Line Transect Method Research Articles

Avian Communities of Alatish National Park, Ethiopia

Alatish National Park, which is located in the Amhara National Regional State at the border with the Republic of Sudan, is rich in its avian resources. To study the park’s avian communities, the study area was classified based on its vegetation structures into riverine woodland, wooded grassland, woodland, and bamboo woodland. Data were collected from July 2017 to April 2018 using line transect and point count methods. As a result, 132 species of birds belonging to 18 orders and 55 families were identified. The highest species diversities during the wet (H’ = 3.53) and dry (H’ = 3.55) seasons were recorded in the riverine woodland habitat. Species evenness was also the highest during the wet (E = 0.79) and dry (E = 0.77) seasons in the riverine woodland habitat. The bamboo woodland habitat harboured the lowest species diversity during the wet (H’ = 2.81) and dry (H’ = 2.45) seasons. More species similarity (SI = 0.90) was recorded between wooded grassland and bamboo woodland habitats during the dry season. Relative abundance of birds among the different species showed significant differences (F131, 1452 = 2.94,P<0.05), and most birds in the area were identified as uncommon species. Forest fire, logging, and overgrazing by cattle have significantly contributed to habitat destruction in the park which might act as the cause for reduction in avian diversity. Therefore, appropriate conservation strategies should be designed and implemented to minimize avian habitat destruction due to various anthropogenic activities within the park.

Diversity, composition and important tree species for Cenderawasih bird activities in Rhepang Muaif ecotourism forest, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia

Abstract. Lahallo W, Tanjung RHR, Suharno, Sujarta P. 2022. Diversity, composition and important tree species for Cenderawasih bird activities in Rhepang Muaif ecotourism forest, Jayapura, Papua, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 742-749. Trees, the major component of a forest, affect the interaction between flora and fauna contained in the forest. Among them, birds are the group of fauna that are highly dependent on trees in the forest. The inter-relationship between birds and trees is particularly important in forests utilized for bird-watching ecotourism and endemic birds such as Birds of Paradise, or locally named Cenderawasih. This study aimed to determine the diversity and floristic composition of tree species in the Rhepang Muaif ecotourism forest, Jayapura District, Papua and identify important tree species that support the activities Cenderawasih birds. A survey was employed using a line-transect method to record species diversity and vegetation structure of trees diameter> 20 cm. A total of 62 observation plots were established, representing around 51 hectares of ecotourism forest, with each plot measuring 20 x 20 m. The findings revealed that there were around 63 tree species belonging to 23 different families recorded in the observation plots. Based on the stand structure, it can be stated that the ecotourism forest in Rhepang Muaif was a secondary forest with a density of roughly 20 trees per hectare (diameter > 20 cm). Species with the highest Important Value Index were Intsia bijuga, Areca sp., Syzygium versteegii, and Pometia pinnata. Important tree species used for the activities of Cenderawasih birds included I. bijuga (perching, chirping), P. pinnata (playing), Teijsmanniodendron hollrungii (perching, chirping), P. pinnata (eating, perching) and Macaranga sp (playing). Macaranga sp., F. benjamina, and T. hollrungii had a limited population whereas I. bijuga, and P. pinnata were more abundant. Our study implies that to ensure the survival of Cenderawasih birds in the ecotourism areas, the carrying capacity of tree species for bird activities must be maintained so that these birds do not migrate to other locations.

Assessment of diversity and distribution patterns of Pteridophytes in the South-Central Biological Corridor III of Bhutan

