Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) constitutes one of the most severe and pressing threats to global public health, food security, and environmental integrity. This review synthesizes current evidence across interconnected One Health domains—humans, animals, food, and the environment—to delineate the scope, mechanisms, and drivers of AMR transmission. Our analysis reveals three principal findings. First, the scope of AMR is alarmingly extensive, with antibiotic-resistant bacteria (ARB) and genes (ARGs) now pervasive across all four ecological compartments, transcending traditional clinical boundaries. Second, this widespread distribution is critically facilitated by horizontal gene transfer mechanisms, particularly via mobile genetic elements such as plasmids, which enable ARGs to disseminate rapidly between diverse bacterial populations across different ecosystems. Third, we identify multiple interconnected drivers that actively promote this cross-ecosystem spread, encompassing both evolutionary and transmission drivers. By characterizing these critical transmission pathways and underlying drivers, this review provides an integrated framework to identify critical transmission risks and inform integrated strategies for mitigating antimicrobial resistance across One Health domains.

Beewolf wasps rely on an ancient defensive symbiosis with Streptomyces bacteria that protect their larvae from fungal infection. Female beewolves apply the bacteria to the brood-cell ceiling, and larvae later transfer the symbionts onto the cocoon surface, where they produce antifungal metabolites. Here, we investigated the mechanism of symbiont transfer from the beewolf brood cell to the larval cocoon and characterized the microbial community dynamics across different beewolf life stages and during larval hibernation. Fluorescence in situ hybridization revealed that the symbionts are transiently taken up into the proximal midgut lumen and then regurgitated onto the cocoon during the spinning process. High-throughput sequencing showed that the bacterial community of beewolf feeding larvae resembles that of the honeybee prey, whereas that of adults and diapausing larvae is dominated by Wolbachia. Moreover, the cocoon bacterial community is initially dominated by the defensive Streptomyces philanthi symbiont, but when larvae excrete the gut content inside the cocoon, other bacterial taxa including Lactobacillus, Gilliamella and Bartonella shift the community composition toward dominance by Pseudomonadota. Our findings provide new insights into the transmission route of an ancient extracellular symbiont and its potential competition with other bacteria in this long-term defensive symbiosis.

Purpose Although study has shown that electronic performance monitoring (EPM) may have a positive impact on employee performance, it has also been suggested that it may lead to employee stress and dissatisfaction, which may inhibit performance. This study aims to provide a balanced perspective on this conflicting issue by using social information theory as an overarching framework. In addition, SIP theory was further refined by integrating attribution theory to reveal the conditions under which monitoring is most effective. Design/methodology/approach First, the authors conducted a series of confirmatory factor analyses (CFAs) using Mplus 8.3 software to assess the measurement validity of the model. A path model was then developed using maximum likelihood to test all hypotheses. Specifically, EPM was used as the independent variable, control attribution and feedback attribution as moderators, employees’ work goal progress and perceived privacy violation as mediators, and employees’ task performance as the outcome variable. Demographic variables (gender, age, education, tenure in current organization), LMX, positive affect and negative affect were entered into the model as control variables. Parametric bootstrap was used to test the mediator and the moderated mediator (5,000 repetitions, forming a 95% confidence interval) and construct the full path model. Findings The authors propose that EPM improves task performance by stimulating employees’ perception of work goal progress. Correspondingly, EPM will also stimulate employees’ perception of privacy violation, which will have an adverse impact on task performance. In addition, the authors consider employees’ different attributions of organizational implementation of EPM as moderators in the model and propose that feedback attributions strengthen the positive path of EPM-work goal progress-task performance and weaken the negative path of EPM-perceived privacy violation-task performance, while control attributions strengthen the negative path and weaken the positive path. The results supported most of the authors’ hypotheses. Research limitations/implications First, all variables were self-reported, which may lead to common method bias. However, some research suggests that self-reporting is not only an appropriate method for exploring issues within the realm of personal experience, but in some situations it is even superior to the evaluation of others. Nevertheless, the authors encourage future research to adopt multi-source data. Second, despite the use of a time-lagged design, causality could not be established. Therefore, future research is encouraged to use experiments to manipulate EPM and attributions to establish causal relationships between the variables. Third, the study was conducted in one country. In the future, this study can be replicated in other countries to solve relatively limited universal problems. Practical implications First, the research shows that EPM practice can effectively improve employees’ task performance, and the implementation of EPM is of great significance to both individual employees and organizations. However, although these technologies have significant advantages in improving work efficiency and optimizing performance management, the authors must also be wary of their potential adverse effects. Therefore, when introducing these advanced technologies, companies should carefully evaluate their potential negative effects to ensure that the application of technology will not have a negative impact on the well-being of employees. Second, the findings reveal that EPM practices do not always achieve the expected results. Therefore, if the company’s goal is to promote employees to make feedback attributions, it should formulate reasonable monitoring policies, explain the purpose of monitoring, and make monitoring more transparent to protect employee privacy and reduce the negative impact caused by privacy violation perception. Social implications With the continuous advancement of technology, EPM technology is also developing continuously, and more and more advanced technologies are being applied to employees’ performance management. For example, artificial intelligence and big data analysis technologies enable companies to monitor employees’ work performance in real time, generate detailed performance reports and provide personalized feedback. The study helps provide a theoretical basis for companies to balance efficiency and employee welfare, optimize management strategies and enhance the fairness of the work environment and employee satisfaction when implementing EPM. Originality/value First, innovation in theoretical perspective: social information processing (SIP) theory is systematically introduced into the field of e-performance monitoring research for the first time, providing a more balanced perspective on the contradictory views of EPM on employee performance. Second, research paradigm innovation: expanding the application scenarios and explanatory effectiveness of SIP theory. Most of the previous studies on SIP have focused on the effects and influence of leaders as information sources on employee behavior, while there is still a theoretical gap in the information transfer mechanism of human resource management practices. This study extends contextual cueing research from leadership behavior to HRTS by introducing SIP theory. Third, theoretical integration innovation: coupling SIP theory and attribution theory to build a comprehensive analysis model.

