Translation Of Terminology Research Articles

LEGAL TERMINOLOGY TRANSLATION IN THE TRAINING OF LAW STUDENTS: DIFFICULTIES

The article presents certain difficulties in translating legal terms in training future lawyers. The translation of legal terminology is a comprehensive process that involves knowledge of grammar, common and legal vocabulary, words and phrases of Latin origin, and others. Definitions of «legal terminology», «legal term» and «legal translation» are highlighted. It is stated that legal translation requires a translator’s awareness of the laws, culture, history, national traditions of the source language and the target language in order to reproduce the source information of the target language adequately and fully. The importance of translation dictionaries of legal terminology is emphasized. It is highlighted that information in the third edition of «Documents of the Consultative Council of European Judges» is available in English and Ukrainian. The educational tutorial “Comparative Judicial Law” in the Ukrainian language, which contains information for a full understanding of the judicial system for translating terms has been analyzed. The difficulties of rendering words of Latin origin, passive voice, and clichés are analyzed on the basis of the court case «Francisco Cunanan Pamintuan, Petitioner v. Department of the Navy». It should be remembered that Latin words and phrases are often not translated. The court-presented examples may be used without modification, however, it is advisable to explain or translate them when using them in foreign language classes. One has revealed the methods of translation of legal terms-realities, which are non-equivalent lexical units, as it is difficult to reflect the national identity of a certain country and to find an equivalent that conveys stylistic and semantic nuances in the text of the source language. It has been made clear how important it is to understand the laws, customs, and culture of both one’s own country and the native speaker’s country. It is emphasized that lawyers who work with foreign clients or help Ukrainians who have partners abroad must understand linguistic problems and know legal terms in the process of communication. It is noted that a promising area for the education of law students is the compilation of explanatory and translation dictionaries, which will also help to further lexicography.

Proposal of translation of commonly-used acupuncture and moxibustion terminology by Beijing University of Chinese Medicine

Proposal of translation of commonly-used acupuncture and moxibustion terminology by Beijing University of Chinese Medicine

English-Arabic Translation of COVID-19 Prevention and Control Terminology: A Domesticating Approach

The outbreak of COVID-19 in 2020 brought a crucial need for clear instructions to control and prevent the virus’s spread. In the context of the Arabic language, the demand for medical translators soared and the public needed clear health guidance more than ever before. This study aims to investigate the challenges of the English-Arabic translation of COVID-19 prevention and control terminology using a domesticating approach (Venuti, 1995) to overcome any challenges. A set of criteria, “conciseness, precision and appropriateness” (Giaber and Sharkas, 2021) is used for the assessment of the quality of the translation. Additionally, a questionnaire of English-Arabic translation samples is answered by 32 participants (26 males and 6 females), to evaluate the quality of these translations based on “clarity and naturalness” (Halimah, 2015). The results indicate that linguistic and cultural challenges are found in the English-Arabic translation of COVID-19 prevention and control terminology. They also indicate that the application of a domesticating approach improves their quality and helps to overcome linguistic and cultural challenges in translation.

A Data Transformation Methodology to Create Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable Health Data: Software Design, Development, and Evaluation Study.

Sharing health data is challenging because of several technical, ethical, and regulatory issues. The Findable, Accessible, Interoperable, and Reusable (FAIR) guiding principles have been conceptualized to enable data interoperability. Many studies provide implementation guidelines, assessment metrics, and software to achieve FAIR-compliant data, especially for health data sets. Health Level 7 (HL7) Fast Healthcare Interoperability Resources (FHIR) is a health data content modeling and exchange standard. Our goal was to devise a new methodology to extract, transform, and load existing health data sets into HL7 FHIR repositories in line with FAIR principles, develop a Data Curation Tool to implement the methodology, and evaluate it on health data sets from 2 different but complementary institutions. We aimed to increase the level of compliance with FAIR principles of existing health data sets through standardization and facilitate health data sharing by eliminating the associated technical barriers. Our approach automatically processes the capabilities of a given FHIR end point and directs the user while configuring mappings according to the rules enforced by FHIR profile definitions. Code system mappings can be configured for terminology translations through automatic use of FHIR resources. The validity of the created FHIR resources can be automatically checked, and the software does not allow invalid resources to be persisted. At each stage of our data transformation methodology, we used particular FHIR-based techniques so that the resulting data set could be evaluated as FAIR. We performed a data-centric evaluation of our methodology on health data sets from 2 different institutions. Through an intuitive graphical user interface, users are prompted to configure the mappings into FHIR resource types with respect to the restrictions of selected profiles. Once the mappings are developed, our approach can syntactically and semantically transform existing health data sets into HL7 FHIR without loss of data utility according to our privacy-concerned criteria. In addition to the mapped resource types, behind the scenes, we create additional FHIR resources to satisfy several FAIR criteria. According to the data maturity indicators and evaluation methods of the FAIR Data Maturity Model, we achieved the maximum level (level 5) for being Findable, Accessible, and Interoperable and level 3 for being Reusable. We developed and extensively evaluated our data transformation approach to unlock the value of existing health data residing in disparate data silos to make them available for sharing according to the FAIR principles. We showed that our method can successfully transform existing health data sets into HL7 FHIR without loss of data utility, and the result is FAIR in terms of the FAIR Data Maturity Model. We support institutional migration to HL7 FHIR, which not only leads to FAIR data sharing but also eases the integration with different research networks.

