transferrin saturation, soluble transferrin receptor, and hepcidin. Iron imbalance contributes to cardiovascular disease. Targeted assessment and treatment, including supplementation for deficiency and chelation or phlebotomy for overload, may improve outcomes. The ultimate aim of this review is to enhance perioperative management and long-term results for this highly vulnerable population by synthesizing current insights and addressing knowledge gaps.

Urban waterfronts are dynamic social and ecological systems that embody the relationship between people and water. This study investigates the prospects and challenges of developing a sustainable urban waterfront along the Turag River in Dhaka, Bangladesh. The study employed an observational structured checklist and short interviews for qualitative data collection of the Turag riverfront area. The data encompasses daily activities and available facilities to draw a current scenario of the waterfront, sorted and organised under the theme of the sustainability pillars. The collected data was analysed thematically to draw an interpretation to fulfil the study objectives. Results reveal that while the waterfront supports multiple livelihoods, leisure, and transportation activities, it suffers from pollution, unequal accessibility, and inadequate management. Findings emphasise the need for participatory governance, ecological restoration, and inclusive design aligned with national policies such as the Bangladesh Delta Plan 2100. Based on the findings, the study tries to advocate for some recommendations for the sustainable future of the Turag River.

This study introduces a joint inventory framework that links the vendor and the buyer, while addressing the production of both good-quality and defective units. During inspection, the defective items are separated to ensure that only flawless products are delivered to the buyer in several shipments. Instead of being discarded, the rejected units are directed to a secondary market where they are accepted at a lower price, which helps in minimizing waste. The model also integrates environmental aspects by considering carbon emissions generated in manufacturing, transportation, and storage activities. To promote greener practices, a carbon tax is incorporated, aligned with real-world pricing mechanisms and environmental regulations. This tax motivates firms to control emissions and adopt sustainable operations. The paper further develops a mathematical model to identify the optimal delivery schedule and cycle length under the effect of carbon taxation. A numerical example is presented to demonstrate the applicability of the model. The sensitivity analysis shows that while rising demand boosts profits, higher production speeds may decrease them, and increased carbon costs lower vendor earnings. These findings highlight the importance of strategic demand management, balanced production planning, and the adoption of eco-efficient technologies.

Abstract Scope 3 emissions, particularly those arising from transportation activities, pose a substantial challenge for manufacturing organisations seeking to reduce their carbon footprint. This study presents the development of a carbon dioxide emissions estimation tool designed to enhance the accuracy and practical application of emissions measurement for inbound transport within the supply chain. The tool integrates key variables, namely vehicle type, distance travelled, and load carried and employs Monte Carlo simulation to account for data uncertainty. Using empirical data from a manufacturing firm, the study evaluates the emissions impacts of various transportation scenarios. Results indicate that distance travelled and vehicle load are the primary determinants of emissions magnitude. While larger vehicles offer improved efficiency when fully utilised, emissions per unit of goods transported depend on load optimisation and vehicle selection. The analysis further reveals the considerable variability introduced by multi-stop routing and uneven load distribution, underscoring the complexity of real-world logistics. These insights underscore the value of scenario-based modelling for emissions estimation and provide a foundation for developing more effective decarbonisation strategies in transport logistics.

The influence of naturally occurring and in silico-informed mutations of MRP1/ABCC1 on the transport of arsenic triglutathione.

Suppression of the lipid-transport activity of OSBPL11 weakens the cytotoxicity of SAC-activating drugs by promoting mitotic slippage.

Re-thinking Walkability: Synergizing the Pedestrian Environment and Land Use Patterns to Promote Physical Activity in Older Adults.

NO2 exposure disparities in active transportation: insights from the 15-minute city