Evaluation of the transmission dynamics of Lawsonia intracellularis in swine.

The critical trade-off between ambient stability and moisture/oxygen barrier properties has long hindered the practical application of organic persistent luminescent (OPL) polymers, particularly for rapid-response photoluminescence in demanding environments. Such limitations are manifested in direct-doping systems, which suffer from humidity-induced mechanical deterioration and sluggish excitation kinetics. Here, we overcome this fundamental limitation by molecularly locking chromophores within a poly(m-xylene adipamide) (MXD6) matrix via melt doping. The engineered OPL composites leverage MXD6's exceptional barrier (oxygen transmission rate (OTR): 0.68 cm3·m-2·day-1·bar-1; water vapor transmission rate (WVTR): 5.3 g·m-2·day-1) to achieve efficient multicolor afterglow with high quantum yields (Φafterglow = 30.6%) and long lifetimes (5.6 s), operating stably without pre-photoactivation. Remarkably, they retain >90% of afterglow efficiency after 30 days of continuous water immersion. Integrated experimental and computational studies reveal that multiple disordered hydrogen bonding simultaneously rigidify the polymer matrix and interlock chromophores, establishing an oxygen and water barrier for triple excitons. This strategy enables meter-scale homogeneous fibers and transparent films that validate industrial viability for versatile luminescent devices. This work offers a universal paradigm for ambient-stable OPL polymers, solving the stability-barrier trade-off to unlock rapid-response luminescence in demanding environmental applications.

Design and characterization of a novel vehicle-mounted dual-reactor smog chamber for controlled and real-world atmospheric process simulations.

Injectable photo-crosslinked hyaluronic acid/carboxymethyl cellulose hydrogel for the sustained delivery of rhFGF2 and accelerated wound healing.

Chilled beef preservation by quaternized areca-husk cellulose nanocrystals and oregano essential oil encapsulated in a zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 in synthesized composite films.

Heat balance modeling and pathway analysis in membrane-covered aerobic composting: regulatory mechanisms of membrane properties.

Evaluation of a stable non-aqueous coupling medium for transcranial ultrasonic stimulation and sonogenetics.

Parameterisation of epidemiological models from small field experiments: A case study of banana bunchy top virus transmission.

To address the dynamic characteristics of data transmission across multiple data centers, enhance the utilization of network resources and the quality of data transmission, and prevent critical data loss, a dynamic priority-based optimization method for grouped scheduling of data transmission paths in multi-data centers is proposed. Based on the IEEE 802.1lp standard, this method categorizes data frames into four access categories according to their importance. It calculates the significance of different categories of data frames and the urgency of transmission tasks to generate a dynamic priority queue for data transmission tasks. On this basis, the transmission probability of data frames with varying priorities is computed. Using the A3C-optimized MPTCP algorithm as the core, the optimal set of transmission paths under different network conditions is determined. By incorporating the minimum round-trip delay algorithm and evaluating path transmission quality, transmission packets are scheduled and allocated within the selected path set, thereby achieving optimized grouped scheduling of data transmission paths for multi-data centers. Test results demonstrate that the proposed method effectively calculates data frame priorities and transmission task urgency, generating a prioritized data transmission queue for the data center. After scheduling optimization, the average link utilization exceeds 0.933; the data transmission rate remains above 685.5 kB/s under various network conditions, and the bandwidth utilization reaches above 88.66%.

Keratin was extracted from human hair waste and incorporated with neem-mediated silver nanoparticles (AgNPs), carboxymethyl cellulose, and aloe vera to fabricate a transparent nanocomposite film. The extracted keratin exhibited a characteristic protein peak and porous morphology, while AgNPs demonstrated a surface plasmon resonance at 430-460nm with spherical shape (< 100nm). The fabricated film demonstrated high transparency (75.67 ± 0.57%), moderate porosity (63.38 ± 0.61%), and a high swelling ratio (818.36%), supporting moisture retention; its surface pH (5-6) and water vapor transmission rate (1799 ± 43g/m²/day) favouring a moist healing environment, with 36.23% biodegradation over 28 days. The film showed potent bactericidal and antibiofilm properties towards S. pyogenes, E. coli, S. aureus, and P. aeruginosa, antioxidant activity (TPC 24.22mg GAE/g, DPPH 71.31%, ABTS 63.55%), and anti-inflammatory effects (BSA 68.69%, egg albumin 92.91%, RBC 66.69%). Cytocompatibility on HaCaT and L929 cells (IC₅₀ = 155 and 251µg/mL) confirmed the film's safety and regenerative potential. Overall, the fabricated biodegradable, bioactive, and cytocompatible composite film provides a multifunctional platform for wound healing by preserving moisture, reducing inflammation and infection, and promoting the regeneration of tissue. Future studies focusing on in vivo validation and long-term biocompatibility are important to confirm the film's scalability, sustainability, and clinical applicability.

