Transmission Of Private Information Research Articles

Anti‐leakage transmission method of high privacy information in electric power communication network based on digital watermarking technology

AbstractA method of transmission of highly confidential information in power communication network based on digital watermarking technology is proposed in order to reduce the leakage risk of power information and achieve the purpose of safe transmission of private information. This method establishes the data topology model of power communication network and connects the data receiving and sending terminals. Digital watermarking technology is used to embed digital watermarking in the information to be transmitted, encrypt the private information, and optimize the DES encryption algorithm to encrypt the information twice, so as to realize the safe transmission of information. The experimental results show that the digital watermark embedding rate, DES encryption rate, DES decryption rate and watermark extraction rate of the proposed method are all above 90 Mbps, and the file transfer time of 3965Byte is less than 5s, leakage risk rate and packet loss rate are 0.0001% and 0.006%, respectively, which effectively protects the security of high privacy information in the power communication network and prevents information leakage.

Institutional investor information network, analyst forecasting and stock price crash risk

In this paper, we construct the information network of fund investors based on the theory of social relationship networks and examine its impact of fund information sharing with analysts on stock price crash risk. Our results show that private information sharing among institutional investors reduces crash risk. Further results show that fund information sharing can alleviate analyst optimism bias and improve analyst forecast accuracy, which further reduces stock price crash risk. Moreover, these identified effects are more pronounced in a bull market than a bear market. Our study contributes to the research on private information transmission in fund information networks, and provides a new perspective for recognizing the relationships among institutional investor behavior, analyst forecasting, and stock price crash risk.

Do Institutional Group Holding Anomalies Drive Broad Market Trends?

This paper focuses on the behaviour of institutional investors in the Chinese stock market and quantifies their “group holding” behaviour. Using the Shannon entropy in network systems, the authors measure institutional investors' stock holdings strategy and internal private information transmission. A time-varying parametric vector autoregressive model between institutional behaviour and secondary stock market trends in China is constructed. The time-varying nature of the variables, response functions, and linkage mechanisms are explored and studied. The results of the data suggest that institutional investors' stock holdings and private information transmission have different mechanisms of influence on stock market trends. In terms of direction, they may diverge; in terms of size, institutional investors' “real money” is more impactful than “gossip”; in addition, they are asymmetrical in their stage of development and heterogeneous in different market conditions.

Dynamic shielding to secure multi-hop communications in vehicular platoons

Vehicular platoons are among the most advanced driving assistance systems that may generate considerable fuel savings and increase traffic efficiency. However, communication between vehicles in a platoon is always vulnerable to eavesdropping due to the broadcast nature of wireless channels. To address this issue, we investigate security issues from the physical layer perspective for multi-hop vehicular platooning. The dynamic shielding secured transmission scheme is proposed to guarantee the confidential transmission of private information. Specifically, the neighboring vehicles can alternately act as friendly shielders, which transmit jamming signals to interfere with the eavesdroppers without knowing the channel state information, and thus the secrecy capacity would increase. The mathematical derivation of secrecy capacity is obtained for performance analysis. Meanwhile, the numerical results verify the properties, efficiency, and adaptability of the proposed scheme.

Research on Information Leakage Tracking Algorithms in Online Social Networks

An online social network is a platform where people can communicate with friends, share information, speed up business development, and improve teamwork. A large amount of user privacy information existing in real social networks is leaked from person to person, and this issue has hardly been studied. With the rapid expansion of the network, the issue of privacy protection has received increasing attention. So far, many privacy protection methods including differential protection algorithms, encryption algorithms, access control strategies, and anonymization have been researched and applied. Information leakage means that the information shared by the user is disseminated or downloaded by his friends without the user's consent, and the transmission of private information will not be recorded. In order to track and find out the ways and methods of information leakage, this article adopts an unusual method, namely, the probability judgment based on trust. By screening the similarities between users, past information exchanges, and the topology of social networks, a trust model is established to evaluate and estimate the degree of trust between users. According to the rating information privacy of friends' trust, an information dissemination system is established, which can be applied to online social networking platforms to reduce the risk of information leakage, thereby ensuring the security of users' private information. At the same time, this paper expands the transmission system model without user authorization and proposes a fingerprint-based deterministic leak tracking algorithm.

