Background: Tumor-infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs) play a key role in the immune response against melanoma. They act as both markers of an active tumor environment and as treatments in adoptive cell therapy. This narrative review covers what is currently known about TIL biology, their prognostic and predictive value, and the use of TIL-based adoptive cell therapy (TIL-ACT) in advanced melanoma. Methods: We searched PubMed/MEDLINE, Web of Science and clinicaltrials.gov through January 2026 using terms related to melanoma, TILs, adoptive cell therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitors, neoantigens, T-cell receptor clonality, and spatial transcriptomics. We included original research, major clinical trials, translational studies and key reviews. Results: Melanoma often has many neoantigens, which leads to a high number of tumor-resident TILs. These TILs, their arrangement, and their interactions with myeloid cells influence how well they fight tumors. Features of TILs seen under the microscope and through other tests can help predict patient outcomes, even before treatment. Studies show that TIL-ACT leads to objective responses in about 30–50% of patients whose melanoma did not respond to immune checkpoint inhibitors. Some patients achieve lasting complete remissions, though the treatment can cause significant, mostly short-term side effects from lymphodepletion and interleukin-2. New research points to factors related to the patient, tumor, and TIL product that affect treatment success, supporting the use of biomarkers and combination strategies. Conclusions: TIL-based adoptive cell therapy is now a promising, personalized treatment for advanced melanoma after anti-PD-1 therapy has failed. Future studies should focus on identifying reliable biomarkers, improving TIL products, combining therapies to change the tumor environment, and making manufacturing more efficient to ensure more patients can safely access TIL therapy.

This article examines the function of translational praxis in conflict areas, with an emphasis on the modern Middle East. Through an analysis of a corpus of translated writings from Syria, Iraq, and Palestine, the study investigates how translation functions as a politically and ethically complex practice that influences power dynamics, resistance strategies, and identity. The study employs critical discourse analysis and narrative theory to identify four major themes: ethical silencing and omission, translator visibility and agency, strategic identity reframing for global legibility, and translation as a means of discursive resistance and narrative repair. The data analysis reveals that translation in conflict situations is an active intervention that mediates disputed narratives and rearticulates marginalized voices rather than a neutral linguistic transfer. While engaging in acts that both hide and expose aspects of conflict realities, translators emerge as moral beings who negotiate intricate institutional and political forces. By emphasizing the complex ways that translation interacts with ideology, ethics, and activism in conflict areas, the work advances critical translation studies. Additionally, it supports reflexive and context-sensitive methods that empower source communities, with practical consequences for translators and organizations engaged in media and humanitarian translation. Ultimately, this study emphasizes how translation can be a transformational socio-political practice that rebuilds resistance and identity both inside and outside of the Middle East.

Simultaneous determination of short-chain fatty acids and tryptophan metabolites by a propyl chloroformate- derivatized GC-MS approach.

Association between early arterial pH, base excess and lactate and 24-h mortality and neurological outcomes after cardiac arrest and cardiopulmonary resuscitation: a translational study.

The first oral relaxin receptor RXFP1 agonist for heart failure treatment: Translational studies from non-human primates to humans

Resilience in motion: emerging perspectives on stress, substance use and youth.

Genetic background and reversal learning: differences in behavioral flexibility between CD1 and C57BL/6 strains in the mid-session reversal task.

Bevacizumab was approved for first-line treatment of metastatic colorectal cancer (mCRC) in 2004. However, adding bevacizumab to treatment consistently fails to be cost-effective owing to modest response rates. Recently, the European Commission (EC) funded ANGIOPREDICT consortium ( www.angiopredict.com ) identified a link between bevacizumab treatment response and intermediate-to-high chromosomal instability (CIN) in mCRC. Thus, the objective of the current study was to compare the cost-effectiveness of adding bevacizumab with first-line chemotherapy in the bevacizumab responsive CIN subtype across three European countries (Germany, Ireland and Spain) with varying costs of care and reimbursement policies. We developed an open-source health economic model to estimate cost-effectiveness. The ANGIOPREDICT cohort informed progression risks and cause-specific mortality. Health utilities and adverse events probabilities were obtained from the literature. Costs were derived from surveys of collaborating consortium hospitals in Germany, Ireland, and Spain that participated in the recently completed EC funded COLOSSUS translational study (ANGIOPREDICT successor initiative) and the literature. Sensitivity analyses included individual and simultaneous variation of input parameters from a priori defined distributions. Bevacizumab was not cost effective even at willingness-to-pay (WTP) thresholds that are appreciably higher than those considered realistic. The highest incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was in Germany at €241,188 per quality-adjusted life year (QALY), while the lowest was in Ireland at €180,477 per QALY. All deterministic and probabilistic sensitivity analyses demonstrated that these results were robust. Even for patients with mCRC manifesting improved outcomes, adding bevacizumab to first-line chemotherapy is invariably not cost-effective in any of the countries examined. Variability in pricing, healthcare costs and WTP thresholds across countries did not commute this result.