Хэлний бодлого төлөвлөлтийн асуудал ба монгол хэлний хөгжил

Purpose of the article deals with the role of language development and language planning with terminology work. One way of developing a language is to understand subtleties of developed languages. To measure language development some criteria are suggested: terminologization, increasing of precision, standardization, reducing of loan-words and increasing of scientific concepts in native language. We need terminology standardization to express individual terms in single definitions and understandings of concepts throughout the world. But in most of our professional fields, there is no standard of term translated and interpreted. In large-scale scientific literature translation in which many people are involved, inconsistency in the translation of the same terminology is inevitable. 
 This paper carried out a comprehensive analysis to terminology definition inconsistency, finding that most are terminology with same meaning but different concepts and definition.

К вопросу о специфике юридического перевода (на материале немецкого, французского и испанского языков)

Legal terms are not uniform at the international level, but they are closely connected with a national legal system. This implies serious conceptual inconsistencies. The above-mentioned systemic connection leads to the fact that either boundaries of terms’ meanings belonging to different jurisdictions or the degree of their explication may vary. Despite some similarities in legal systems, primarily of European countries, each state has its own legal order, conceptual and terminological systems, specific legal rules, forms and procedures of judicial proceedings. The purpose of the article is to analyze the main causes of difficulties in translation of legal terminology from German, French and Spanish languages. To achieve this goal, the following tasks have been set in the research: to analyze the specifics of legal language and of legal documents translation as well as the issues of equivalency in legal translation; to select the samples from the above-mentioned languages that clearly demonstrate difficulties in translation of texts from such branches as civil and criminal law, administrative and civil codes, etc. The problems a translator faces due to the socio-cultural content of legal terms can be solved by means of various resources. As research methods the authors have used the method of comparison, typical for a comparative law, the method of continuous sampling of legal terminological units in French, Spanish and German legal texts, comparative analysis of terms and their translated equivalents, and the method of written translation. The results of the conducted analysis will be useful both for further studies of legal discourse and in theoretical and practical classes on legal text translation.

Дидактика технического перевода с использованием отраслевого словаря-тезауруса

The paper is about the didactics of technical translation based on the thesaurus-type dictionaries on particular industries. The paper outlines the problems that arise in the process of translating scientific and technical terminology from French into Russian. The main focus is on modern methods of translation of foreign technical terminology on the basis of the thesaurus. In this regard, the authors present a technology for translating French automotive terms into Russian using a French-Russian automotive thesaurus. The methodological algorithm for technical translation includes didactic operations that provide the following: searching for a French technical term in the alphabetical index to the thesaurus in order to determine the addresses of semantic fields; sequential access to the semantic fields of the French technical term at the specified addresses in the thesaurus; the final choice of the Russian equivalent of a foreign technical term as a result of the analysis of its semantic fields taking into account the current context. Thesaurus technology used in the process of teaching special technical translation in the professional training of linguist-translators best contributes not only to the development of knowledge, skills, and translation experience that make up the professional competence of a linguist-translator, but to their effective application in the future professional activities. The main objective of this work is to increase the efficiency of training future translators through the development of their professional competence based on the thesaurus approach as a linguo-didactic tool. The thesaurus approach to the translation of technical texts is considered as a linguo-didactic tool for the formation of a translator’s professional competence.