An Improved Privacy Protection Algorithm for Multimodal Data Fusion

With the rapid development of Internet technology, the use and sharing of data have brought great opportunities and challenges to mankind. On the one hand, the development of data sharing and analysis technology has promoted the improvement of economic and social benefits. On the other hand, protecting private information has become an urgent issue in the Internet era. In addition, the amount and type of information data are also increasing. At present, most algorithms can only encrypt a single type of small-scale data, which cannot meet the current data environment. Therefore, it is very necessary to study the privacy protection algorithm of multimodal data fusion. To improve the security of privacy protection algorithm, combined with the idea of multimode, this paper combines the improved traditional spatial steganography algorithm LSB matching method and the improved traditional transform domain steganography algorithm DCT with AES encryption algorithm after modifying the S-box and then combines it with image stitching technology, so as to realize a safe and reliable privacy protection algorithm of multimode information fusion. The algorithm completes the hidden communication of private information, which not only ensures that the receiver can accurately recover private information in the process of information transmission but also greatly improves the security of private information transmission.

An anti-freezing and strong wood-derived hydrogel for high-performance electronic skin and wearable sensing

Inspired by the highly aligned, well-ordered microstructure, and anisotropic mechanical properties of biological soft tissues, artificial electronic skins (e-skins) have been widely reported in recent years. However, challenges remain in achieving green, high mechanical properties, and multifunctionality simultaneously. In this work, we present a smart e-skin system with an anisotropic structure that couples a cellulose scaffold (CS) derived from natural wood with a polyvinyl alcohol (PVA)/MXene nanosheets (PM) network through a facile freeze-thawing process, featuring high toughness and excellent conductivity. With the addition of a biocompatible cryo-protectant, the smart e-skin exhibit ambient stability, anti-freezing properties, and moisturizing capability. The strong cross-linking and bonding between the 3D hierarchical CS and PM polymer network enhancing the mechanical strength of the e-skin in a specific direction, and the tensile strength along the longitudinal direction reached 12.01 MPa. The wood-derived hydrogel e-skin is 75 times and 23 times stronger than the isotropic cellulose hydrogel and pure PVA hydrogel. The soft PM polymer network endows the rigid cellulose skeleton with outstanding flexibility. Importantly, the e-skin with remarkable electromechanical sensing can realize the real-time monitoring of various human motions. In addition, the e-skin can also realize the private information transmission and even object recognition in aquatic environments. This study provides a facile strategy for developing next-generation wearable devices and multifunctional e-skin systems with bionic characteristics.

Sender-controlled measurement-device-independent multiparty quantum communication

Multiparty quantum communication is an important branch of quantum networks. It enables private information transmission with information-theoretic security among legitimate parties. We propose a sender-controlled measurement-device-independent multiparty quantum communication protocol. The sender Alice divides a private message into several parts and delivers them to different receivers for secret sharing with imperfect measurement devices and untrusted ancillary nodes. Furthermore, Alice acts as an active controller and checks the security of quantum channels and the reliability of each receiver before she encodes her private message for secret sharing, which makes the protocol convenient for multiparity quantum communication.

The Informational Role of Ownership Networks in Bank Lending

AbstractThis article documents novel large-sample evidence on the informational role of interfirm ownership networks in bank lending. Using comprehensive loan-level data in China, we find that banks’ internal loan ratings at issuance predict subsequent delinquent events more accurately when borrowers are connected to banks’ existing customers via ownership networks. In post-issuance monitoring for delinquent loans, banks with access to ownership networks manage to downgrade their initial ratings before late payments. These findings suggest that ownership networks facilitate the transmission of private information for bank lending. Moreover, ownership networks are more important for transmitting information related to small and medium enterprises.

