Transmission Loss Allocation Research Articles

A Multipurpose Matrices Methodology for Transmission Usage, Loss and Reliability Margin Allocation in Restructured Environment

In the era of power system restructuring there is a need of simplified method which provides a complete allocation of usage, transmission losses and transmission reliability margin. In this paper, authors presents a combined multipurpose matrices methodology for Transmission usage, transmission loss and transmission reliability margin allocation. Proposed methodology is simple and easy to implement on large power system. A modified Kirchhoff matrix is used for allocation purpose. A sample 6 bus system is used to demonstrate the feasibility of proposed methodology.

A practical transmission loss allocation methodology for deregulated power systems

In any power network, the cost of electrical losses constitutes a large component of network operating costs. As a result of introduction of competition under deregulation, it has become much more important to be able to determine a strategy for fair allocation of losses among the stakeholders. This paper suggests a quadratic loss formula with nodal power injections as independent variables. The change in losses obtained by the bilateral or multilateral transactions is expanded in Taylor’s series. The computational burden posed by the second partial derivatives is reduced with introduction of a multiplying constant in the expansion without sacrificing the accuracy for each load levels of a 24 hour period. In order to ensure fair loss allocation, the possible negative loss at a bus, obtained by the cross-flows in lines, is corrected by linear interpolation. The method is tested on IEEE 14-bus system with five daily load levels.

Transmission Loss Allocation Based on Lines Current Flow

Transmission Loss Allocation Based on Lines Current Flow

Transmission loss allocation using combined game theory and artificial neural network

An artificial neural network based method is suggested for allocation of transmission loss in a deregulated power system involving bilateral contract based power transactions between power suppliers and the distribution companies. The proposed method allocates transmission losses to operating transactions on the basis of Shapley value game theoretic approach. For this, bilateral transactions for power system are simulated and corresponding losses are obtained through load flow analysis. Shapley value approach is used to calculate the loss allocations. A large number of such simulation cases are generated and a large data pool stores these possible bilateral transactions and the corresponding loss allocations following Shapley value approach. For allocating losses to the transactions of an operating system environment the required neural network is developed online. A simple filtering technique is used to extract the suitable training data that are close enough to the actual operating condition from the generated data pool and neural network is trained online. The performance of such a network when tested on standard power networks has been found to be very encouraging.

Transmission Loss Allocation in Transaction Frame-work using Genetic Algorithm

Transmission Loss Allocation in Transaction Frame-work using Genetic Algorithm

Cost Allocation of Transmission Losses in Electric Market Mechanism

Cost Allocation of Transmission Losses in Electric Market Mechanism

Cost Allocation of Transmission Losses in Electric Market Mechanism

This paper proposes a new method to calculate cost allocation of transmission losses based on a certain price of energy . A mathematic model is developed by manipulating of the network equation to separate losses. This model uses complex power injection and , does not use approximations and assumptions in determining the cost allocation of losses. The calculation begins from the results of load flow calculation and it is continued to calculate power distribution from a generator to every load and line. Finally, the separating of losses and cost allocation of losses are calculated. The proposed method is easy to be understood and applied. An illustration results on IEEE 14-bus system show that the method is consistent with expectancies and slightly different from several referenced methods.

Transmission loss allocation in a power market using artificial neural network

An artificial neural network (ANN)-based solution of the transmission loss allocation problem in a power market is suggested. The ANN proposed in this paper is a multilayer Perceptron network based on Levenberg–Marquardt algorithm and is capable of allocating losses to the agents identified as transactions in a power market. The network has a dynamic composition in the sense that it has to be trained afresh for determining the loss allocation of every transaction scenario instead of a network which is trained only once for all possible scenarios. The training dataset required is only a few in numbers and is filtered out from a large pool of data. The data pool includes the transactions values and their corresponding allocation of losses computed according to some established allocation method. Performance of the NN following game theoretic and proportional allocation of losses has been reported. Results are produced on standard test systems for bilateral and pool market operations.

Using nodal marginal loss coefficients for transmission loss allocation

Using nodal marginal loss coefficients for transmission loss allocation

Cost Allocation of Transmission Losses in Electric Market Mechanism

This paper proposes a new method to calculate cost allocation of transmission losses (losses), based on a certain price of energy (i.e. a marginal price of system). Here is developed a mathematic model through manipulating of the network equation to separate losses. This model uses complex power injection and, does not use approximations and assumptions in determining the cost allocation of losses. Its calculation begins from the results of load flow calculation and then is continued to calculate power distribution from a generator to every load and every line. Finally, to be calculated separating of losses and cost allocation of losses. The proposed method is easy to be understood and applied. An illustration results on IEEE 14-bus system show that the method is always consistent with expectancies and somewhat different with a few reference methods.

A Direct Method for Transmission Loss Allocation

Fair allocation of transmission loss among market participants is essential in the present restructured electricity markets. This paper proposes a direct method to find the loss allocation. The methodology is based on simple circuit laws and does not involve any assumptions. Considering the real power injection and real power loss contribution factors loss alloca- tion can be done. Case study of the proposed loss allocation methodology is conducted on an IEEE 14 bus system. Results are compared with the results of the existing methods in the literature.

Transmission Loss Allocation In The Deregulated Electricity Market Based On The Cooperative Game Theory

Changing the structure of electrical energy markets from traditional to the restructured state, considering the loss allocation has been unavoidable. The importance of this matter is because the amount of loss consist significant part of total electrical energy. Loss in power system is a nonlinear function of power so using linear methods could not be efficient. On the other hand, applied function must consider both network characterizes and participation rate in power supplying and power consumption. The purpose of this paper is to present an applicable and modern solution based on the cooperative game theory for loss allocation of transmission lines in both pool and bilateral markets. This method has been tested on a 4 bus systems and a 14 bus IEEE.

