Fresh-seawater interface shapes nitrogen fate in a subtropical estuary: Insights from multi-isotopic and metagenomic analyses.

The process and effects of funding withdrawal in fragile systems: A case of three International non-governmental organisations’ exits from Tsholotsho district hospital, Zimbabwe

Environmental mercury pollution as a driver of multi-trophic toxicity and human exposure: A one health review of mechanisms, risks, and remediation strategies.

Decision-making in humanitarian crises is rarely based on evidence and often constrained by uncertainty. Humanitarian health organisations such as the International Committee of the Red Cross (ICRC) operate in conflict settings, characterised by multi-layered, complex crises. Understanding how their decision-making processes influence the continuity of humanitarian health operations can provide insight to inform the development of resilience-oriented interventions in these contexts. We conducted a qualitative case study on the ICRC health operations in Lebanon, with the objective of exploring the elements shaping decision-making, and understanding how different organisational factors influenced absorptive, adaptive, and transformative capacities in response to disruptive events in a hospital programme. Twenty semi-structured interviews were conducted with ICRC decision-makers. Data were analysed through qualitative content analysis. Three themes emerged, describing how decisions were shaped by people and the trust they were able to develop in internal and external relationships; political considerations often overriding public health priorities; and unresolved tensions around the institutional identity and mandate. Resilience capacities were sustained by different factors. Absorptive capacities were primarily sustained by the availability of material resources, as well as operational contingency plans allowing for flexibility in their allocation. Adaptive capacities were strengthened by cohesive social networks among committed team members. Transformative capacities were limited, promoted by the ability to innovate while at the same time constrained by a rigid organisational culture. Our findings suggest that health governance and local leadership need to be strengthened to enable transformative capacities within humanitarian organisations. Through this, accountability and legitimacy can be enhanced, especially amid growing critiques and dramatically contracting funding.

Horizontal gene transfer in Haemophilus spp. is associated with antimicrobial resistance development. Recently, a relationship between quinolone resistance and this transfer has been reported. This study aimed to investigate the mechanisms underlying quinolone resistance spread by focusing on both homogeneous and heterogeneous transfer to H. influenzae. Quinolone-resistant strains of three Haemophilus spp., H. influenzae, H. haemolyticus, and H. parainfluenzae, were used as resistant donors. The H. influenzae laboratory strain Rd and the highly transformable strains 2017-22B and 2018-Y41 were used as recipients. Horizontal transfer assays were performed using genomic DNA from resistant donors or resulting transformants. Horizontal transfer assays demonstrated that quinolone resistance was transferred from the genomic DNA of H. influenzae and H. haemolyticus to all recipient strains. In contrast, resistance from H. parainfluenzae genomic DNA was transferred only to the strains with higher transformability. In all cases, transfer efficiency was higher when DNA from the transformants was used than when DNA from the original strain was used. Notably, genomic DNA from transformants obtained by transferring resistance from H. parainfluenzae to highly transformable H. influenzae strains transformed Rd into a quinolone-resistant variant. Furthermore, no significant differences in growth were observed between the parent strains and transformants. Our findings suggest that highly transformable strains, owing to their enhanced transformation capacity and retained fitness, may facilitate or amplify the dissemination of quinolone resistance under experimental conditions.

Abstract The adoption of the 2030 Agenda marked a global commitment to address interconnected challenges through the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Multi-stakeholder partnerships (MSPs) – involving public, private, and civil society actors – have been widely promoted as vital instruments for achieving the SDGs due to their potential for pooling diverse resources and fostering cross-sector collaboration. However, empirical evidence of their effectiveness remains mixed. This study investigates whether MSPs are more synergistic and transformative compared to single-sector partnerships (SSPs), focusing on their integration of economic, environmental, and social dimensions, and their contributions to norm, regulatory, and behavioral change. Using a matched case selection design, we compare MSPs and SSPs registered on the Global Climate Action Portal (GCAP), analyzing their visions, outputs, and outcomes across different thematic areas: sustainable urban mobility, climate-focused finance, energy efficiency and sustainable land use. Findings indicate that differences in synergistic and transformative capacity are more strongly influenced by thematic area than by partnership type. While MSPs occasionally exhibit broader transformative capacity, SSPs – both public and private – also demonstrate significant normative outputs and normative and behavioral outcomes. Notably, integration of all three sustainability pillars is more apparent in stated visions than in realized outputs or outcomes. These findings challenge assumptions about the inherent superiority of MSPs, and underscore the importance of context and thematic focus in shaping partnership performance. By comparing MSPs and SSPs directly, and by evaluating both outputs and outcomes, this study contributes to a more nuanced understanding of what makes partnerships effective in advancing sustainable development.

