Transient Response Research Articles (Page 6)

Rabies is a zoonotic infection that nearly always results in death in unprotected cases, causing deadly encephalitis. Although inactivated rabies vaccines are available, but they only provide a transient immune response. The need for vaccinations that are safer and more immunogenic has prompted the development of next-generation vaccines. This study utilized a reverse vaccinology approach to create an mRNA vaccine against Rabies by identifying and linking its highly antigenic and immunogenic epitope. Using immunoinformatic tools, potential epitopes for T and B lymphocytes were predicted, with final selection criteria based on the scores of their antigenicity, allergenicity, toxicity and cytokine inducibility. Based on the results obtained, the developed vaccine construct showed antigenicity, remained neutral at physiological pH, exhibited nontoxicity and was nonallergenic, with an estimated maximum coverage of the global population. The mRNA codon optimization ensured efficient expression of the vaccine in host cells. The average GC content of 56.9% and CAI value of 0.93 confirmed the steady expression of the vaccine in the PT7(AG).RV#1.BbsI vector optimized for Homo sapiens (humans) and Mus musculus (domestic mice). Evaluation of various parameters confirmed that our designed mRNA vaccine exhibited a stable structure. A blind docking approach was employed to predict the primary binding mode of the construct with the TLR4 innate immune receptor, resulting in a binding affinity of −279 kcal/mol. Molecular dynamic simulation studies indicated strong interactions with toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), where the receptor molecule forms a robust binding with the active residues of the epitope during 100 ns simulated intervals. No definitive alterations were seen in either the receptor molecules or the epitopes over this time frame, followed by MMGB/PBSA with high binding affinities validated by Waterswap analysis. We consider these findings to be extremely beneficial for vaccinologists in developing a highly efficient multi-epitope mRNA vaccine for exploratory testing.

A theoretical model is presented for the analysis of the electric field and electrostatic adhesion force produced by interdigital electrode arrays. The electric field is derived by solving the Laplace equation for the electrical potential in each subregion. The electrostatic adhesion force is calculated using the Maxwell stress tensor formulation. The dynamic properties of the electric field and electrostatic adhesion force are assessed by evaluating the transient response of the field and force under a step in applied voltages. Experimental studies are carried out to evaluate the adhesion performance of an electrode panel on a glass pane, and the experimental results verify the correctness of the theoretical model.

This article presents an optimized design and tuning approach for Proportional-Integral-Derivative (PID) controllers applied to brushless Permanent Magnet Direct Current (PMDC) motors, widely used in industrial automation, robotics, and electric vehicles for their efficiency and precision. Traditional tuning methods like the Ziegler-Nichols (ZN) often fall short in handling the nonlinear and dynamic behavior of PMDC motors. To overcome these limitations, nature-inspired algorithms (NIAs) including Genetic Algorithm (GA), Particle Swarm Optimization (PSO), Grey Wolf Optimization (GWO), and a proposed hybrid GWO-PSO approach are utilized to enhance controller performance. The hybrid GWO-PSO algorithm combines the exploration strength of GWO with the exploitation capabilities of PSO, yielding superior optimization outcomes. A detailed PMDC motor model is developed in MATLAB/Simulink to assess each controller based on transient response, set-point tracking, disturbance rejection, and robustness. Simulation results indicate that the hybrid GWO-PSO-PID controller reduces rise time, overshoot, and settling time compared to the standard GA-PID, PSO-PID, and GWO-PID controller. It also shows better disturbance rejection and stability margins. These findings highlight the hybrid approach's effectiveness in improving control performance, offering a reliable solution for real-time PMDC motor applications.

