Assessment of high-efficacy agonism in synthetic cannabinoid receptor agonists containing l-tert-leucinate.

This work reports an experimental methodology to study the connection between ultrafast optical Kerr effect spectroscopy and heat transfer and fluid mechanics from femtoseconds to real time. The methodology was applied to hexane and o-dichlorobenzene, two molecular liquids with contrasting thermal diffusion behavior. We show that the ultrafast spectroscopic signals are markedly different under equilibrium (off-resonant) and nonequilibrium (resonant) conditions. By varying the intensity of the resonant pump pulses, we modulate the photothermal effect and show how transient and cumulative heating effects are manifested in the ultrafast signals. We vary the rotation rate of a magnetic stirrer to show how turbulent flow influences the signatures of heating in single-shot ultrafast measurements. We show how the time delay between pump and probe pulses can be used to characterize real-time conductive and convective modes of heat transfer as well as microscopic heat dissipation rates on the femtosecond timescale. The methodology is generally applicable to other molecular liquids and also to transparent liquids containing absorbing chromophores, which have the advantage of allowing control of the amount of heat generated after light absorption across different fluids. • Ultrafast spectroscopy measurements of liquids coupled to heat transfer and fluid mechanics. • Systems studied at equilibrium and in non-equilibrium steady-state thermal gradients. • Ultrafast measurements under heat conduction, convection, and turbulence.

• A novel two-zone solar cavity receiver with helical + spiral coil configuration is proposed. • Experimental and CFD analysis conducted under varying solar energy inputs (7–14 kW). • Novel receiver achieved 69% efficiency, surpassing basic helical model (∼55%) at 7 kW. • Enhanced convective (21%) and radiative (16%) heat transfer modes in novel design. • At higher flux (14 kW), spiral coils caused a pressure drop, reducing thermal efficiency. An experimental and Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) analysis was conducted to evaluate the modes of heat transfer (HT) and their effects on energy efficiency for different solar energy inputs on cylindrical cavity receiver models with two distinct coil tube configurations. The cavity absorber surface absorbs the high-intensity heat flux from the dish reflector, which is then conducted to the cylindrically coiled tube surfaces of the receiver. The basic model features a helical-coil tube configuration that serves as a single-zone heat exchanger throughout its length. In contrast, the novel model introduces a two-zone heat exchanger design. The second half employs two spiral coils in a parallel, aiming to enhance convective and radiative HT. In the first phase of this research, both receiver models were tested with a 12 m² dish reflector. The HT and energy efficiency results for the two models were compared under a steady-state average solar energy input of 7 kW, based on collected experimental data. The novel receiver model achieved a maximum energy efficiency of 68.98%, compared to 54.74% for the basic model, with enhancements of 21% and 16% for convective and radiative HT modes, respectively. However, the conductive mode of HT in the novel model was 13% lower than that of the basic single-zone heat exchanger. In the second phase, CFD analysis compared the HT and thermal performance of both receiver models for average solar energy inputs of 7 kW and 14 kW to evaluate performance under higher operating conditions. The CFD results for the 14 kW input indicated that the basic receiver model performed better than the novel model in terms of HT enhancements and energy efficiencies, achieving a 70.6% efficiency.

In most seed plants, plastid DNA is inherited maternally. In conifers, however, plastid DNA is transferred paternally with pollen. The evolution of this strategy is unknown. With maternal transfer, plastid DNA is selected based on its effect in the sporophyte (plant) only, irrespective of its effect on the male gametophyte (pollen). This becomes problematic with antagonistic selection and when the pollen phase is long and stressful. With paternal transfer, only successful fathers pass on their plastid DNA to their offspring, which selects for sequences supporting pollen viability. If siring success is heritable, paternal inheritance of plastid DNA can evolve. We refer to this idea as the Male Gametophyte Selection Hypothesis. With paternal inheritance, plastid DNA alternates between sporophyte and male gametophyte, allowing selection in both phases. We review the consequences of mode of transfer for evolution of plastid DNA. The non-photosynthesis gene ycf1 is longer and under positive selection in conifers, making it an interesting candidate gene for further analysis.