The story of Japan’s early modern transition is well known. “Separation of the warriors and peasants” (heinō bunri) is one of the handful of cardinal propositions that lay at the heart of the narrative. Canonised in post-war Japan, these sayings contrive a break in chronology and establish the medieval and the early modern as separate domains of discourse and research activity. Yet we do not see this form of expression in the sources from the time. Who utters these, and why do they hold sway? This study offers a critique of the regime of knowing underlying these sayings by foregrounding the status of the narrator and the transformative or creative capacity of language. Drawing on selective works on early modern Japan as well as on the transition from the medieval to the early modern, it examines not so much the findings they posit but the way in which the past is framed. The thesis is that the narrator, produced in language, controls the past, takes over historical subjects, and binds time and literary outputs with a linear epistemology by way of a modern speech act. This effect derives from the enactment of the generic modern self that the standard discursive form seems to trigger. To relativise this effect, I offer an alternative by considering how we may use historical sources differently and rethink the idea of change.

Indonesia is one of the world's largest tropical forest countries, contributing substantial emissions through deforestation and fires, while the forest sector is expected to deliver a major share of national climate targets. This dual role makes climate change a potentially contested issue in forest governance. To understand how the issue is defined and problematized, this paper examines how climate change is framed in Indonesia's scientific discourse on forest governance. Applying frame analysis to 173 scientific articles, we identify dominant problem and solution frames and explore their interaction with theoretical perspectives, author affiliations, and key governance issues. Our findings reveal a persistent dominance of ecological framing, which positions forests both as major sources of carbon emissions and as crucial carbon sinks, promoting REDD+ as a central solution. However, the literature increasingly critiques REDD+ for its limited transformative impact and neglect of socio-political complexities, including weak institutional capacity, tenure conflicts, and the marginalization of local communities. Prevailing scientific frames often reflect global policy agendas, particularly through international research collaborations, whereas locally grounded problem and solution frames remain less visible. These results highlight the influence of global scientific and policy networks on Indonesia's forest discourse and underscore the need for a more holistic approach integrating socio-political dimensions and local–national contexts. By revealing patterns and limitations of current scientific framings, the study contributes to understanding how climate change shapes forest governance debates and offers insights for more inclusive and context-sensitive approaches in Indonesia and other tropical forest countries. • Scientific discourse on Indonesian forest governance predominantly frames climate change as an ecological and carbon-centric problem. • REDD+ dominate proposed solution to forest-related climate change. • REDD+ is increasingly problematized for its limited transformative capacity and socio-political constraints. • Locally and nationally-rooted governance approaches remain marginal in climate-focused forest research.

Purpose This study aims to set out to challenge the prevailing assumption in the Technology–Organization–Environment (TOE) framework that process automation and analytics invariably enable further digital progress. Drawing on the notion of technological path-dependency, the study investigates whether – and under which conditions – automation, analytics and digital readiness reinforce or undermine one another across accounting functions. Design/methodology/approach A cross-sectional survey of 819 German accounting professionals (2020) covering financial accounting (FA), management accounting (MA) and tax/audit was analyzed with Partial Least Square Structural Equation Modeling (PLS-SEM). The study develops and validates a formative multi-item DIGITAL READINESS scale and executes multi-group analyses to test boundary conditions for the ANALYTICS resp. AUTOMATION–READINESS link across functions, firm sizes and industries. Additional robustness checks are used. Findings Evidence confirms a positive impact of several technology and organizational factors on the implementation of automation and analytics but also reveals an automation-rigidity paradox: higher levels of process automation are negatively related to an accounting function’s capability to absorb subsequent digital innovations. The new DIGITAL READINESS scale shows satisfactory reliability and validity and can be interpreted as adaptive capacity for further digital transformation. Research limitations/implications The single-country, cross-sectional design limits causal inference and generalizability. Future studies should track organizations longitudinally, replicate in other institutional contexts and examine curvilinear or time-lagged effects of automation. Practical implications Chief financial officer (CFOs) should balance automation gains with modular governance and workforce upskilling to avoid rigidity traps. The validated scale offers a diagnostic tool for benchmarking digital readiness before investing in next-wave technologies such as generative artificial intelligence. Originality/value The study confirms several findings of prior research concerning the impact of TOE factors on digitalization, uncovers and theorizes a negative automation effect that contradicts core TOE expectations, refines the TOE framework by integrating a flexibility/path-dependency lens and mapping its boundary conditions and contributes a newly validated digital readiness measure for reuse in accounting and IS research.