Visual interneurons come in many different flavors, representing luminance changes at one location as ON or OFF signals with different dynamics, ranging from purely sustained to sharply transient responses. While the functional relevance of this representation for subsequent computations like direction-selective motion detection is well understood, the mechanisms by which these differences in dynamics arise are unclear. Here, I study this question in the fly optic lobe. Taking advantage of the known connectome I simulate a network of five adjacent optical columns each comprising 65 different cell types. Each neuron is modeled as an electrically compact single compartment, conductance-based element that receives input from other neurons within its column and from its neighboring columns according to the intra- and inter-columnar connectivity matrix. The sign of the input is determined according to the known transmitter type of the presynaptic neuron and the receptor on the postsynaptic side. In addition, some of the neurons are given voltage-dependent conductances known from the fly transcriptome. As free parameters, each neuron has an input and an output gain, applied to all its input and output synapses, respectively. The parameters are adjusted such that the spatio-temporal receptive field properties of 13 out of the 65 simulated neurons match the experimentally determined ones as closely as possible. Despite the fact that all neurons have identical leak conductance and membrane capacitance, this procedure leads to a surprisingly good fit to the data, where specific neurons respond transiently while others respond in a sustained way to luminance changes. This fit critically depends on the presence of an H-current in some of the first-order interneurons, i.e., lamina cells L1 and L2: turning off the H-current eliminates the transient response nature of many neurons leaving only sustained responses in all of the examined interneurons. I conclude that the diverse dynamic response behavior of the columnar neurons in the fly optic lobe starts in the lamina and is created by their different intrinsic membrane properties. I predict that eliminating the hyperpolarization-activated current by RNAi should strongly affect the dynamics of many medulla neurons and, consequently, also higher-order functions depending on them like direction-selectivity in T4 and T5 neurons.

ABSTRACTThis paper introduces a new boundary element formulation to simulate fracture response in nanostructured porous polymer composites exposed to extreme heat environments. The model integrates three coupled physical mechanisms: (i) time‐fractional heat conduction by multiterm Caputo derivatives to represent thermal memory effects, (ii) pyrolysis‐driven internal heating by temperature‐dependent chemical kinetics, and (iii) size‐dependent thermoelasticity by consistent couple‐stress theory to account for microstructural mechanical responses. The analysis is performed in the Laplace domain for efficient solution of the time‐dependent and nonlocal field equations and is numerically inverted to derive the transient mechanical and thermal responses. Fracture is assessed by direct calculation of Mode I and Mode II stress intensity factors (SIFs) and path‐independent J‐integral, derived from near‐tip BEM fields. The model accurately captures the generation of thermal gradients, deformation, and crack‐driving stresses with impulsive heating, as verified by comparison with analytical, finite difference, and finite element solutions. The proposed method provides an effective computational scheme for modeling thermally induced fracture in advanced polymer composites, particularly for aerospace and high‐temperature structural applications.

To target peripheral opioid receptors for postoperative pain relief while minimizing systemic opioid side effects, low doses of buprenorphine hydrochloride (0.8 up to 4.8 mg mL-1) were loaded into prefabricated, hydrophilic, degradable polyethylene glycol-based micropheres (PEG-MS, 50-100 μm) used as a drug delivery platform. By varying the composition of the degradable crosslinker, the degradation rate of PEG-MS, and consequently the drug release duration, could be tuned from 2 days to 2 months. In a pharmacokinetic study in rabbits, the time to the last quantifiable serum concentration (Tlast) of buprenorphine increased with the degradation time of PEG-MS, reaching 1, 2, 4, and 7 days for microspheres degrading over 2, 6, 12, and 50 days, respectively. PEG-MS demonstrated good biocompatibility, as evidenced by only mild and transient local inflammatory responses during their degradation when implanted in various rabbit tissues, including the dermis, muscle, and subconjunctival space. In a rat incisional pain model, the intraplantar injection of buprenorphine-loaded PEG-MS (degrading over 12 days) at doses of 240 μg and 40 μg increased the paw withdrawal threshold at 24 h by 34% (p < 0.0001) and 20% (p = 0.0466), respectively, compared to drug-free microspheres. Serum concentrations of buprenorphine exceeded the therapeutic threshold, indicating that intraplantar administration resulted in systemic, rather than local, effects. In the context of the opioid crisis, the local administration of a degradable drug delivery system that releases a small amount of buprenorphine in an operative wound for a few days after surgery seems relevant. Nevertheless, while the PEG-MS as buprenorphine delivery system was effective, this preliminary study showed that their local administration resulted in the opioid spreading throughout the body. The future of peripheral analgesia lies in developing opioids with physicochemical properties that prevent them from reaching the brain or being active there.

Changing the features of the menstrual cycle to certain limits up to a short anovulation can be considered as a normal and transient response to adverse living conditions, including stress factors. The line separating such a normal reaction from a disease is very fluid and can be crossed in the setting of a predisposition. Stressful exposures include objectively adverse and subjectively significant factors of different duration and intensity. The predisposition to menstrual irregularities can have genetic prerequisites and be triggered by epigenetic factors. This literature review provides up-to-date data on the issue of stress-dependent menstrual disorders. Due to the significant role of prolactin metabolism disorders in the etiology of such disorders, the prospects of using plant-origin dopaminomimetics, including in young patients, have been considered.