A new method for accommodating loop flows during transmission loss allocation

This paper presents a new method for accommodating loop flow in the process of transmission loss allocation including a generalised model for the transmission line. The developed line model is similar to the generalised circuit model based on the famous ABCD parameters. The proposed model enables unbundling the active power loss allocated to a node into two components; the first is the loss due to active power flow and the second is the loss due to reactive power flow. The same is done for the reactive power loss. Such separation of loss components makes loss allocation more transparent and explainable. In the presence of a loop flow, the power flow tracing algorithm gets faced with some nodes remaining in the system where no one of it is a pure sink node and hence gets stuck. The paper describes a method for loss allocation in the presence of loop flows based on signal flow graph manipulation techniques.

A fuzzy membership filtering aided neural network based transmission loss allocation scheme using game theory

The present paper proposes development of a transmission loss allocation scheme in a deregulated environment using fuzzy memberships and supervised neural networks. This method can be effectively utilized in online applications where game theory based solutions, which otherwise produce acceptable results, cannot be utilized for prohibitive computation load. We propose a fuzzy membership based approach to filter data from a global database and create a local relevant database, for each transaction detail online, each time. A neural network is trained for each such local database formed and utilized for estimating loss allocations among players, for the transaction detail under consideration. The proposed method has been employed for an IEEE 14 bus system and the results of our proposed method have been shown to be sufficiently accurate, when compared to results obtained by using game theoretic approach.

A Practical Scheme for Transmission Loss Allocation to Generators and Loads in Restructured Power Systems

A Practical Scheme for Transmission Loss Allocation to Generators and Loads in Restructured Power Systems

Transmission loss allocation through zonal aggregation

This paper presents a methodology for the aggregation of nodal generation loss factors into zonal loss factors, taking into account the geographic as well as the “electrical” proximity of the nodes to the zone centers. The annual net economic consequence (gain or loss) of each generator from the aggregation is estimated and used as an index for the evaluation of the methodology. Additionally, an algorithm for the automated zonal configuration with pre-defined economic consequences is presented. Starting from one zone comprising the whole power system, the algorithm finds the number of zones that keep the economic consequences of zonalization below a pre-defined threshold, and the resulting zonal configuration. By performing an exhaustive search using this algorithm for the “best” initial root node, an optimal zonal configuration can be identified that achieves the pre-defined level of economic consequences with the minimum number of zones. Numerical results from a real power system, the Greek power system, are presented and discussed.

Accurate Transmission Loss Allocation Algorithm Based on the Virtual Transaction Strategy: Comparison of Path-integral with Discrete Integral Methods

This paper presents a new algorithm to determine accurate bus-wise transmission loss allocation utilizing path-integrals dictated by the transaction strategy. For any transaction strategy, the total sum of the allocated transmission losses of all buses is equal to the actual loss given by the AC power-flow calculation considering the distributed slack. In this paper, the bus-wise allocation of the transmission loss is calculated by integrating the differential loss along a path determined by the transaction strategy. The proposed algorithm is also compared with Galiana's method, which is the well-known transmission loss allocation algorithm based on integration. The performance of the proposed algorithm is evaluated by case studies carried out on the WSCC 9-bus, IEEE 14-bus, New England 39-bus, and IEEE 118-bus systems. The simulation results show that the proposed algorithm is fast and accurate with a large step size.

A new method for transmission loss allocation considering the circulating currents between generators

AbstractA new method is presented for transmission loss allocation based on the separation of transmission loss caused by load and the loss due to circulating currents between generators. The theoretical basis for and derivation of the loss formulae are presented using simple systems. The concept is then extended to a general power system using the Ybus model. Details of the application of the proposed method to a typical power system are presented along with results from the IEEE 30 bus test system. The results from both the small system and the standard IEEE test system demonstrate the validity of the proposed method. Copyright © 2010 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.

Artificial intelligence solution to transmission loss allocation problem

The problem of transmission loss allocation of deregulated power system has been solved through the application of artificial neural network (ANN). Two network structures namely Levenberg–Marquardt back propagation (LMBP) and Bayesian regularization back propagation (BRBP) have been trained and their performance compared. It has been found that LMBP network gives faster solution for same accuracy level. As the working range of power flow transaction is quite vast, a huge volume of data need to be stored and processed for the training of neural network. The time needed for training of neural network against such huge data is prohibitive for real time application of the ANN based solution tool where raw data are used for training. A simple filtering technique has been found to be very effective to improve the solution time and training data volume requirement and make the proposed technique suitable for real time applications. With the use of filtered data for training both the training network have shown comparable performance.

Transmission loss allocation through modified Z-bus

The transmission loss allocation problem in a deregulated electric power system is first discussed in this paper and then a new method is presented that is applicable under the pool market structure. Given the load flow solution of a network, the method can be implemented easily to allocate active power loss among the market participants. In this approach, a relationship between the bus current injections and the generator or load currents is first determined using a power invariant matrix and then Z-bus matrix is modified, which allows the real power loss of the network to be expressed in terms of generator or load currents. The modified Z-bus method provides the opportunity to allocate total losses to both generators and loads separately. This is while common Z-bus method is only capable of allocating losses to equivalent injected current at each bus. An example, with a six-bus test system is used to illustrate the main steps of the proposed allocation strategy, and numerical results obtained with the IEEE 14-bus system are used to assess the quality of loss allocation procedure.