ABSTRACT Following Colombia’s landmark 2016 Peace Agreement with the Revolutionary Armed Forces of Colombia, Canada stepped in with a C$57.4 million pledge to support peacebuilding. With the launch of Canada’s Feminist International Assistance Policy in 2017, these commitments unfolded within a new policy context marked by a prioritization of gender equality (GE). This article examines the intersection of Canadian aid, justice, security, and gender in Colombia. Empirical data show that, since 2017, the GE focus has increased, with most aid programs yielding some level of GE outcomes. The article maps the impact of four Canadian funded projects along a spectrum ranging from the status quo of “gendered institutions” to “transformative change.” Applying a feminist institutionalist analysis, it argues that the impact of Canadian assistance lies in the in between space of these two extremes – marked by progress beyond the status quo but still shy of hitting the transformative mark. The article concludes that Colombia’s complex socio-political landscape overlays the agency of Canada’s implementing partners, their Southern counterparts, and the donor itself, both enabling and constraining the full transformative capacity of the intervention. The methodology combines mixed methods, including 29 semi-structured interviews with key informants in Ottawa and Bogotá.

Arsenic-contaminated groundwater is a major environmental concern, particularly in northern Argentina. Here, Microbacterium oxydans AE038-20, isolated from arsenic-rich groundwater, was investigated to elucidate its tolerance and transformation capacity. Growth assays showed that the strain tolerates inorganic arsenic [As(III), As(V)] and methylarsenite [MAs(III)] without significant inhibition. Speciation analyses revealed progressive oxidation of As(III) to As(V), reaching near-complete conversion after 10 days. Similarly, MAs(III) was fully oxidized to MAs(V). Genome sequencing identified ars-related determinants, including arsR, arsC, putative arsenite efflux systems, and arsP, supporting detoxification via arsenate reduction and arsenite efflux. Proteomic analyses confirmed the expression of proteins related to arsenic resistance, oxidative stress response, and metal transport. However, no canonical arsenite oxidases were detected at either the genomic or proteomic level. Despite this, M. oxydans AE038-20 exhibited clear arsenic oxidation activity. The detection of pigment-associated proteins and in vitro oxidation assays suggest an alternative mechanism potentially mediated by redox-active pigments. These findings highlight an alternative pathway for arsenic transformation in environmental bacteria.

ABSTRACT Population growth, urbanization, insecure land rights, and underinvestment impede the development of sanitation infrastructure in African cities. In response, decentralized, affordable, community-driven hybrid sanitation systems have emerged, frequently initiated by local stakeholders. This study examines such systems in Tema, Ghana, an originally planned city undergoing significant unplanned expansion. Employing mixed methods, including surveys of 1,549 households, 3 focus groups, 40 stakeholder interviews, and landscape assessment, the research identifies 5 types of hybrid interventions shaped by distinct power and governance structures. Unplanned areas in Tema exhibit better performance in fecal waste proximity and management compared to wealthier neighborhoods. Despite high community demand, the expansion of these systems is constrained by poor planning and coordination, leading to underutilization of their potential. Realizing the transformative capacity of hybrid infrastructure requires the engagement of intermediary actors who link grassroots practices with policy frameworks. While the influence of hybrid infrastructure is increasing, research on Tema’s sanitation remains limited, relying mainly on media reports and general studies, and lacking detailed local analysis. Further research is necessary to address the underlying causes, inequalities, governance challenges, social practices, service gaps, and strategies for improving sanitation transitions.