Thyroid cancer is the most common malignant endocrine tumor. Differentiated thyroid cancer (DTC) accounts for 95% of thyroid cancer cases. The primary treatment for intermediate- and high-risk DTC is total thyroidectomy. Postoperatively, serum thyroglobulin (Tg) and anti-Tg antibody (Tg/Ab) levels are monitored to detect residual, recurrent or metastatic disease. Radioactive iodine (131I) therapy is administered orally when Tg and Tg/Ab levels exceed standard levels. Recombinant human thyroid-stimulating hormone (rhTSH) administration methods that do not require thyroid hormone withdrawal treatment and hospitalization have been recommended. However, serum Tg levels, a biomarker of thyroid tissue ablation, are often disturbed by Tg/Ab interference, which is observed in one-quarter of patients with DTC. The present study aimed to elucidate the molecular mechanisms underlying metabolic changes in patients with DTC treated with 131I, and to identify Tg/Ab-independent biomarker candidates using the TPC-1 cell model. Blood serum samples were collected from patients with DTC before and after administration of 131I, which was performed following stimulation with rhTSH. Intra-individual variations in Tg and Tg/Ab levels were observed in the same patients before and after 131I administration. Serum metabolomic analysis showed elevated levels of branched-chain amino acid (BCAA), including valine, leucine and isoleucine, in all 3 patients, who exhibited favorable clinical outcomes. Although the number of cases was limited, this may suggest a possible association between BCAA levels and treatment response. Additionally, while overall boronophenylalanine uptake decreased in the total cell population after ionizing radiation exposure, the surviving viable TPC-1 cells exhibited relatively increased amino acid uptake, assessed using boronophenylalanine as a leucine analog, which corresponded to the findings presented in the cell-based experiments. Higher expression levels of the CD98 cell surface antigen were observed in irradiated TPC-1 cells compared with non-irradiated controls, which may contribute to increased uptake of BCAAs. However, the mRNA expression levels of L-type amino acid transporter type 1 (LAT1), L-type amino acid transporter type 2 and CD98hc did not change upon exposure to IR. These results indicated that the increased BCAA uptake in IR-exposed DTC cells was a transient response likely mediated by LAT1/CD98hc at the cell surface, as suggested by flow cytometry analysis, despite no corresponding increase in LAT1 mRNA expression.

This paper proposes an enhanced control approach for speed regulation in an indirect field-oriented controlled induction motor drive system. The proposed method combines the GA tuned PI controller with an ANFIS controller to achieve improved speed control performance. The GA optimisation technique is employed to fine-tune the parameters of the PI controller, optimising its response to varying load conditions and disturbances. Additionally, the ANFIS controller is utilised to adaptively adjust the control signals based on the system's operating conditions, providing enhanced robustness and stability. The effectiveness of the proposed approach is validated through simulation studies under various operating conditions, demonstrating superior speed control performance compared to conventional methods. The results indicate that the enhanced GA tuned PI and ANFIS controller approach offers significant improvements in speed regulation accuracy, transient response, and disturbance rejection, making it a promising solution for high-performance induction motor drive applications. The ANFIS controller demonstrates better performance in terms of speed and torque control, as well as transient and state parameters. On the other hand, the traditional methods such as PI controller exhibit unsatisfactory performance due to tuning issues. The use of an enhanced GA tuned PI controller can improve the performance of the traditional method, but it still falls compared to ANFIS. Therefore, the ANFIS controller approach is recommended for achieving high efficiency and maximum torque in the speed control of an indirect field-oriented controlled induction motor drive. Summing up that the proposed controller is better in overshot which is 0.475% and that of the PI controller is 14.368%, raising time and settling time. MATLAB/Simulink is used to implement the proposed approach. ANFIS: Adaptive Neuro-Fuzzy Inference System, FLC: Fuzzy Logic Controller, GA: Genetic Algorithm, IM: Induction Motor, IFOC: Indirect Field-Oriented Control, PI: Proportional–Integral, ANN: Artificial Neural Network, FOC: Field-Oriented Control, FIS-Fuzzy Inference System, NFC-Neuro Fuzzy Controller, ISE: Integral Square Error, IVCIM: Indirect Vector Controlled Induction Motor, Rr: Rotor Resistance, AC: Alternating Current, DC: Direct Current, D-Q: Direct-Quadrature (Transformation), GUI: Graphical User Interface