Pteridophytes constitute an important component of forest ecosystems in addition to non-vascular cryptogams and spermatophytes (Magnoliophyta). Study has been carried out to assess the diversity and distribution patterns of pteridophytes in Biological Corridor III of South Central Bhutan with an aim to evaluate species composition along elevation-gradients and to understand how environmental factors influence species richness and distribution. Line-transect methods were adopted on site in four different locations. Species richness and diversity study was conducted in 47 sample plots taken at sizes of (10 x 10m) at 500m interval from 800 to 2200m altitude in three forest types. A total of 64 fern species were recorded represented by 3146 individual plants. Maximum species richness was observed at elevations between 1000 and 2000m. The species diversity index was (H = 1.368), evenness (EH = 0.88) and species richness (SR = 5.1). Pteris normalis was found to have the highest relative abundance of (RA = 9.91); Selaginella monospora had the highest relative density with (Rd = 11.35) and the maximum Importance Value Index of (IVI = 26.48) distributed along the widest range of elevation. Environmental and ecological variables such as temperature, slope and soil pH tend to have negative correlation with species counts. Elevation, soil-moisture content, precipitation and canopy coverage tend to have a positive correlation. Species counts through different vegetation zones tend to increase from tropical to subtropical and gradually decrease towards warm temperate forest.

SPECIES DIVERSITY OF BIRDS OF PREY IN HADEJIA NGURU WETLANDS, NIGERIA

The study aimed to determine the distribution, diversity and abundance of birds of prey in Hadejia Nguru wetlands Nigeria, carried out in March to August, 2021, with a view to providing information in a bid to establish a baseline for conservation for this group of birds. The Hadejia-Nguru Wetlands (HNWs) is a Ramsar site and an Important Bird Area (IBA) being recognized nationally and internationally as an ecological area for resident, inter-African and Palearctic migrant bird species in sub-Sahara region, Nigeria. Transect line method was used for the bird survey. This involved moving slowly along the transect line and recording all birds seen and detected in and around the transect line. The survey was carried out for a period of six (6) months using transect line method and each site was surveyed twice every month during the study period. Bird observation was carried out twice daily; morning between 6:00 to 10:00 a.m. and evening between 4:00 to 6:30p.m by walking slowly along the transect line. Birds were counted as birds seen and birds inflight were also counted. Richness index (RI) and t-test were used for data analysis. The total number of birds was calculated as the number of birds seen plus the number of birds heard. Transect line survey method detected a total of 1,562 individual birds of prey that belong to twenty four (24) species of 2 families. Accipitridae with 20 species is the richest family in species number and Falconidae with

Population Status, Feeding Behaviour and Habitat Preference of Helmeted Guinea Fowl (Numida meleagris) in Surrounding Vegetation of Cross River University Technology, Obubra Campus

The population status, feeding behaviour and habitat preference of the helmeted guinea fowl (Numida meleagris) were investigated in this research. The period of carrying out the research comprised from january to october, of 2021. The line transect method was used to collect data on the population status of the species. The quadrate vegetation sampling method was used to investigate the preferred habitat. Data generated from the research were analyzed using descriptive statistics, while results were compared using chi-square (X2) test, one way Analysis of Variance and t-test. The average number Numida meleagris in the study area was 434 and 293 during the wet and dry seasons, respectively. The most important daytime activities of the species were feeding, resting, scanning and running. The observed population differ significantly across sectors during the wet and dry seasons (X2 = 8.00, p = 0.03). The relationship between allocated time to each activity and time of the day was greatly significant (X2= 4.04, p = .001). The number of individuals was 3.0±4.0 and 5.0±0.2 individuals/km2 during the dry and wet seasons, respectively. The importance value index (IVI) for Gmelina arborea, Tectona grandis and Elaeis guineensis were 24.41, 20.39, and 18.17, representing the dominant plant species in the study area. Human disturbance was responsible for loss of habitat, nesting and foraging sites. Protection of the habitat against exploitation will reduce poaching habitat destruction, and restore its nesting sites, thereby increasing its population.