Consortium of Community Initiatives Facilitation and Assistance (CIFA), Oromia Pastoralist Association (OPA), and Fair & Sustainable (F&S) led by CST implemented the Project. The aim of the project was developing an inclusive and profitable dairy value chains for pastoralist communities in Borana zone, the Project begun in October 2020 in five Kebeles within Moyale Woreda with direct reach to 5,351 women and youth. The purpose of this evaluation is to assess if the Project has been able to achieve its target as well as assessing if any system changes has come because of the Project implementation from October 1, 2020 – December 30, 2023. The evaluation team applied mixed methods approach involving secondary data review, key informant interviews (KIIs), focus group discussions (FGDs) as well as observations. The approach is summarized in an evaluation design matrix showing the source of data, method of data collection, and the tool used to answer each evaluation question. In total, the team collected quantitative and qualitative information of 15 KIIs, 12 FGDs and surveyed 157 project beneficiaries. Qualitative data was organized and analyzed based on a framework developed for this purpose, a context analysis was applied during analysis, and the quantitative data was collected using online tablet devices with KoBoToolbox application and was analyzed using SPSS. As a result, the Project goal “improving household resilience” is considered satisfactory since the Project has contributed to beneficiaries’ resilience absorptive, adaptive and transformative capacity. The dairy market systems in targeted district of Borena improved in ways that socially and economically empower women and conserve the ecosystems. The degree of progress towards the Project strategic objective is encouraging, and the Project has improved average level of impact of women in formal/informal decision-making structures. The Project has facilitated market linkages between 3 input suppliers, i.e. union, MFI, vet drug suppliers and the producers themselves. The Project supported two MFIs, Sinke bank and Oromia Coop bank, by strengthening & linking them to with cooperatives. We Recommend that it is essential to institutionalize the Multi-Stakeholder Platform (MSP), develop evidence-based documents, use the platform to influence critical advocacy issues and it is crucial that a clear gender strategy and men engagement are planned from beginning. The “co-investment model” needs adaptiveness and thorough actor engagement for co-creation.

This study systematically examines the impacts of extreme temperatures on the digital economy development index and the underlying mechanisms based on panel data from 281 prefecture-level cities in China from 2012 to 2023. This study explicitly distinguishes the distinctive adaptive capacity of the digital economy in responding to climate risks. Through global and local spatial autocorrelation analysis, the study finds that both extreme temperatures and the digital economy exhibit significant spatial clustering. This study employs the spatial Durbin model (SDM) and effect decomposition and further incorporates the GS2SLS estimator alongside dual instrumental variables constructed from historical geographic characteristics to address endogeneity, thereby identifying the asymmetrical impacts of extreme heat and extreme cold on the digital economy with great rigor. Specifically, extreme heat fosters short-term local digital demand that is subsequently translated into long-term growth in IT human capital and infrastructure, thereby increasing the DEDI. However, its net spatial effect is inhibitory due to energy crowding out. Extreme cold, by contrast, primarily disrupts supply chains and intensifies energy consumption, with its impact largely confined to the local scope. Green technological innovation mitigates the impact of extreme heat on the digital economy through demand substitution, while, under extreme cold, it manifests as the physical protection of infrastructure. Meanwhile, an optimized industrial structure substantially reduces the economy’s dependence on supply chains, amplifying the promotional effect of extreme temperatures on the digital economy and reflecting the transformation capacity of regions under complex environmental conditions. Heterogeneity analysis demonstrates that the effects of extreme temperatures vary significantly across different urban agglomerations, economic zones, geographic regions and city types. This study not only extends the theoretical framework for the economic assessment of climate risks and spatial econometric analysis to the climate sensitivity of the digital economy but also provides empirical evidence for understanding the complex relationship between climate change and digital economy development and offers references for differentiated policies in a coordinated regional digital economy.