Plague is a zoonotic disease of mammals caused by the bacterium Yersinia pestis. Because plague is primarily transmitted by fleas (Siphonaptera), rates of plague transmission are expected to increase with flea abundance. Edaphic factors can influence the abundance and dispersion of fleas, suggesting that soils may play important roles in plague ecology. From June to August 2010-12, in northern New Mexico, USA, we investigated the effects of soil texture, soil moisture, and soil water-holding capacity on the abundance of adult fleas parasitizing colonial, burrowing black-tailed prairie dogs (Cynomys ludovicianus, BTPDs). We sampled BTPDs 1,741 times on 20 sampling plots distributed among 13 BTPD colonies, detecting 9,541 adult fleas on BTPDs. Fleas were most abundant on BTPDs in areas with coarse surface soils, and in areas with moderately textured subsurface soils at the average depth of BTPD nest chambers. Coarse surface soils may facilitate water percolation to BTPD nests, where the moisture could generate humid microclimates that benefit desiccation-prone fleas. Moderately textured subsurface soils, of intermediate water-holding capacity, can store water, which may increase burrow humidity. Moreover, moderately textured subsurface soils in BTPD nests may increase survival of flea larvae and pupae, facilitating their development to adulthood. That said, excessive moisture and sodden soils can favor fungi and mites, some of which are lethal to fleas. In our study, fleas were most abundant in areas with subsurface soils of intermediate moisture content. Our findings complement an accumulating number of studies, indicating that edaphic factors play important roles in flea and plague ecology.

Socio-cultural factors, especially traditional burial practices that entail direct contact with deceased individuals, significantly affect the duration and transmission dynamics of Ebola Virus Disease (EVD). Deterministic models have offered essential insights into the spread of EVD; however, they often neglect the inherent randomness in disease distribution and do not sufficiently address the increased transmission risks linked to funeral practices. This study presents a new stochastic model, referred to as [Formula: see text], which includes a ’Funeral’ compartment [Formula: see text] to account for the deceased, acknowledging the significant impact of funeral-related activities on viral transmission. We modify the deterministic model by adding environmental white noise to create a set of stochastic differential equations that are more realistic in terms of their unpredictable nature of real-world epidemics. We provide a rigorous proof of the existence, uniqueness, and positivity of global solutions to the stochastic model. Our analysis yields a stochastic reproduction number [Formula: see text] and delineates precise extinction and persistence thresholds: when [Formula: see text], the disease diminishes exponentially, while for [Formula: see text], the model permits a singular stationary distribution, signifying disease persistence in a stochastic context. Numerical simulations employing the Milstein method corroborate these theoretical results. Sensitivity analysis indicates that an increase in the transmission rate during funerals [Formula: see text] and the overall transmission rate [Formula: see text] substantially intensifies the severity of outbreaks. Moreover, elevated levels of environmental noise contribute to greater fluctuations in infection patterns. Along with vaccination and contact tracking, this study emphasizes the importance of culturally relevant burial management procedures in EVD reduction initiatives. By simultaneously simulating cultural transmission pathways and environmental unpredictability, this approach fills a fundamental vacuum and provides a more comprehensive framework for developing public health policies and responding to epidemics.

Nanoparticle-based active packaging offers a promising strategy to enhance food safety and shelf stability through targeted functionalization. In this work, cerium oxide nanoparticles (CeO2NPs) and melanin nanoparticles (MNPs) were synthesized and incorporated into a β-cyclodextrin nanoemulsion (β-CD-NE) to construct a multifunctional inclusion nanocarrier system. The resulting hybrid nanocarriers were embedded within a sodium alginate (SA) matrix to form a bio-nanocomposite film (SA-β-CD-CeO2-MNP-NE). Film morphology was analyzed by field-emission scanning electron microscopy, and its structural and thermal characteristics were evaluated by Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy and thermogravimetric analysis. Barrier and environmental performance were further assessed through water vapor transmission rate and biodegradability tests. Incorporation of the hybrid nanoparticles enhanced the film's mechanical strength by 45% relative to the pristine SA film. The biodegradable SA-β-CD-CeO2-MNP-NE film exhibited pronounced antimicrobial activity, effectively suppressing microbial growth and extending the shelf life of packaged button mushrooms. These findings demonstrate the potential of β-cyclodextrin-stabilized cerium oxide and melanin nanoparticle systems for sustainable, multifunctional food packaging applications.