Структурно-семантичні характеристики термінологічної лексики в художньому творі та особливості її перекладу (на матеріалі роману Джона Грішема «Фірма»)

The article substantiates the importance of the problem of adequate translation of English economic terms into the Ukrainian language, as they carry a serious semantic load in artistic works. The source of the factual material was John Grisham’s novel «The Firm». The purpose of the work is to show on the material of an artistic work how professional and terminological vocabulary is used as one of the means of artistic imagery and to conduct an analysis of the structural and semantic characteristics of the terminology and the peculiarities of its translation into the Ukrainian language. The total volume of the sample is 786 terms, of which 458 are English economic terminological combinations. As a result of the analysis, it was established that English economic terminological phrases are formed according to two- and three-component models, characterized by different degrees of usage in the language. The most productive model of the syntactic method of term formation is adjective + noun. It is noted that, in general, economic terms have the same ways of translation from English into Ukrainian as all other terms. The main problem of translation of English economic terminological combinations is their ambiguity not only among different branches of science, but also within the economic field itself. Particular attention is paid to the fact that the main techniques used in the translation of non-equivalent economic terminology from English to Ukrainian are calque or word-for-word translation and descriptive translation, transcription or transliteration is less often used.

FEATURES OF TRANSLATION OF MILITARY TERMINOLOGY

FEATURES OF TRANSLATION OF MILITARY TERMINOLOGY

Challenges of Croatian Linguistic Terminology

The first part of the paper gives an overview of the Croatian Linguistic Terminology – Jena project stating its goals and achievements. The project is now (March 2023) in its last year. In the second part of the paper, plans and challenges of the project are discussed. Special attention is paid to the relation of linguistic terminology to anthropological (anthropolinguistic) terminology and the Jena project to the ANTRONA project, the first humanities and social sciences terminology project in the Struna program. The central part of the paper focuses on some of the most important issues and challenges (supported by examples) connected with the translation of Croatian onomastic terminology into English and vice versa.

BIOTECHNOLOGICAL TERMINOLOGY IN THE RESEARCH OF UKRAINIAN LINGUISTS

The purpose of this review article is to systematize the results of scientific research by Ukrainian linguists devoted to the study of English biotechnological terminology. Biotechnology, as an important field of scientific research and technological development, is developing extremely fast, which requires constant updating and expansion of lexical and terminological bases. Ukrainian linguists analyze the origin and structure of biotechnological terms, classification and evolution of terminology in this field. Aspects of neologization and innovation in the terminology of biotechnology are also considered. The article notes the achieved results of Ukrainian linguists in the study of the origin, semantic and morphological analyzes of terms. It is emphasized that Ukrainian researchers are actively working on the systematization and classification of terminology, as well as researching the specifics of the formation and structure of biotechnological terms. The author identifies problems that require further research. First, the biotech industry continues to grow and evolve, resulting in new terms and concepts. This dynamic requires constant updating and expansion of terminological bases. Some aspects of the semantic nuances of the terms may also require further clarification and analysis. Secondly, an important task is to study the translation of biotechnological terminology and its adaptation to the Ukrainian language. Translation of terms and expressions sometimes requires the creation of new analogues that would reflect the essence of biotechnological processes and concepts. This can be a difficult task due to the specifics of the industry and the ambiguity of some terms. In general, the study of biotechnological terminology is an important element in the development of scientific research and education in Ukraine. The integration of Ukrainian science and education into the global scientific space requires the understanding and use of current terminology, which promotes effective communication and knowledge exchange in this important field. It was emphasized that the further development of biotechnology and the study of its terminology is an important task for scientific research and education in Ukraine, which contributes to the integration of Ukrainian science and education into the global scientific space.

ARCHAEOLOGY AS A SPECIALIZED FIELD OF TRANSLATION: A PRELIMINARY LESSON PLAN IN TERMINOLOGY TRANSLATION PRACTICE

This study focuses on relations between archaeology as a specialized field of translation and Translation Studies as an interdisciplinary area and draws a framework for a preliminary lesson plan in terminology translation practice through a text that will allow Translation Studies students to get acquainted with term translation strategies in a specialized translation course on archaeology. This study consists of three parts. In the first part, interdisciplinary aspects of translation studies are analyzed from the perspective of different turns in translation research. In the second part, approaches to archaeology texts in translation studies and thoughts on translation practice in this field are brought forward, while the potential uses of a text in archaeology for a specialized translation course are evaluated in the third part. In the study, it has been concluded that background knowledge and terminology translation practice in archaeology texts have the potentials to improve students’ awareness with regards to translation of other specialized texts and to enhance their perspectives on other cultures in the world.