Purpose This article integrates insights from bricolage theory and the dynamic capability (DC) framework to explore the potentialities and dangers of artificial intelligence (AI) in the informal sector, where microenterprises could harness its powers to transform their business models and scale, or risk falling further behind in the wake of AI-enabled disruption. Design/methodology/approach This article takes a conceptual approach complemented with case illustrations. In the first part, it draws on bricolage and DCs theories to introduce nine new propositions that explicate the dynamic, sometimes bidirectional, relationships, between AI, digital bricolage, DCs and enterprise growth and competitiveness. In the second part, it highlights three illustrative cases of microenterprises to further elucidate these relationships. Findings This study proposes a novel framework integrating AI, digital bricolage and DCs to enhance the performance of informal microenterprises. It highlights the role of digital bricolage as a mechanism for adapting existing resources to develop AI capabilities, and the complementary role of DC in deploying AI for growth, scaling and competitiveness. The study demonstrates AI's role in strengthening opportunity sensing, seizing and transformative capacities that differentiate struggling enterprises from thriving ones, while also addressing critical limitations such as infrastructural inequities and fragmented skills. Practical implications The study offers valuable practical implications for fostering inclusive digital transformation in informal microenterprises. It highlights the role of digital bricolage in enabling resource-constrained entrepreneurs to creatively adapt and deploy AI for value creation, operational efficiency and agility. Policymakers and practitioners can leverage these insights to address barriers such as infrastructural inequities and skill gaps, fostering AI adoption. This approach supports sustainable competitiveness and market integration for marginalised enterprises. Originality/value This study proposes a novel framework integrating AI, digital bricolage and DCs to explicate the mechanisms and processes through which informal microenterprises achieve differential outcomes that propel some microenterprises to growth and scaling, on the one hand, while leaving others to fall further behind. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first article that aims to unpack the double-edged sword of AI as both a potential leveller and stratifier in the informal sector.

ABSTRACT Without sound knowledge of a cities’ systemic health condition, cities cannot effectively mobilize their capacities for growth, resilience or systemic transformation. Which actions need to be taken depends on a city’s initial health condition. To address that shortcoming, we suggest a measure and step-by-step method for assessing the systemic health condition of cities comprising of a rapid urban health check, a more comprehensive systemic health analysis, and the World Health Organisation’s urban health capacity assessment. Knowledge of the urban systemic health condition of a city is a precondition for deciding on the type of investments and governance strategy for making cities fit for the future.

Unused, underutilized, abandoned, and residual urban spaces are increasingly recognized as potential resources for adaptive reuse, ecological improvement, and urban resilience. In this study, such areas are approached through the overarching concept of waste space, a term that captures both their underutilized condition and their transformation potential. While existing research has largely focused on the definition, classification, and emergence of such spaces, their potential for transformation across varying spatial and institutional contexts has received comparatively limited attention. Addressing this gap, this study operationalizes selected social–ecological system (SES) dynamics through spatial analysis in the metropolitan area of İzmir, Türkiye, offering a proxy-based assessment of transformation capacity rather than a direct transformation. Using district-level analysis across ten metropolitan districts, this research combines typological and morphological classification of waste spaces with four spatial indicators: the Density Index, Location Quotient, Shannon Diversity Index, and Typology Dominance Index. The results show that waste spaces are unevenly distributed across İzmir and form distinct district-level configurations shaped by infrastructure expansion, post-industrial transformation, speculative vacancy, and fragmented urban growth. This study concludes that waste spaces cannot be addressed through a uniform regeneration logic. By linking SES dynamics with measurable spatial indicators, the proposed framework offers a context-sensitive, proxy-based basis for indicating transformation capacity of waste spaces and supporting district-specific planning and policy decisions.

Skatole (3-methylindole), a persistent and toxic N-heterocyclic aromatic pollutant, poses significant bioremediation challenges due to poorly defined biodegradation processes. This study systematically investigated the genetic determinants and metabolic mechanisms of skatole degradation in the environmentally versatile Gram-positive genus Rhodococcus. We demonstrated that skatole degradation was a broadly conserved trait across diverse Rhodococcus species, including R. aetherivorans, R. pyridinivorans, R. ruber, and R. qingshengii. Genomic and functional analyses uncovered a novel flavoprotein monooxygenase (FPMO) SkaA as the initial catalyst for skatole catabolism. Heterologous expression in Escherichia coli confirmed SkaA's essential catalytic role, with high-resolution liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry identifying the key products 3-methyloxindole and 3-hydroxy-3-methyloxindole. Distribution studies revealed SkaA homologs predominantly in Actinobacteria, particularly Nocardia and Rhodococcus, indicating metabolic capacity for skatole transformation within this phylum. Notably, Rhodococcus strains lacking the skaA gene also retained skatole degradation activity, implying the existence of alternative genetic determinants. Crucially, phylogenetic analysis positioned SkaA as a distinct subclass within Group E FPMOs, exhibiting ≤40% sequence identity to reported styrene/indole oxygenases. The phylogenetic segregation of skatole, indole, and styrene monooxygenases provides a predictive framework for functional annotation of Group E FPMOs. Our findings elucidate a novel skatole transformation pathway, establish Rhodococcus as environmentally versatile biocatalysts, and provide new insights into the study of Group E FPMOs.IMPORTANCESkatole, a notorious malodorous compound, is mainly produced via the microbial anaerobic degradation of tryptophan. Its presence raises significant environmental and public health concerns. Yet, the enzymes responsible for its biodegradation remain poorly characterized. This study demonstrates that SkaA catalyzes the initial oxidation step in skatole metabolism. Distribution analysis reveals that SkaA homologs are predominantly in Actinobacteria, especially within the genera Rhodococcus and Nocardia. Phylogenetic analysis positions SkaA in a novel subclass within Group E flavoprotein monooxygenases (FPMOs). These findings not only provide crucial insights into skatole metabolism but also expand our understanding of the functional diversity of Group E FPMOs.