Plastic packaging poses a major environmental challenge, yet most paper-based alternatives rely on unsustainable coatings and additives to achieve barrier and mechanical performance. Here, we introduce an all-cellulose bilayer barrier paper in which cellulose nanofibrils (CNFs) function as a dual-purpose coating and reinforcement. Rather than applying CNFs as a postcoating, we employ a simple filtration process combining pulp fibers and CNFs that induces spontaneous bilayer formation, yielding a dense CNF layer atop a pulp-rich substrate. This design delivers outstanding performance: oil resistance exceeds commercial standards even at 85 °C (KIT Level 12), water contact angle increases by >60°, water absorption is significantly reduced (Cobb60 decreases from 290 to 50 g·m-2), and thermal stability can hold up to 270 °C. While air permeability decreases to near zero, the material maintains a moderate oxygen transmission rate at 50% relative humidity (97 cc·m-2·day-1·atm-1). Beyond a 200% improvement in mechanical strength and wet strength suitable for food packaging applications, the bilayer structure remains robust under folding and peeling, outperforming commercial papers for hot food, refrigerated meats, and baking. Importantly, the all-cellulose composition enables over 98% fiber recovery by recycling, substantially reducing the carbon footprint relative to commercial food barrier papers with limited recyclability. By combining nanoengineering, high functionality, and circularity, this work establishes a biobased platform for sustainable food packaging with broad societal and environmental impact.

Exploring biological "orthogonality" between plant and animal kingdoms provides a unique opportunity to mimic biological features of both kingdoms. This novel approach can provide solutions to problems that animal kingdom faces. In this study, we aimed to develop and characterize the Neolamarckia cadamba leaf-derived cellulose scaffolds (NCCS). Fresh Neolamarckia cadamba leaves were decutinized using an n-hexanes-diethyl ether and decellularized using 5% sodium dodecyl sulfate (SDS) for 120h and 2% sodium deoxycholate (SDC) solution for 48h. The leaves incubated in deionized water were acted as controls. Finally, the leaves were bleached in 4% NaOCl solution for 12 h. Histology, DAPI staining, and SEM study of scaffold showed complete decellularization with significantly reduced DNA quantity. Water vapor transmission rate and swelling percentage increased significantly and the scaffolds were hemocompatible. Contact angle revealed a significant increase in hydrophilicity and at maximum load of 2.83N, percent elongation at break was 0.094mm/mm. The FT-IR bands were not disturbed, and average roughness (Ra) and root mean square roughness (RMS) (Rq) of NCCS was 193.27nm and 153.48nm, respectively. Specific surface area, pore volume, and pore radius of NCCS were increased. The Madin-Darby canine kidney (MDCK) cells were adhered on NCCS and cell viability on decellularized leaf was 88.18% ± 16.12%. Subcutaneously implanted NCCS revealed infiltrated host cells. These characteristics establish NCCS as a sustainable, ethical and cost-effective substitute to mammalian tissue-derived scaffolds for biomedical applications.

Against the backdrop of drastic global climatic change, personal thermal management (PTM) textiles have emerged as a critical safeguard for human comfort and safety. However, the inherent trade-off between moisture management and active heating functionality significantly impedes their widespread application. Herein, a flexible Janus graphene fiber fabric (J-GFF) was fabricated via wet spinning, selective filtration, Ca2+-induced fiber fusion, and floating polymer modification strategies. By tailoring the interfacial fusion degree and surface treatment, J-GFF exhibited an excellent water vapor transmission (WVT) rate of 233.5g m-2 h-1 and superior evaporative cooling performance, benefiting from the formed hierarchical structures and adjusted wetting behavior. Thus, when the J-GFF was used as artificial wearable textiles, the temperature of the human skin surface decreased by 4.5°C under normal conditions, and even up to 14°C under heavy perspiration. Moreover, the produced fabric demonstrated extraordinary heating efficiency and flame retardancy, where fabrics could be heated to 175°C at a high heating rate of 690°C s-1 to withstand ∼500°C firing for over 15s. Thus, this work offers a novel avenue for developing next-generation all-weather and multifunctional PTM textiles with evaporative cooling, breathability, mechanical durability, and Joule heating and safety.