Evaluating the Translation of Islamic Terminologies in Islam: The Faith of Love and Happiness

This research aims to identify the translation procedure and translation quality of the book Islam: Risalah Cinta dan Kebahagiaan, written by Haidar Bagir and its English translation version Islam: The Faith of Love and Happiness, translated by Sayed Hyder. It employed qualitative descriptive method to describe the data. The collected data was categorized based on the terms associated with ibadah (worshiping) and muamalah (dealing). It was obtained by carefully reading the books both in the source and the target language, and analyzed using Newmark's translation procedure (1988) and Nababan’s translation quality (2012). This research found 23 data categorized as worshiping terms and 13 data categorized as dealing terms. The results showed that there were 9 translation procedures employed by the translator, where couplet contributed to create a high accuracy level, while synonymy created the low accuracy level. It also revealed that synonymy procedure created a high acceptability level whereas naturalization procedure showed the low acceptability level.

PROBLEMS OF PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENTISIC TEXTS MACHINE TRANSLATION ON THE MATERIAL OF AN INFORMATIONAL BROCHURE

The article is devoted to the analysis of the psychological scientific text machine translation (from the English language to the Russian one). On the material of the Russian machine translation of an informational brochure, potential difficulties were identified. The author points out the mistakes in machine translation and offers ways to solve them. A particular attention is paid to the translation of special terminology of the psychological semantic field.
 Background. Machine translation programs are often used as a way of getting texts translation. On the one hand, it is an available inexpensive way to get a quick translation. On the other hand, there is no guarantee of translation adequacy. The basis of quality translation analysis was a machine translation of scientific text.
 Purpose. On the basis of the text made by the machine translation program some mistakes are revealed and analyzed, some ways to solve them are offered. Special attention is paid to the translation of terms in the field of psychology.
 Materials and methods. The research material was a machine translation of the brochure “Anxiety Disorders in Children” written by the American Anxiety Disorders Association (the translation is from English into Russian). The translation was made with the help of the online program Google Translator.
 Results. Scientific texts on psychology have become popular in the world, but as the analysis showed, their translation is still difficult for online translation programs. Machine translation is not the way to get an equivalent text, but it does make the translation process easier. At the same time, an interpreter should spend time on further text editing. One type of mistakes is connected with the translation of terms. Besides there are mistakes caused by the difference between the grammatical structures of the original language and the translation language, such as the voice constructions, special word orders and set phrases.

Грамматическое оформление терминов как способ кодификации технологии производства и способы их перевода с русского языка на английский: практические рекомендации для студентов профиля «Перевод и переводоведение»

When selecting equivalent and adequate translation solutions in transferring industrial terminology in the Russian & English language pair, attention is normally focused on rendering lexical units that make up the term. Grammatical features of terminological units are established, however, considered a characteristic of the original language, which in the target language can be subject to translation transformations. Nevertheless, grammatical arrangement of terms can be used to codify production technology is overlooked. Accordingly, translation of terminology should reflect selection of adequate equivalents not only in terms of language correspondences, but also account for reflecting the encoded technology by the term. To test this hypothesis we used the continuous sampling method. Terms of Siberian the cosmetic & food industry were selected in Russian texts, their equivalents were identified in parallel English texts, a structural and semantic analysis of the terms in the original language was carried out, translation transformations applied in the translation were established, the degree of adequacy in the transfer of the encoded production technology in the target language was identified. The established results are recommended to be used in practical translation disciplines of the «Translation and Translation Studies» profile, as well as in the development of the Theory of Translation courses.

A MODEL OF THE ENGLISH-UKRAINIAN SUB-CORPUS OF TEXTS OF NATO, UN AND WTO OFFICIAL AND BUSINESS DOCUMENTS

A MODEL OF THE ENGLISH-UKRAINIAN SUB-CORPUS OF TEXTS OF NATO, UN AND WTO OFFICIAL AND BUSINESS DOCUMENTS

Rendering Ukrainian Historical Terminology of the Old Rus’ Period into English

The article presents a study that focuses on approaches to rendering Ukrainian historical terminology related to the Old Rus' period into English selected en masse from Ukrainian and English academic texts on history, with a special focus on culture-specific terminology. Historical terms for translation purposes are categorised into non-culture-specific historical terminology reflecting universal concepts of historical science, and culture-specific historical terminology. The purpose of the article is to determine specific methods for Ukrainian-English translation of historical terminology of the Old Rus' period. The paper discusses approaches and methods used by English-speaking academics to secondary term formation, taking place when rendering concepts denoting Ukrainian original culture-specific terminology into English. Different groups of historical terms are described with a special focus on onomastic terminology. It is demonstrated that the historical context should be taken into account for the correct designation of a historical concept. Non-culture-specific historical terminology is predominantly rendered by existing equivalents, which were formed through phonological adaptation and/or calque translation. The most appropriate technique for rendering culture-specific Ukrainian historical terminology is shown to be combined renomination, the method that uses both a transcription and a description of a historical concept.