Watching the clock: Blood pressure and cardiovascular disease influence circadian machinery in pre-clinical models.

Inflammation-induced Neuronal Damage in CNS Tuberculosis: Molecular Mechanism and Therapeutic Targets.

Knowing metalanguage of translation can help translators, especially translator trainees talk about translation and recognise translation operations. It can also help them analyse and discuss processes involved in translation, as well as grasp the principles of translation. The knowledge of translation metalanguage can also help translator trainees improve self-reflection, which can enable them to critique own translations. Indeed, self-reflection is like a meta-competence, because it can boost translation competence by helping translators evaluate and improve their work. Despite the above-stated benefits of knowing metalanguage of translation, the metalanguage of translation can often pose problems in scholarly discourse in Translation Studies (TS) since, in most cases, terms associated with TS resist definitions, because either they are not used in standardised ways or the manner in which they are used is confusing. Adopting a conceptual clarification approach via qualitative review, this study dissects relevant scholarly sources by analysing and presenting reflections of different TS scholars on the metalanguage of TS. It first foreshadows the challenges of the metalanguage of translation, then presents the rationale for investigating terminological complexities. In particular, the study presents the conceptual reflections provided by different translation scholars on confusing terms such as method, procedure, strategy, tactic, technique, shift, solution, problem and difficulty. After a thorough analysis, findings indicate that numerous meanings are sometimes assigned to different terms without any significant change to their basic conceptual content, thereby perpetuating the use of unique concepts bearing different names or similar terms describing different concepts. The study thus provides insights into addressing terminological issues in translation research and pedagogy while also suggesting some recommendations that can help in maintaining terminological consistency in TS.

Osteal macrophages (“osteomacs”) are resident bone macrophages that support osteoblast differentiation and bone formation. Despite their importance in bone homeostasis, their function in human bone metabolism and osteoporosis remains poorly understood, largely due to the lack of a standardized isolation protocol. Here, we present a protocol for isolating primary human osteomacs from femoral head specimens obtained during arthroplasty. After the removal of bone marrow to minimize contamination with marrow-derived macrophages, bone fragments were enzymatically digested and osteomacs were isolated using CD14-based MACS® or CD14/CD45/ALP-based FACS. Immunofluorescence confirmed macrophage identity and revealed expression of markers associated with both M1-like and M2-like activation states. Isolated cells displayed heterogeneous morphology and could be maintained in culture. This protocol enables reproducible isolation of human osteomacs and provides a foundation for translational studies investigating osteoimmune interactions in bone disease and osteoporosis.

Poetry is a form of literature that depends on artistic images to express emotions, feelings, attitudes, etc. It is, however, assumed that poetry is a difficult genre to translate, since some of the poet's feelings, emotions, and visualizations are untranslatable despite the translator’s professionalism and experience. This study aims to shed light on the translatability of the figures of speech in Moore’s English translation of Qabbani’s Arabic poem, ‘Letter from Under the Sea'. The ST and its translation are compared, analyzed, and discussed to see how figures of speech are rendered. Moreover, twenty native speakers of English were surveyed to see how they perceive the aesthetic effect of the poem, taking into consideration that they had no idea that the poem was a translation from another language. Throughout the analysis, it is found that figures of speech are translatable, but the degree of the aesthetic effect is distorted, thereby affecting the poem’s artistic and poetic images. The findings indicate that, while meaning is preserved in translation, the aesthetic effect of figures of speech is often diminished, underscoring the need for creativity-oriented, culturally informed translation strategies. The study highlights the partial un/translatability of figurative language in Arabic–English poetry and emphasizes the importance of sensitivity to aesthetic and imagistic dimensions beyond semantic equivalence. It also contributes to translation studies by providing insights into readers’ aesthetic reception, with implications for translator training, literary translation practice, and future research.