Understanding the patterns and propagation of cracks on the surface of ultrahigh-performance concrete (UHPC) is crucial for revealing the mechanisms of force transfer and failure modes. Despite its significance, research on the relationship between crack evolution and load-displacement curves remains limited. This study presents a new automatic crack detection method developed to assess surface cracks in UHPC under dynamic loading conditions. The method integrates crack pattern identification with kinematic measurement, utilizing image processing techniques such as the rolling ball algorithm and local thresholding to effectively detect cracks. To improve accuracy, a connected component-based approach is implemented to filter out noise. Once cracks are identified, key geometric features—such as crack width, total area, and projections—are continuously evaluated over time. Furthermore, the method introduces a metric for converting pixel-based measurements to real-world dimensions, enabling the determination of actual crack sizes. The accuracy and robustness of the approach are validated through comparisons with experimental results from UHPC subjected to uniaxial tension. This research offers a comprehensive analysis of time-dependent crack characteristics, providing valuable insights into the propagation and failure mechanisms of UHPC.

Conventional donor-acceptor (D-A) type thermally activated delayed fluorescence (TADF) materials face significant challenges in achieving deep-blue electroluminescence with narrow full-width at half maximum (FWHM). Herein, two deep-blue narrowband emitters, DPYDICz and DCNDICz, are developed by applying merge-ring engineering to rigidify dual-core D-A TADF motifs. This approach suppresses through-space charge transfer (TSCT) and enables short-range charge transfer (SR-CT), effectively balancing excited-state charge-transfer and local exciton contributions. The rigid molecular frameworks yield deep-blue emissions at 439 and 443nm in toluene with narrow FWHMs of 17 and 21nm, respectively, and high photoluminescence quantum yields exceeding 90% in doped films. When employed as terminal emitters in hyperfluorescence OLEDs sensitized by m4TCzBN, these materials achieve high external quantum efficiencies of 35.4% and 32.0% with deep-blue electroluminescence (CIEy of 0.06), narrow FWHMs (29-30nm), and excellent operational stability (LT90 up to 54h). This merge-ring engineering strategy offers a generalizable platform to convert conventional broad-emission TSCT-type D-A systems into narrowband SR-CT emitters, revitalizing classical D-A TADF materials for high-performance deep-blue OLED applications.

A great amount of attention is currently being paid to the development of low-dimensional nanoarchitectonics, such as functional films, that exhibit highly sensitive and selective optical responses to analytes. Porphyrins are particularly attractive for this field due to their outstanding optical and coordination properties. In this work, systematic comparative studies were carried out on Langmuir monolayers and Langmuir-Blodgett (LB) and Langmuir-Schaefer (LS) films of sterically hindered, hydrophobic meso-tetra(mesityl)porphyrin (H2TMP) and its phosphonate-substituted analogue H2DMDPP, in which two mesityl groups are replaced by bulky PO3Et2 substituents. Both porphyrins form densely packed LB and LS nanoscale films on hydrophilic and hydrophobic solid substrates. The introduction of two hydrophilic phosphonate groups is critical for controlling monolayer organization at the air-water interface and on solid supports. The structural differences of the films translate to pronounced changes in optical properties, film stability, and pH sensing performance. Importantly, the transfer mode of the Langmuir monolayer (perpendicular (LB) vs parallel (LS)) is as decisive for sensor performance as the molecular structure of the porphyrin itself. All studied single-layer films exhibited pH sensitivity, allowing the spectral detection of HCl vapors. However, a visual fluorescence response toward this analyte was observed exclusively for LB films of H2DMDPP, likely due to the high emissivity of these films.

This study examines the Anglocentric nature of terminology in web development as a factor shaping the perception and translation of technical documentation into Russian. The aim of the research is to identify the mechanisms through which English metaphorical and cognitive models underlying contemporary web technologies undergo changes in the process of interlingual transfer, based on official documentation and examples of professional IT discourse. The theoretical significance of the study lies in refining the understanding of IT documentation translation as a process of transferring conceptual models, which allows us to consider Anglocentrism within a cognitive translation paradigm. The analysis demonstrates that a substantial proportion of core web-development terms function as carriers of culturally motivated metaphors that cannot be reduced to formal technical definitions. It is shown that common translation strategies – literal translation, transliteration, and partial adaptation – produce various types of cognitive and stylistic distortions that disrupt the integrity of the original conceptual models. A stable relationship was identified between the mode of terminological transfer, increased complexity of instructional discourse, growing cognitive load, and the emergence of hybrid professional jargon among Russian-speaking developers. In addition, an asymmetry in access to knowledge between English-speaking and non-English-speaking specialists was established. The scientific contribution of the study consists in systematizing Anglocentrism as a translation studies problem affecting the level of knowledge conceptualization in IT discourse. The practical value of the findings lies in their applicability to the translation and localization of web-development documentation, as well as to the training of translators and technical specialists, with the aim of improving semantic accuracy, reducing cognitive load for target-language users, and enhancing the quality of technology acquisition.