Organic electrochemical transistors (OECTs) prepared from poly-(3,4-ethylenedioxythiophene) (PEDOT) doped with poly-(styrenesulfonate) (PSS) have been widely investigated, typically with films prepared by spin-casting and drying from aqueous commercially available suspensions. Electrochemical deposition of PEDOT makes it possible to more precisely control film thickness and counterion composition. Here, we examined the influence of channel thickness and counterion composition on the properties of OECTs fabricated using electrochemically polymerized PEDOT with p-toluene sulfonate (pTS) and PSS on interdigitated gold electrodes. While PEDOT:PSS films deposited with a particular charge density were somewhat thicker (with more PSS in the film), PEDOT:pTS films showed higher volumetric capacitances consistent with their more rough, irregular surface morphologies. The maximum transconductance (g m,max) (∼70 mS) and on-current levels barely changed over the examined range of channel thicknesses (100-800 nm) with both counterions. The device stability (current retention in ON/OFF cycling) and transient response times (∼10 ms) were enhanced with larger counterions, thinner channel films (∼100 nm), and lower applied drain voltages (under -0.1 V). These design insights were used to create channel-functionalized OECT-based label-free glucose sensors with high stability. These results demonstrate the ability to optimize and enhance the performance and stability of electrochemically deposited PEDOT-based interdigitated OECT devices.

Visual working memory (WM) enables the maintenance and manipulation of information no longer accessible in the world. Previous research has identified spatial WM representations in sustained activation patterns in visual, parietal, and frontal cortex, while MEG/EEG studies have additionally supported a role for "activity-silent" mechanisms revealed by transient reactivation or amplification of an existing representation by a task-irrelevant "ping" stimulus. In natural vision, the delay period between encoding information into WM and its use to guide behavior is rarely "empty," as is the case in many laboratory experiments. Instead, eye movements, movement of the individual, and events in the environment result in visual inputs that may overwrite or impair the fidelity of WM representations, especially in early sensory cortices. Here, we evaluated the extent to which a brief, irrelevant interrupting visual stimulus presented during a spatial WM delay period impaired behavioral performance and retinotopic WM representation fidelity assayed using an inverted encoding model. On each trial, participants (both sexes) viewed two target dots and were immediately postcued to remember the precise spatial position of one dot. On 50% of trials, a brief interrupter stimulus appeared. While we observed strong transient univariate visual responses to the interrupter stimulus, we saw no change in reconstructed neural WM representations due to this interruption, nor a change in behavioral performance on a continuous recall task. This suggests that spatial WM representations can be robust to interference from incoming task-irrelevant visual information, perhaps related to their role in guiding movements.

Despite decades of research, the biological mechanisms by which motor skills consolidate in the human brain remain poorly understood. Diffusion MRI provides a unique opportunity to probe biological processes non-invasively, as water displacements occur on the micrometer scale. Using diffusion tensor imaging (DTI), our team showed that motor sequence learning (MSL) induces microstructural changes in the hippocampus and key motor regions, suggesting that declarative and procedural systems may operate as part of the same network. Yet DTI cannot identify the cellular source of these changes, leaving open whether they reflect structural plasticity —remodeling of dendritic and astrocytic processes described in rodents— or transient homeostatic responses that accompany learning —neuronal and astrocytic swelling. Here, we combined ultra-high-gradient diffusion MRI with the compartment-based Soma and Neurite Density Imaging (SANDI) model to disentangle the cellular basis of motor skill memory consolidation. DTI showed that MSL induced rapid microstructural changes in the hippocampus, precuneus, and motor regions, but only those in the precuneus and posterior parietal cortex (PPC) persisted overnight. SANDI revealed that DTI changes were driven by two distinct cellular processes: a transient enlargement of the cell soma across all regions consistent with a short-lived homeostatic response, and a sustained rise in cell-process density restricted to the precuneus and PPC, compatible with structural plasticity. By decomposing diffusion signals into their cellular sources, our work disambiguates transient and enduring processes, providing the first non-invasive evidence for the cellular basis of human motor memory consolidation and a framework for studying neuroplasticity in vivo.