Bargaining with voluntary transmission of private information: An experimental analysis of final offer arbitration

In Final Offer Arbitration, both parties submit a proposal to an arbitrator. In the event the parties cannot reach a negotiated settlement, the arbitrator chooses the submitted proposal that is closest to her preferred settlement. In such a model, asymmetric information can lead to costly bargaining failure. Voluntary disclosure of private information has the potential to eliminate disputes which would otherwise arise. However, the timing of this information transmission is crucial, because information can be used by the previously uninformed party to submit a superior proposal to the arbitrator. Thus, there is an incentive to conceal information if it is to be revealed prior to the submission of proposals to the arbitrator. However, information transmission should occur if it takes place after the submission of these proposals. In this paper, we test this theory experimentally and find individuals with a strong case reveal their private information in 40% of negotiations when revelation comes prior to the submission of proposals and in 60% of negotiations when revelation comes after the submission of these proposals. Moreover, information disclosure by a party with favorable information increases the rate of settlement as predicted by the theory.

Coverless Image Steganography Based on Optical Mark Recognition and Machine Learning

The most significant factor to consider during private information transmission through the internet (i.e., insecure channel) is security. So, to keep this data from unauthorized access during transmission, steganography is used. Steganography is the scheme of securing sensitive information by concealing it within carriers such as digital images, videos, audio, text, etc. Current image steganography methods work as follows; it assigns cover image then embeds the secret message within it by pixels' modifications, creating the resultant stego-image. These modifications allow steganalysis algorithms to detect the embedded secret message. So, a coverless data hiding concept is proposed to solve this problem. Coverless does not mean that the secret message will be transmitted without using a cover file, or the cover file can be discarded. Instead, the secret message will be embedded by generating a cover file or a secret message mapping. In this paper, a novel, highly robust coverless image steganography method based on optical mark recognition (OMR) and rule-based machine learning (RBML) is proposed.

Bargaining with Voluntary Transmission of Private Information: An Experimental Analysis of Final Offer Arbitration

In Final Offer Arbitration, both parties submit a proposal to an arbitrator. In the event the parties cannot reach a negotiated settlement, the arbitrator chooses the submitted proposal that is closest to her preferred settlement. In such a model, asymmetric information can lead to costly bargaining failure. Voluntary disclosure of private information has the potential to eliminate disputes which would otherwise arise. However, the timing of this information transmission is crucial, because information can be used by the previously uninformed party to submit a superior proposal to the arbitrator. Thus, there is an incentive to conceal information if it is to be revealed prior to the submission of proposals to the arbitrator. However, information transmission should occur if it takes place after the submission of these proposals. In this paper, we test this theory experimentally and find individuals with a strong case reveal their private information in 40% of negotiations when revelation comes prior to the submission of proposals and in 60% of negotiations when revelation comes after the submission of these proposals. Moreover, information disclosure by a party with a strong case increases the rate of settlement as predicted by the theory.

An Agent-Based Approach for Time-Series Momentum and Reversal

This paper proposes a novel agent-based model combining private information diffusion to explain time-series momentum and reversal. Private information transmission allows heterogeneous trading strategies coexist in the artificial market. The experiments reproduce momentum in short horizon and reversal in long horizon in the artificial financial market. Moreover, the authors also analyze how the private information contagion affects the momentum. Meanwhile, the authors find the significant price trend and excess volatility of volume when private information diffuses gradually.