The introduction of translation studies at the 100-level under the Core Curriculum Minimum Academic Standard (CCMAS) presents unique pedagogical challenges, particularly for anglophone students with limited French exposure. This study examines the alignment between the intended curriculum and the assessment practices at Delta State University (DELSU), using a qualitative case study approach. Data were drawn from the CCMAS 100-level translation course outline, learning outcomes, a past examination paper, and representative class-based translation assignments including terminology exercises, the identification and discussion of translation tools, and extended written assignments The study employs Kiraly’s constructivist approach to translator education, which emphasizes that translation competence develops through task-based, collaborative, and scaffolded learning rather than rote memorization of theory. Using this framework, the study evaluates whether assessment tasks provide sufficient scaffolding for beginner learners to acquire practical translation skills. Findings reveal a pedagogical gap: while the curriculum emphasizes simple word and sentence translation, DELSU tasks often require students to complete cognitively demanding exercises, such as producing 5-page assignments with translation terminology in French and English, which exceed learners’ scaffolded competence after only four months of French study. The study underscores the need for progressive, task-based instruction that gradually builds competence, aligns assignments with beginner learners’ abilities, and provides structured guidance and feedback. By situating DELSU as a case study, the paper offers insights into the design of beginner-level translation pedagogy under CCMAS, highlighting strategies to enhance competence development, learner engagement, and assessment alignment.

Recent clinical and translational studies have increasingly highlighted the promise of combined stem cell strategies for neurorestoration following ischemic stroke. In this correspondence, we reflect on the recent trial by Yang et al , which reported that co-transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) and neural stem cells (NSCs) yielded significantly greater functional recovery in patients with acute cerebral infarction, as evidenced by improvements in both Barthel Index and National Institutes of Health Stroke Scale scores. Notably, this dual-cell intervention was accompanied by robust elevation of angiogenic and neurotrophic mediators, particularly vascular endothelial growth factor and basic fibroblast growth factor, suggesting a biologically plausible mechanism for the observed clinical benefit. MSCs contribute through trophic support, immunomodulatory effects, and promotion of vascular regeneration, whereas NSCs primarily facilitate neuronal replacement and reorganization of neural circuits. Together, these mechanisms offer a comprehensive, multitargeted approach to address the multifactorial nature of stroke pathology. Building on this pivotal work, we call for mechanistic studies and multicenter randomized clinical trials to refine cell dosing, timing, and bioengineering strategies, paving the way for the clinical integration of MSC/NSC co-therapy as a next-generation regenerative treatment for stroke.

Introduction: The escalating burden of cancer demands innovative solutions beyond conventional therapies. Nanorobotics, integrating nanotechnology and artificial intelligence, has emerged as a transformative approach to cancer diagnostics and therapeutics. This review highlights the recent advancements in cancer-targeting nanorobots, focusing on their design, functional mechanisms, and clinical potential. Methods: A systematic review of peer-reviewed literature from 2015 to 2024 was conducted using databases such as PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science. The analysis included experimental studies, clinical trials, and review articles discussing nanorobot fabrication, targeting mechanisms, and therapeutic payload delivery in oncology. Results: Nanorobots have demonstrated precise tumor detection, targeted drug delivery, and realtime biosensing through the integration of biomolecular recognition, magnetic or chemical propulsion systems, and stimuli-responsive release mechanisms. Notable innovations include DNA origami-based nanorobots, magnetically guided micromachines, and enzyme-powered nanodevices, which exhibit enhanced biocompatibility and tumor specificity. Preclinical models showed improved therapeutic index, reduced systemic toxicity, and synergistic effects with existing therapies. Discussion: While nanorobots exhibit immense promise in overcoming limitations of conventional cancer treatments, challenges remain in terms of immune evasion, long-term biocompatibility, large-scale manufacturing, and regulatory approval. Integrating AI-driven control systems and responsive materials may further refine targeting precision and clinical outcomes. Conclusion: Nanorobotics holds the potential to revolutionize cancer care by offering highly specific, minimally invasive, and programmable therapeutic solutions. Future research should focus on translational studies, safety assessments, and the development of standardized protocols for clinical application.