This study conducts a comprehensive analysis of the transient dynamic behavior of two-directionally (2D) functionally graded (FG) rotating brake disks subjected to instantaneous braking forces. The disk is composed of a temperature-dependent mixture of ceramic (Al₂O₃) and metallic (Gray Cast Iron [GCI]) phases, with material properties varying continuously in both the radial and thickness directions to reflect real-world manufacturing gradients. A sudden braking force is applied at the disk’s outer surface, simulating emergency braking scenarios commonly encountered in automotive systems. To accurately capture the mechanical and thermal response, advanced theoretical models – namely, the quasi-3D refined plate theory and refined zigzag theory – are utilized. These theories incorporate transverse shear deformation without the need for shear correction factors, enabling enhanced prediction accuracy. The governing partial differential equations are formulated using the variational energy method and are discretized spatially via the differential quadrature method (DQM), employing Chebyshev–Gauss–Lobatto interpolation for high numerical precision. The model’s accuracy and robustness are validated through comparison with finite element (FE) simulations and experimental results available in the open literature, under certain simplifying assumptions. This cross-validation confirms the reliability of the proposed approach for predicting transient responses in thermomechanically loaded rotating systems. Parametric investigations reveal the critical influence of gradient index, rotational speed, and thermal gradient on the displacement, velocity, and acceleration fields. The results show that bi-directional material gradation significantly improves the disk’s resistance to thermal shocks and mechanical disturbances. These findings contribute valuable insights for the optimized design of high-performance, thermally resilient brake disks in modern automotive applications.

ABSTRACT This paper details the design and simulation of a high-efficiency DC-DC buck converter designed for hybrid Power Line Communication (PLC) and Visible Light Communication (VLC) systems, emphasising the importance of signal stability and electromagnetic noise reduction. The converter includes a high-speed IRFH5053 MOSFET, optimised LC filtering, and a tuned snubber network to reduce switching losses and output ripple, and it uses LTspice for transient and steady-state analysis. Simulations show a peak-to-peak ripple of 60 V and an average output voltage of 33.75 V (RMS). They also show fast transient responses, with rise and fall periods of 1.145 μs and 0.12 μs, respectively. High-frequency operations and a range of load situations don’t affect the converter’s reliable performance. Practical applications include smart homes, where it facilitates steady power delivery for LED lighting and Internet of Things systems; industrial automation, where it lowers electromagnetic interference (EMI) to guarantee continuous control of PLC-based machinery; and transportation, where it permits effective energy regulation for communication units in electric vehicles and smart traffic infrastructure. This design’s modular, scalable architecture makes it a dependable option for next-generation hybrid communication scenarios that need for DC power systems that are small, resilient to noise, and energy-efficient.

The thermodynamic equilibrium assumption often invoked in modeling ion migration in solid-state materials remains insufficient to capture the true migration behavior of Li ions, particularly in less-crystalline superionic conductors that exhibit anomalously high Li ion conductivity. Such materials challenge classical frameworks and necessitate a lattice dynamics-based perspective that explicitly accounts for nonequilibrium phonon interactions and transient structural responses. Here, we uncover a phonon-governed Li ion migration mechanism in garnet-structured superionic conductors by comparing Ta-doped Li6.6La3Zr1.6Ta0.4O12 (LLZTO4) to its undoped analogue, Li6.24La3Zr2Al0.24O11.98 (LLZO). Through a synergistic combination of terahertz time-domain spectroscopy (THz-TDS), 7Li magic-angle spinning nuclear magnetic resonance (MAS-NMR), and Raman spectroscopy, we show that Ta doping softens the host lattice and enhances anharmonic phonons, enabling collective, thereby multi-ion migration beyond the limit of single-ion hopping models. This lattice softening induces a dynamically disordered energy landscape that lowers activation barriers and yields Li ion conductivities approaching those of liquid electrolytes. Our findings demonstrate that anharmonic lattice vibrations can serve as the driving force for ultrafast Li ion migration in solid electrolytes. This paradigm shift establishes a fundamental link between lattice thermodynamics and superionic conduction, providing a conceptual and experimental framework for the design of highly conductive solid-state electrolytes.