Secure Communications in Cooperative D2D Networks by Jointing Wyner’s Code and Network Coding

Due to the broadcast nature of wireless device-to-device networks, the transmission of private information is threatened by the exterior eavesdropping. Targeting at this problem, we jointly exploit the Wyner’s code and the linear network coding, in this paper, to improve the security. The function of the Wyner’s code requires the legitimate channel better than the eavesdropper’s channel, so we propose a novel relay selection scheme to achieve this objective. Specifically, two groups of relays have been selected. Relays in one of the groups are selected to forward the private information, and relays in the other group are selected to transmit artificial noise. In this way, we make sure that the signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) at the legitimate receiver is larger than a target value but the SNR at the eavesdropper has a certain probability less than the target value so that the security can be enhanced. Moreover, focusing on the problem that the Wyner’s code cannot achieve security if the SNR at the eavesdropper is larger than the target value, we propose a network coding method. In this method, the message to be transmitted is divided into multiple parts, and then these parts are correlated with each other by using network coding. Thus, the eavesdropper also cannot decode the private information even its SNR larger than the target value. We analyze the secrecy outage probability in theory, and the simulation results are provided to confirm our analysis.

Eliciting private information with noise: The case of randomized response

Theory suggests that garbling may improve the transmission of private information. A simple garbling procedure, randomized response, has shown promise in the field. We provide the first complete analysis of randomized response as a game and implement it as an experiment. We find in our experiment that randomized response increases truth-telling and, importantly, does so in instances where being truthful adversely affects posterior beliefs. Our theoretical analysis also reveals, however, that randomized response has a plethora of equilibria in addition to truth-telling equilibria. Lab behavior is most consistent with those informative but not truth-telling equilibria.

What Do a Billion Observations Say About Distance and Relationship Lending?

This paper documents novel large-sample evidence on the informational role of interfirm ownership networks in bank lending. Using comprehensive loan-level data in China, we find that banks’ internal loan ratings at issuance predict subsequent delinquent events more accurately when borrowers are connected to banks’ existing customers via ownership networks. In post-issuance monitoring for delinquent loans, banks with access to ownership networks manage to downgrade their initial ratings before late payments. These findings suggest that ownership networks facilitate the transmission of private information for bank lending. Moreover, ownership networks are more important for transmitting information related to small and medium enterprises.

Interlocking Board and the Selection of the Target Company: A Study from the Perspective Based on the Resource Dependence Theory

Based on resource dependence theory, we have selected 549 MA when there is greater information asymmetry in target companies or M & A companies, private information transmitted by interlocking directors becomes more valuable, so that interlocking board can make use of their information advantage better, which will exert greater impact on M&A target selection. Interlocking board provides effective channels for private information transmission in the process of M&A to mitigate inefficiencies that arise from information asymmetries in target companies or M&A companies.

The effect of large investors on asset quality: Evidence from subprime mortgage securities

Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac (the GSEs), the dominant investors in subprime mortgage-backed securities before the 2008 crisis, substantively affected collateral composition in this market. Mortgages included in securities designed for the GSEs performed better than those backing other securities in the same deals, holding observable risk constant. Consistent with the transmission of private information, these effects are concentrated in low-documentation loans and for issuers that were highly dependent on the GSEs and were corporate affiliates of the mortgage originators. Additional analysis of yield spreads shows that these performance differences were not reflected in prices.

Secure Communication in the Twin Paradox

The amount of information that can be transmitted through a noisy channel is affected by relativistic effects. Under the presence of a fixed noise at the receiver, there appears an asymmetry between “slowly aging” and “fast aging” observers which can be used to have private information transmission. We discuss some models for users inside gravitational wells and in the twin paradox scenario.

The Effect of Large Investors on Asset Quality: Evidence from Subprime Mortgage Securities

The government-sponsored enterprises (GSEs) Fannie Mae and Freddie Mac—the dominant investors in subprime mortgage-backed securities before the 2008 crisis—substantively affected collateral composition in this market. Mortgages included in securities designed for the GSEs performed better than those backing other securities in the same deals, holding observable risk constant. Consistent with the transmission of private information, these effects are concentrated in low-documentation loans and for issuers that were highly dependent on the GSEs and were corporate affiliates of the mortgage originators. Additional analysis of yield spreads shows that these performance differences were not reflected in prices.