Abstract RuO 2 is a highly active catalyst for the oxygen evolution reaction (OER). However, very little is known about the kinetics of the elementary steps that support the OER cycle on RuO 2 . The dehydrogenation of surface hydroxyl (OH*) to surface oxo (O*) is one of the elementary steps in the OER on RuO 2 . Here, we investigate the kinetics of this dehydrogenation step, which converts surface hydroxyl to surface oxo by applying scan-rate-dependent cyclic voltammetry to RuO 2 (110) surfaces. Under strongly acidic or alkaline conditions, the apparent rate constant for the OH* dehydrogenation is quicker than 10 3 s –1 . We characterize this rate across different pH values. At a constant cation strength, the O* formation rate shows a reaction order of ~0.5 with respect to [OH – ] in alkaline and to [H + ] in acidic media. This observation suggests a first-order proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) mechanism. Higher cation concentrations positively affect the rate of OH* dehydrogenation. We attribute this finding to the impact of interfacial environment on the PCET, where charged ions can influence interfacial water molecules and facilitate electron transfer during dehydrogenation.

The research presented in this article addresses the critical issue of assessing thermal regimes in buildings and the subsequent development of energy-saving measures. With a focus on the thermal microclimate within urban areas, particularly in response to changing economic conditions and energy consumption patterns, the study investigates external factors influencing building thermal loads. Through a comprehensive methodology, the research explores the interplay between building elements, airflow dynamics, and energy consumption patterns. The study highlights the complexities of building thermal regimes, emphasizing the need for tailored solutions based on individual comfort requirements and environmental conditions. The findings highlight the significance of considering external disturbances, such as wind speed and direction, in assessing building thermal performance. The study provides insights into heat transfer mechanisms, boundary layer dynamics, and airflow distributions around buildings through numerical simulations and experimental validations. The proposed methodology offers a practical approach to enhancing building energy efficiency by optimizing heating systems, refining heat loss calculations, and improving thermal comfort for occupants. By considering a range of factors, from building orientation to external weather conditions, the study advocates for an individualized approach to building energy management, thereby paving the way for sustainable and environmentally conscious building practices.