Abstract This work presents a new type of non-conventional finite elements (FE) that utilize trigonometric-based shape functions. The selection of the shape functions is inspired by the analytical expression of structural modeshapes. The proposed element consists of two “regular” nodes and a middle “hidden” node that basically enriches the local approximation and leads to the partition-of-unity property. Two different element types are constructed: a rod element with axial degrees of freedom and a Timoshenko beam element with two degrees of freedom: vertical displacement and rotation. Both the proposed elements are tested against conventional 3-node FE in free vibration and transient dynamic simulations of isotropic rod and beam structures. Numerical results show that the proposed trigonometric FE yield more accurate estimations of natural frequencies than the traditional 3-node FE. Also, the maximum natural frequency of each case is not only more accurate but also has smaller numerical value. This leads to the selection of larger time steps when employing explicit time integration, resulting in lower computing times. Finally, the presented elements evince higher convergence rates than the conventional 3-node FE in wave propagation simulations of rods and beams, further increasing the proposed method’s efficiency. This is explicitly quantified, since the proposed FE appears to be twice as fast as the conventional 3-node FE, in obtaining a transient wave response with the same level of accuracy.

Postoperative cognitive dysfunction (POCD) occurs in 20% to 80% of patients following cardiac surgical interventions. The incidence of delirium is from 20% to 50%. Impaired cerebral autoregulation (CA) during cardiopulmonary bypass (CPB) contributes to these issues. We investigated a novel method for real-time monitoring of CA during CPB. The study aimed to obtain real-time CA impairment data to demonstrate the timely arterial blood pressure (ABP) management for immediate restoration of intact CA and, potentially, to reduce the incidences of POCD and delirium. An observational pilot clinical trial involved 108 elective on-pump surgery patients of whom 78 were included in the final analysis. All patients were evaluated for cognitive function on the 7th to 10th postoperative day. A rectangular blood flow modulation technique was proposed and applied to facilitate real-time detection of CA status impairment by using CA(t) transient response analysis. A single CA impairment event lasting longer than 241 seconds was statistically significantly associated with POCD (P=0.0178), while impairments exceeding 262 seconds were related to delirium (P=0.0315). It was demonstrated that CA impairment events and patient-specific lower and upper limits of CA can be identified with sub-minute delays during cardiac surgery. The study demonstrated the feasibility of a novel heart and lung machine operation mode with rectangular blood flow modulation. Precise personal ABP(t) management can be performed during CPB to restore patient-specific optimal brain perfusion with sub-minute time resolution and, potentially, to reduce incidences of POCD and delirium.

Blood donor welfare is extensively studied in humans, while limited data exist for blood donor dogs. This multicentric prospective study aimed to evaluate physiological and behavioral responses in 89 canine blood donors. Clinical parameters (heart rate, respiratory rate, blood pressure, rectal temperature) and serum cortisol levels were measured before and after blood donation (BD), along with owner-reported behavioral assessments. Results showed no significant changes in cortisol concentrations pre-BD/post-BD or in most of the clinical parameters, except for rectal temperature that was significantly increased after BD [38.5 °C (38.2-39.4 °C) vs. 38.6 °C (37.6-41.7 °C), p < 0.001] suggesting a transient response likely due to physical restraint. No significant differences were found between first-time and repeat donors. Owners reported higher signs of arousal during the pre-donation phase, indicating anticipation as key to the stress response. However, more than 80% of the owners reported that their dogs behaved normally after the procedure and throughout the BD day. These findings suggest that canine whole BD is generally well tolerated and unlikely associated with systemic physiological stress. However, increased attention to the anticipatory phase, along with careful temperature monitoring, individualized restraint techniques, and optimized environmental management, may further improve canine blood donor welfare.

A benchmark dataset of electrical signals from a permanent magnet synchronous generator for condition monitoring

Purpose This paper aims to address the limitations of existing transformer core models, which often lack applicability in real-time control tasks. The paper investigates properties of a control-oriented transformer core model that is shown to accurately represent the effects of hysteresis, saturation, eddy current losses and leakage flux while at the same time minimizing the computational burden. Design/methodology/approach The investigated control-oriented model is mathematically expressed in a state-space form, making it inherently suitable for model-based controller design. This model can be interpreted as an equivalent electric diagram, providing a clear and intuitive representation. The model is experimentally evaluated across various transformers which are selected based on an extensive data analysis aimed at identifying practically relevant representatives. The k-means clustering algorithm is used to ensure that the transformers exhibit fundamentally different characteristics. Findings The investigated control-oriented model successfully fulfils its purpose. It effectively replicates the transient current response of various current transformers and generalizes well across a wide range of input signals with minimal computational effort. Originality/value Comparing the proposed control-oriented model with the Jiles–Atherton model demonstrates its effectiveness in terms of simulation accuracy and computational efficiency. Therefore, it offers a practical solution for problems commonly found in real-time control applications.