Delineation of matter into solid and fluid (liquid and gas) phases is grounded in the contrasting localization and mobility of atomic/molecular aggregates, with the fluid phase distinguished by connected pathways for these entities. Here, we demonstrate that CuInP2S6, a layered material, manifests as a unique system differing from both solid and fluid: It is solid but contains disconnected pathways of highly mobile Cu species. Each pathway comprises two main docking sites, facilitating rapid intersite hopping of Cu that disrupts lattice waves of the immobilized sulfur sublattice, thereby inducing strong phonon anharmonicity. The Cu+ ions, ordered at low temperatures, become highly activated and dynamically disordered even at room temperature. This suppresses the virial contribution, a dominant heat conduction mechanism in conventional solids, while inducing a moderate liquid-like convective mode of heat transfer. Identifying analogous systems featuring disconnected pathways and dynamical disordering states offers a promising route for increased anharmonicity.

Abstract This study investigates the effect of small trim angles (±0.5°) on the bow wave breaking of the DTMB5415 hull at Fr=0.35 using Delayed Detached Eddy Simulation (DDES). The validated simulations reveal that trim angle fundamentally alters the breaking pattern: bow-up trim intensifies the breaking zone and spray, leading to more violent plunging, while stern trim promotes spilling breaking closer to the bow. Energy analysis shows that bow trim induces a “broad and persistent” energy transfer mode, in contrast to the “more concentrated and intense” mode under stern trim. Vorticity quantification within the defined breaking zone confirms the overall dominance of negative vorticity; bow trim enhances localized high-intensity positive vortices, whereas stern trim yields a more stable flow. Further, trim systematically reshapes the breaking zone’s three-dimensional morphology: bow trim reduces volume but increases surface area, exhibiting pronounced dispersion characteristics, whereas stern trim drives the zone toward a more cohesive structure. These morphological changes underpin the observed differences in energy distribution and vortex dynamics, providing a mechanistic link between trim alteration and the macroscopic hydrodynamic response.

Evaluation of gel foam stability under different heat transfer environments: An experimental study

Abstract This article addresses the underexplored dynamics of artificial intelligence (AI) technology transfer by the United States/China to the global South, and the implications for the technological advancement of the latter. While previous research has examined general patterns of AI exchange and their geopolitical implications, few studies have provided a systematic comparative analysis of the modes of AI technology transfer and their concrete effects on recipient countries in the global South. This article addresses that gap by introducing a typology that distinguishes the US as exemplifying a ‘leader’ mode characterized by a high ‘systematicity of transfer’ and low ‘preparedness for localization’, and China as exemplifying a ‘collaborator’ mode characterized by a low ‘systematicity of transfer’ and high ‘preparedness for localization’. Building on this typology, the article analyses how these divergent transfer modes shape the global South's AI capabilities, development trajectories and AI regulatory frameworks. The US' ‘leader’ mode offers coherent and governance-oriented AI systems but risks creating vertical dependency and limited local absorption, whereas China's ‘collaborator’ mode facilitates cost-effective adoption and local capacity-building, but often lacks robust regulatory frameworks and comprehensive integration. This article provides a framework for future research on digital sovereignty and for the efforts of policy-makers in the global South to design AI strategies that balance developmental gains with long-term autonomy.