Introduction. F.M. Dostoevsky's novel "Crime and Punishment" belongs to world literature, and the presence of constantly published new translations testifies to the interest in it. The objective of this study is a comparative analysis of translations of F.M. Dostoevsky's novel “Crime and Punishment” in the diachronic aspect. This article assesses changes in the translation norm. Methodology and sources. The research material was the novel “Crime and Punishment” by F.M. Dostoevsky, as well as translations into English by C. Garnett, D. McDuff, R. Pevear and L. Volokhonskaya. The following methods were used in the course of the work: comparative-contrastive, descriptive, and contextual. Results and discussion. Early translations of the novel are characterized by ease of perception, but at the same time they lose markers of the original culture by neutralizing them and replacing them with markers of the receiving culture. Later translations demonstrate a conscious effort on the part of the translator to emphasize the work's belonging to another culture, as a result of which the text of the translation becomes more difficult to perceive: it abounds in transliterated elements and translation comments. A special case is demonstrated by translations that maintain a balance between domestication and foreignization, as a result of which the text of the translation retains cultural accuracy, readability and redundancy of descriptive elements (translation comments), which do not complicate the perception of the text, but bring the reader closer to the original culture. Conclusion. The differences revealed in the linguocultural adaptation of culturally marked vocabulary demonstrate different attitudes towards the “visibility” and “invisibility” of the translator, however, during the study it was revealed that maintaining a balance between the two extremes allows one to generate a translation that is easy to perceive and retains foreign linguistic and cultural inclusions.

Background: Saliva has been identified as a valuable diagnostic biofluid due to its non-invasive collection and its capacity to reflect oral and systemic biological processes. Advances in analytical chemistry, biosensing technologies, and artificial intelligence (AI)-assisted data integration have broadened the applications of salivary diagnostics. Among salivary exposome components, heavy metals such as lead, cadmium, mercury, nickel, chromium, arsenic, and aluminum serve as biologically and clinically relevant indicators of environmental exposure, toxic burden, and disease-associated molecular disorders. Methods: This structured review integrates clinical, experimental, and translational studies published between January 2020 and January 2026 that examined salivary heavy metal profiling in relation to oral health. Evidence was identified using systematic searches of PubMed/MEDLINE and supplementary sources. Studies were qualitatively assessed regarding analytical methodologies, reported concentration ranges, biological mechanisms, disease associations, and the development of digital and AI-assisted diagnostic applications. Results: Thirteen human clinical studies and six animal or in vivo investigations met the inclusion criteria. Across these studies, altered salivary metal profiles were linked to oxidative stress, inflammatory signaling, immune dysregulation, microbiome disturbances, and genotoxic markers relevant to periodontal disease, oral mucosal pathology, and the risk of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry was the predominant analytical platform, while emerging biosensor technologies showed potential for rapid detection and monitoring. Digital and AI-based approaches were identified as promising tools for integrating metallomic data with clinical and molecular biomarkers to support exposure-informed risk stratification. Conclusions: Salivary heavy metal profiling represents a biologically informative, non-invasive method for exposure-aware risk assessment in oral health. Although current clinical translation is limited by methodological variability, small cohort sizes, and the lack of standardized reference ranges, integration with digital biosensing platforms and explainable AI frameworks might facilitate scalable, precision-oriented salivary diagnostics.

Oxygen-dependent modulation of the human complement system during acute normobaric hypoxia: a translational plasma proteomics study.

To compare the ALGO Smart Pump (ALGO), operating in Adaptive Pulsatile Aspiration (APA™) and Static modes, with the Penumbra ENGINE during in-vitro mechanical thrombectomy, and to determine whether adaptive pulsatile aspiration improves complete clot ingestion (CCI) and reduces aspiration time across catheters sizes and catheter-to-artery (C/A) ratios. Apre-specified integrative analysis of two previously completed in-vitro thrombectomy studies was conducted using astandardized middle cerebral artery occlusion model. Atotal of 720 thrombectomy procedures were performed by two experienced operators using twelve commercial catheters (six small-bore, six large-bore). Three aspiration modalities were tested: ALGO APA™, ALGO Static, and Penumbra ENGINE continuous aspiration (n = 30 per catheter-pump pairing). The primary endpoint was CCI; secondary endpoint was aspiration time. Outcome analysis included two-way ANOVA and Chi-squared tests, with catheter, operator, and C/A ratio terms. The ALGO demonstrated ahigher median CCI rate than Penumbra (81.4% vs. 56.1%, χ2(1) = 52.364, p < 0.001). Aspiration times were significantly shorter with ALGO, particularly in APA™ mode (43.8 s vs. 60.6 s, p < 0.001). Two-way ANOVA demonstrated significant interaction between catheter size and pump type (p < 0.001), with ALGO notably improving small-bore catheter performance. CCI correlated positively with catheter-to-artery (C/A) ratio across both systems, with ALGO maintaining higher success across all ratios. Adaptive pulsatile aspiration enhances clot ingestion efficiency and reduces aspiration time in an in-vitro thrombectomy model, particularly for smaller catheters. These findings support further translational studies on optimizing aspiration dynamics to enhance first-pass success in endovascular stroke therapy.