Data-driven trajectory tracking control of UAV systems under a novel probability-selection event-triggered mechanism.

Effectiveness of emergency vaccination in controlling a foot-and-mouth disease epidemic in a previously FMD-free without vaccination country.

Climate change, globalization, and urbanization continue to reshape the ecology of vector-borne diseases, allowing mosquito-transmitted arboviruses to expand into previously non-endemic areas. Increasing insecticide resistance, ecological disruption, and declining efficacy of conventional vector control strategies have prompted an interest in microbe-based alternatives. Insect-specific viruses (ISVs), a group of viruses restricted to replicating in arthropods like mosquitoes, have emerged as potential modulators of mosquito vector competence. This systematic review assesses current in vivo evidence on the effects of ISVs on arboviral replication, infection, and transmission, for the purpose of considering their potential application as biocontrol agents for arboviruses.Please confirm if the author names are presented accurately and in the correct sequence (given name, middle name/initial, family name). A systematic search strategy was applied to PubMed, Scopus, ScienceDirect, and Google Scholar to identify relevant studies. The selection process followed PRISMA guidelines and PICO-based inclusion criteria. RAYYAN AI was used to remove duplicates, for abstract and full text screening. Only in vivo studies analyzing interactions between ISVs and medically relevant arboviruses in mosquitoes were retained. Study quality was assessed using the Mixed Methods Appraisal Tool (MMAT), and data extraction followed JBI guidelines. A total of 3386 studies were found using the search strategy, of these 15 studies met the inclusion criteria. The effects of ISVs on co-infecting arboviruses were highly variable, depending on mosquito species, ISV strain, route of infection, and the phylogenetic relationship between the ISV and the arbovirus. Cell-fusing agent virus (CFAV), Nhumirim virus (NHUV), Palm Creek virus (PCV), Culex flavivirus (CxFV), Eilat virus (EILV), Espirito Santo virus (ESV), Yichang virus (YCV), Anopheles gambiae densovirus (AgDNV), and Aedes aegypti densovirus (AaeDV) showed suppression in either one or more of the parameters of vector competence used, such as replication, transmission, and infection rate, likely associated with mechanisms consistent with superinfection exclusion or competition for shared cellular resources. In contrast, Phasi Charoen-like virus (PCLV) and Humaita-Tubiacanga virus (HTV) enhanced flavivirus infection and transmission in Aedes aegypti, suggesting that some ISVs may facilitate, rather than inhibit, arbovirus spread. Additionally, in some studies where infection routes differed, neutral or inconsistent interactions were observed. ISVs act as context-dependent modulators of arboviral dynamics in mosquitoes. While some indicate biological inhibitory potential, others enhance viral replication or have negligible effects, underlining the importance of meticulous viral selection and ecological risk assessment before considering ISVs as biocontrol candidates. Carefully designed experimental, mechanistic and semi-field evaluations are important for ISVs to be considered as biocontrol agents within integrated vector management programs.

ABSTRACTBackgroundFoot‐and‐mouth disease (FMD) is among the most important transboundary animal diseases, causing widespread economic losses due to decreased productivity, trade restrictions, and costly disease management efforts.ObjectivesThis study aimed to characterize circulating FMDV serotypes and quantify within‐farm transmission dynamics during active outbreaks in Bishoftu, Ethiopia.MethodsFive epithelial tissue and 39 oral swab samples were collected from 11 dairy farms experiencing active FMD outbreaks. Samples were tested using quantitative reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction (RT‐qPCR) and antigen‐capturing enzyme‐linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) for FMDV detection and serotyping. A susceptible‐infected‐recovered (SIR) model was fitted to outbreak data to quantify transmission dynamics.ResultsOut of 44 samples, 37 (84.1%) were positive for FMDV using RT‐qPCR, and 23 (52.3%) were positive by ELISA. Serotypes O, SAT‐1, and SAT‐2 were identified, with SAT‐2 being predominant. Transmission modelling indicated an average transmission rate (λ) of 0.82 and a recovery rate (γ) of 0.32 per day, corresponding to a mean basic reproductive number (R0) of 3.7. The trivalent vaccine demonstrated low effectiveness (31% against single serotypes; 26% when adjusted for mixed infections), which was insufficient to achieve herd immunity given the high transmission intensity.ConclusionsThese findings demonstrate that vaccination alone cannot control FMD in these systems. Control requires improved vaccine matching and the combination of vaccination with enhanced biosecurity measures, such as animal isolation and movement control.