Continuous greenhouse watermelon cultivation is widely constrained by declining soil function, impaired nutrient cycling, and increasing soil-borne disease pressure. Developing biologically driven strategies to restore soil–crop coupling is therefore critical for sustainable protected horticulture. Here, we conducted a two-year field experiment (2024–2025) using a randomized block design with three treatments (CK, ST, and STE), three replicates per treatment, and a plot area of 22.5 m2 to evaluate how straw application alone and in combination with earthworms regulate soil processes and crop performance in a continuous greenhouse watermelon system. Compared with CK and ST, earthworm–straw co-application (STE) exerted stronger effects, particularly during the mid-to-late growth stages. In 2024, STE increased soil organic matter by 25.34% and 30.28% relative to CK at the fruiting and harvest stages, respectively; in 2025, the corresponding increases were 25.22% and 27.62%. STE also significantly increased total nitrogen at nearly all growth stages, with the maximum increase reaching 67.23% relative to CK at harvest. In 2025, total phosphorus under STE was significantly higher than under CK and ST across all growth stages, with increases of 75.82% and 79.63%, respectively, at the fruiting stage. Neutral phosphatase activity was markedly enhanced, increasing by 292.24% at the fruiting stage in 2025. These improvements were accompanied by higher plot yield and lower wilt disease incidence, with yield increasing by 34.00% in 2024 and 21.29% in 2025 relative to CK, while disease incidence decreased by 41.46% and 56.06%, respectively. Integrative Mantel tests showed that total nitrogen was the factor most strongly associated with watermelon yield, with the correlation coefficient increasing from r = 0.490 (p = 0.001) in 2024 to r = 0.662 (p = 0.001) in 2025. Co-occurrence network analysis further revealed a strong positive correlation between yield and total nitrogen (r = 0.848 in 2024; r = 0.673 in 2025) and a negative correlation between disease incidence and total nitrogen (r = −0.661 in 2024; r = −0.822 in 2025), indicating progressively strengthened soil–plant functional coupling over time. Our findings demonstrate that earthworm–straw co-application strengthened soil nutrient transformation capacity and enhanced soil suppressiveness against wilt disease, thereby providing an effective ecology-based strategy for alleviating continuous-cropping constraints in greenhouse watermelon systems.

With the high penetration of distributed photovoltaics (PV) in distribution areas, transformer capacity limits and source–load fluctuations have become key factors constraining PV accommodation. To accurately assess the PV hosting capacity under energy storage regulation, this paper proposes an assessment method based on operating region analysis. First, a coordinated operation model for the distribution area is established, incorporating the transformer capacity, energy storage constraints, and power balance. On this basis, the calculation boundaries for the PV hosting capacity are discussed in two scenarios: Model 1 ignores power curve uncertainty, characterizing the geometry of the conventional operating region to find the maximum deterministic hosting capacity (S1) that keeps the region non-empty. Model 2 introduces box-type uncertainty sets for the source and load, proposes the concept of a “Self-Balanced Operating Region”, and constructs a robust feasibility determination model (f3) based on a Min–Max–Min structure. To solve this multi-layer nested non-convex model, an iterative algorithm based on duality theory and Benders decomposition is employed to determine the robust hosting capacity under uncertainty (S2) at the critical point where f3 shifts from zero to non-zero. Case studies show that source–load uncertainty leads to a significant contraction of the operating region, and the robust hosting capacity under uncertainty requirements is strictly less than the deterministic hosting capacity (S1>S2). This method quantifies the reduction effect of uncertainty on the accommodation capability, providing a theoretical basis for planning high-renewable penetration distribution areas and energy storage configuration.