LEGAL TERMINOLOGY: CHALLENGES OF ENGLISH-UKRAINIAN TRANSLATION

Background: Ukraine’s decision to choose a pro-western trajectory of development has brought about new challenges, among which are problems in the approximation of a national legal system with EU law. To overcome these challenges, we must develop a well-grounded scientific approach to dealing with the translation of legal terminology, paying special attention to the classification of legal terminology and the difficulties that translators often face. The results of the present study indicate that English-language legal discourse needs further research and development. The process of translating a legal text presents a number of challenges related to the peculiarities of legal language, the linguistic and cultural disparities between the source language and the target language, the divergent legal systems, and different linguistic traditions. A special role is played by difficulties brought on by the legal nature of terms and differences in national legal systems. Methods: In this article, the authors use a comparative-analytical method, together with continuous sampling of the databases and dictionaries of English-Ukrainian legal terminology via a qualitative method. Results and Conclusions: Lexical-semantic transformations and methods are proposed to address linguistic challenges. These are techniques such as transcoded borrowing, calquing, analogue replacement, descriptive and explanatory translation, modulation, concretisation, generalisation, addition, and omission. These methods help to preserve the meaning of terminological units with a possible replacement of their structure. From our perspective, the most expedient solutions for translating linguistically challenging terms are calquing, descriptive translation, and addition. These methods preserve the semantic meaning of the original term and reproduce it as clearly as possible in the target language. The article emphasises the necessity for further advancement in a specific direction on the subject of English-language legal discourse and the exploration of novel approaches to the problem of translating English-language legal terminology.

PROFESSIONALLY ORIENTED TRANSLATION AND THE ROLE OF A TRANSLATOR IN CRIMINAL PROCEEDINGS

This article is devoted to the study of criminal legal terminology in the modern English language and ways of its transmission in the process of translation. Issues of legal translation of languages for specific purposes (LSP) are relevant today in connection with the increasing pace of globalization. Unfortunately, there are currently no thorough studies in Ukraine devoted to the comparison of criminal legal terminology in different languages and the role of an translator in criminal proceedings. The article presents a general review of criminal legal terminology, the factors that influence its formation, research into the field of its use, with the aim of highlighting the role of translator. During the last decades, approaches to translation analysis have been changed and many modern concepts in the field of translation have appeared requiring linguists and translators/translators to be aware of new trends in the field of translation. This question is extremely relevant among linguists and translators, due to the fact that the requirements of the modernized world have to be met by experts and specialists who are knowledgeable in two languages, more precisely: in the input language (the original language) and the Ukrainian language, which needs adaptation and comparison of linguistic units of the above-mentioned languages. The translation of criminal legal terminology can only be performed by experienced translators who are perfectly oriented in this field and has updated methods of translation transformations. The role of forensic terminology in modern society is quite significant. Forensic science develops, new phenomena appear, and thus terms, reinterpretation and transformation of already existing terminological units takes place. A translator is one of the participants in the criminal proceedings. With the help of translators the right is guaranteed to use native language for those participants who do not know the state language at all, or do not know it well enough. In the article, we will consider the main difficulties that translators have to deal with when working with text of a criminal-procedural nature, with forensic and legal terminology. The article considers the main difficulties that translators have to deal with when working with tests of a criminal-procedural nature, with forensic and legal terminology.

METHODS OF FORMATION OF ENGLISH LANGUAGE MEDICAL TERMINOLOGY AND ITS TRANSLATION INTO UKRAINIAN

The article considered the peculiarities of genre-style dominance and lexical-grammatical peculiarities of the translation of English-language medical texts. The main ways of reproducing English-language medical texts using the Ukrainian language are analyzed, common translation transformations are identified. Medical terminology occupies a significant place in lexicology, although it has not yet been fully studied, but in everyday life people often resort to its use. Modern professional medical text translation is one of the most difficult translations in translation practice, and the translation of special terminology is extremely important, as medical terminology is regularly updated with new names and definitions. Medical terminology is defined by strictly limited, conceptual and structural determinism, unity and integrity, which does not allow the blurring of its boundaries, which sometimes poses a problem for translators. Medical terminology in the English language is a subsystem of the vocabulary of the commonly used literary language. The term has certain properties that determine its nature, including: ambiguity, consistency of the term with the concept it denotes, systematicity, lack of emotional coloring, brevity. The defining function of the term distinguishes it from commonly used vocabulary. Keywords: translation; medical terminology; medical discourse; medical text; translation transformations; scientific style.