Abstract Two-dimensional Z-scheme photocatalytic materials have demonstrated considerable potential for solar-driven water splitting, owing to their efficient charge carrier separation and strong redox capabilities. In this work, we employ first-principles calculations to systematically investigate the structural stability, electronic properties, optical response, and photocatalytic performance of three Janus heterostructures: WTe₂/XSSe (X = Hf, Pt, Sn). The computational results reveal that all three heterostructures are indirect bandgap semiconductors, with bandgap values of 0.17 eV for WTe₂/HfSSe, 0.085 eV for WTe₂/SnSSe, and 0.52 eV for WTe₂/PtSSe. These systems exhibit a direct Z-scheme charge transfer mechanism and possess suitable band edge alignments that straddle the redox potentials required for overall water splitting. Moreover, the built-in electric field at the interface, oriented from WTe₂ to XSSe, effectively promotes the spatial separation of photogenerated electrons and holes. All heterostructures display significantly enhanced light absorption in both the ultraviolet and visible regions, surpassing that of their monolayer components. The predicted solarto-hydrogen conversion efficiencies exceed 20% for all cases, indicating excellent photocatalytic performance. These findings suggest that WTe₂/XSSe heterostructures are promising candidates for Z-scheme photocatalysts in solar water splitting applications.

The analysis of annealing parameters effect on foam glass structural characteristics in order to purposefully control its properties is presented. The main attention is paid to the mathematical modeling of heat transfer processes and foam glass sample stress-strain state at the technological stage of annealing. The mathematical modeling methods for glass and foam glass annealing evolution is considered, various modeling approaches, including algebraic equations, integral and differential models, relaxation kinetic theory, numerical methods, and discrete modeling are analyzed. The study highlights that to understand the mechanisms of the heat transfer and the foam glass structure formation for production optimization is especially important.

ConspectusThianthrenium (TT) salts have emerged as versatile reagents with utility across transition-metal (TM) catalysis, photochemistry, biocatalysis, electrochemistry, and polar transformations. Initially introduced as an aryl (pseudo)halide surrogate in traditional TM-catalyzed cross-coupling reactions, thianthrenium salts have since demonstrated conceptually distinct advantages over their (pseudo)halide analogues in single-electron mediated processes, particularly under visible-light irradiation.The positively charged thianthrenium group raises the substrate's reduction potential into the range accessible to common photocatalysts, and upon single-electron transfer, the exocyclic C-STT bond undergoes ultrafast mesolytic cleavage to generate aryl or alkyl radicals while avoiding the back-electron-transfer often observed with halide substrates. This combination of favorable redox properties and rapid bond fragmentation distinguishes thianthrenium salts as efficient radical precursors in photoredox catalysis.Beyond the electron transfer mechanism in photoredox catalysis, thianthrenium salts have distinct advantages in triplet energy transfer (EnT) catalysis. In contrast to simple aryl (pseudo)halides, which possess high triplet energies (ET ≈ 78-82 kcal/mol), Ar-TT+ salts exhibit consistently lower triplet energies (ET ≈ 60-66 kcal/mol), largely independent of the arene substitution pattern. This energy range allows for efficient triplet-triplet energy transfer from photosensitizers such as thioxanthone (TXO, ET = 65.5 kcal/mol) for radical generation via EnT in high quantum yield.In addition to photocatalytic pathways, direct photolysis of thianthrenium salts has emerged as a third mode of activation. This reactivity was initially employed to homolyze the CF3-STT bond of trifluoromethyl thianthrenium (CF3-TT+) triflate that has a low bond dissociation energy (BDE), with blue LEDs. A more general, biocompatible approach emerged through the development of selenonium-based TT analogues. TT-like selenonium-based reagents have been designed to realize site-selective selenylation of electron-rich aromatic residues on biomacromolecules in aqueous media. While the C-Se bond in these selenonium salts remains stable under ambient conditions, it undergoes efficient homolytic cleavage upon irradiation due to their visible light absorption and low BDE of ∼70 kcal/mol for the C-Se bond. Therefore, photochemical late-stage modifications of peptides, proteins, and nucleic acids can be achieved under physiologically compatible conditions.This Account retraces the conceptual evolution of thianthrenium chemistry in our laboratory─from its origins in aromatic C-H functionalization to its diverse applications in photochemistry. We highlight conceptual and practical advances enabled by thianthrenium salts in photocatalysis, which are classified into two categories: photocatalytic SET (photoredox catalysis) and photocatalytic EnT. Within photoredox catalysis, three mechanistic modes are distinguished: (i) conventional photoredox catalysis; (ii) dual photoredox/transition-metal catalysis; and (iii) photoinduced transition-metal catalysis. In addition, we discuss the direct homolytic cleavage of thianthrenium and selenium salts under visible-light irradiations. By contrasting these strategies, we explain how thianthrenium chemistry provides practical and mechanistically distinct solutions to modern radical chemistry.