Enhanced surfaces manufactured using pulsed laser texturing for highly efficient two-phase cooling

Abstract This article is devoted to a stylistic analysis of the Cathedral of St. Nicholas in Famagusta, Cyprus, known as Famagusta Cathedral (now the Lala Mustafa Paşa Mosque), begun around 1300. The special relevance of the cathedral comes from the fact that it owes its shape to masters well acquainted with the buildings of both France and Germany, and thus it demonstrates the complex and at the same time ambiguous stylistic character of the architecture around the year 1300. This study goes beyond purely formal analysis of the church, however: The case of Famagusta Cathedral and its anonymous designer provides a starting point for a discussion of the modes of long-distance transfer of architectural forms in the late thirteenth and early fourteenth centuries, which in turn are inextricably linked to the question of the education and career patterns of master masons and to the ways in which they were employed by clients from distant countries.

This article presents a novel fully soft-switched modular voltage equalizer that facilitates energy transfer between cells, packs, and modules. The equalizer, equipped with a multiwinding transformer, operates at high speed and efficiency. Soft switching is achieved for all energy transfer modes through a simple auxiliary circuit, ensuring that the switches do not generate voltage spikes and allowing for continuous current draw from the battery pack, thereby minimizing losses. A prototype of the equalizer was tested with 16 lithium-ion batteries divided into four modules, operating at a switching frequency of 100 kHz. The experimental results confirm the proper functionality of the proposed converter, demonstrating a circuit efficiency of 93.5% and balancer efficiency of 96%.

A numerical model for simulating thermal runaway propagation between lithium-ion battery cells with detailed heat transfer analysis

In this study, the influence of residual gas pressure within a vacuum insulation cavity on the insulation performance of a multi-layer insulation (MLI) system was investigated through thermal analysis. Based on an electrical analogy, a thermal resistance network was constructed, considering heat transfer through the insulation system by gas conduction, solid conduction, and surface radiation. Lees’ four-moment model was employed to calculate the gas conduction across a wide range of vacuum conditions, including medium-to-low vacuum situations. The analysis shows that total heat flux and effective thermal conductivity exhibited non-linear increases as the pressure approached atmospheric level. This trend was successfully validated by comparisons with experimental data from the literature, thereby confirming the rationality of the proposed analytical model. Furthermore, the contributions of individual heat-transfer modes to the total heat flux within the insulation system were scrutinized, thereby revealing their redistribution patterns. Under high-vacuum conditions, solid conduction and radiation were the primary modes of heat transfer. However, with increasing pressure, the proportion of gas conduction rose markedly, becoming the primary heat-transfer mode under medium-vacuum and low-vacuum conditions. Finally, a validated analytical technique was utilized to predict heat-transfer characteristics under cryogenic boundary conditions associated with liquid hydrogen storage.

The authors would like to make the following corrections about the published paper [...]

Wire Arc Additive Manufacturing (WAAM) holds significant potential for the fabrication of intricate, medium to large-scale metallic components. However, current research predominantly targets lab-scale specimens, often exploring limited ranges of process parameters and overlooking the complex interactions between thermal, geometrical, and mechanical factors. In this study, a comprehensive experimental program is conducted to systematically investigate the influence of key process parameters, namely current, voltage, wire feed speed, and travel speed, across three Gas Metal Arc Welding (GMAW) transfer modes: Cold Metal Transfer (CMT), Conventional Spray (S-GMAW), and Pulsed Current (P-GMAW). 3Dprint AM 46 carbon steel was used as the feedstock material. The investigation proceeded in three stages: development of a broad process window (produced by CMT), characterisation of 10-layer walls (produced by CMT, S-GMAW and P-GMAW), and mechanical testing of large-scale walls (produced by P-GMAW) to construct a process–property map. Experimental characterisation revealed that the heat input (HI) and the wire feed speed to travel speed (WFS/TS) ratio govern the cooling time (Δt₈/₅), which exhibited a linear dependence on HI. Bead width and height were governed by combined effects of HI and WFS/TS, while hardness, yield strength, and ultimate tensile strength followed inverse power-law correlations with HI. Ultimate strain showed a positive correlation with HI. In parallel, an analytical modelling framework is proposed to establish predictive equations linking process parameters with thermal cycles, deposition geometry, and mechanical properties. These models aim to accelerate process planning and enable property-driven slicing strategies for WAAM structural applications.

High performance and unique mechanism of carbon dots modified iron-copper bimetals for antibiotics degradation.