The development of efficient photocatalysts is crucial for addressing the energy crisis and environmental pollution. However, the charge transfer mechanisms in polar materials along with the influence of external electric fields are still unclear. Herein, this research explores the dipole moments and carrier dynamics in Janus SnSSe/MoSi2N4 heterojunctions by first-principles calculations and nonadiabatic molecular dynamics simulations. Our results show that the S/N configuration has a dipole moment of 0.03 eÅ, and the Se/N configuration exhibits a much larger dipole moment of 0.18 eÅ. Both configurations follow an S-scheme charge-transfer mechanism, with interfacial electron-hole recombination times as short as 11 ps (S/N) and 25.13 ps (Se/N), which are substantially faster than the intralayer electron and hole transfer times. The application of an external electric field influences the electronic properties and polarity of the heterojunction. Moreover, a positive electric field further strengthens the S-scheme charge-transfer character. The S/N contact configuration demonstrates superior photocatalytic performance compared to the Se/N configuration and individual monolayers, exhibiting promising reaction activity. This letter provides deep insights and theoretical guidance for designing novel S-scheme heterojunctions with tunable photocatalytic properties.

The thermal behavior of 2D materials is dominated by interfaces, but very few methods exist to probe such atomically sharp interfaces. This study uses Raman Spectroscopy to explore the thermal-induced strain at the interfaces between graphene and hexagonal boron nitride. By analyzing shifts in Raman peaks under varying excitation power and temperature, we demonstrate the interplay between strain and thermal behavior, particularly the influence of temperature-induced strain on the Raman peak position of graphene. Our study underscores the critical role of thermal expansion in governing interfacial behavior, which is also sensitive to the nature of the interface. Our study offers new insights into how Raman spectroscopy can be utilized to quantify the strain developed between various interfaces, and our findings pave the way for advancing the understanding of heat transfer mechanisms in next-generation nanodevices.

The spin Hall effect in a heavy metal intercorrelates an AC electric current to the magnetization dynamics in an adjacent ferromagnet, which manifests as an electric reactance in the system's current–voltage response. We present a comprehensive theoretical analysis for this emergent reactance contribution in the frequency regime relevant to transport measurements up to a few GHz. Our analysis reveals that the reactance becomes inductor-like at low frequency below the ferromagnetic resonance. Crucially, we find that the sign of the reactance is directly governed by the spin transfer mechanism at the interface, which depends on the competition between its damping-like and field-like components parametrized by the spin mixing conductance. This characteristic behavior in the reactance offers a powerful transport observable in distinguishing the interfacial spin transfer processes in spintronic materials.

Linking carbon, nitrogen and sulfur cycles: Electron transfer model for nitrate and sulfate dependent anaerobic oxidation of methane.

Color tunable NaCaLa(MoO4)3: Tb3+, Eu3+ phosphors for LED and optical anti-counterfeiting.

Enhancement of methane production in anaerobic digestion via modified oil sludge-derived biochar additive: Mechanisms of electron transfer, proteins cleavage and microbial synergy

Mechanisms of CO2 phase transition and heat transfer in response to damage-induced permeability in coal: insights from experiment and simulation

Mechanism of macrophage mitochondrial transfer in CBNPs induced EndMT of pulmonary microvascular endothelial cells.

Experimental and numerical studies on the characteristics and mechanisms of convective heat transfer in gas–liquid two-phase flows

Electron transfer performance and mechanism in twin microbial fuel cell powered electro-Fenton system with waste activated sludge as substrate.

Application and mechanism of ratiometric fluorescent probes based on ESIPT and AIEE mechanisms for cyanide detection in biological systems.

Photocoupled ozone oxidation (PCO) of tetracycline over N-TiO2/Bi2WO6 Z-scheme catalyst: Mechanism of charge transfer and reactive species generation