Studi Kelimpahan, Hubungan Panjang Berat, Pola Sebaran dan Faktor Kondisi L. intermedia (Gastropoda)

Littorinidae is family of gastropods which found abundantly distributed from roots till the edge of mangroves leafs. The aims of research were to find out the abundance, length-weight relationship, distribution patterns and conditions factors of Littorina intermedia which is associated with mangrove ecosystems in Payum beach. This study conducted in three months start in June until August 2020 in the Mangrove Forest Ecosystem of Payum Merauke Beach. Line transect methods with purposive sampling are using to collected all the samples. There are three stations in this location. The results found in Stasion I tnd., respectively. Both length and weight in the three stations separated into 4 categorize. The higest categories in St. I and St. II belong to category length between 0,96-1,70 cm approximately 638 ind and 84 ind. Reverse with that in St. III belong to category III (1,71-2,45 cm) with 15 ind. Furthermore, for weight analysis dominate with category I with 0,00-0,59 gram which is found in all station. For lenght and weight analysis using Regreation showed Allometric Negative where the growth of length is faster than body weight. Morever the distribution pattern in all sampling site showed in clumped pattern. The condition factor of species L. intermedia, ranges from 0.31 to 26.45 with an average of 1.15. Key Words: Merauke; Weight-Length Relationship; Distribution; Gastropod; Littorina

Analysis of Cyanide (CN) in Seagrass as a Bioindicator in Sekotong West Lombok

Seagrass is one of the aquatic plants that can be used as a bioindicator in the waters. This research aims to determine the morphological structure of seagrass as bioindicators and the amount of cyanide content in seagrass plants in the waters of Sekotong, West Lombok. This research was conducted in July - August 2021 at Pewaringan Beach, Sekotong, West Lombok. Determination of the sample point is done by purposive sampling. Data were collected using line transect method simple random sampling  at three points. Data analysis was carried out on seagrass plants with complete roots, stems, and leaves using a spectrophotometer at BLKPK NTB Province. The results showed that the characteristics of seagrass in the three research locations had a slightly muddy sandy substrate and slightly sandy muddy, an average leaf  length of 21.5 cm, an average leaf  width of 1.10 cm, an average stem length of 9.4 cm, diameter the average stem is 0.74 cm, the average root length is 7.29 and the average root diameter is 0.25 cm. The ANOVA test showed that the significant value was <0.05, so there was a significant difference in the morphology of the seagrass. The cyanide content in the waters of Pewaringan Beach was found to be on average 12,341 mg/kg or 0.495 mg/L. According to the Ministry of Health of the Republic of Indonesia No. 57 of 2016 the standard cyanide content in waters is 0.5 mg/L. So that the cyanide content in the waters of Pewaringan Beach is still within safe limits.

Monitoring Spatial and Seasonal Abundance of Indian Wild Ass (<i>Equus hemionus khur</i>) in Little Rann of Kutch Landscape, Western India

<p class="Default">The present study was conducted in Little Rann of Kutch (LRK) landscape in the Gujarat state of western India. It is a vast saline mud-plain holding the last remaining source population of Indian wild ass (<em>Equus hemionus khur</em>) or Khur after its population from other parts of the world got locally extinct. Khur occupy fringes of the Sanctuary and bets (islands) having grassland and scrubland vegetation. Taking adequate and effective management decisions and monitoring would be difficult in absence of reliable information. Line transect sampling will ensure robust population estimate of Khur. By bridging this gap with adequate information, meaningful and effective management decisions can be taken. We have conducted line transect surveys using foot and vehicle transect following distance sampling in southern fringe as intensive study site. The density estimates (No./km<sup>2</sup> ± SE) in southern fringe of LRK during two surveys were 5.76 ± 0.91, 6.08 ± 1.39 in winter and 2.29 ± 0.55 in summer from foot transect and 5.2 ± 0.73, 6.72 ± 1.12 in winter and 4.29 ± 0.87 in summer from vehicle transect, respectively. The study will help managers to evaluate long term monitoring method and make adaptive management decisions.</p>

Traditional medicinal plants and their utilization by local communities around Lambung Mangkurat Education Forests, South Kalimantan, Indonesia

Abstract. Nugroho Y, Soendjoto MA, Suyanto, Matatula J, Alam S, Wirabuana PYAP. 2021. Traditional medicinal plants and their utilization by local communities around Lambung Mangkurat Education Forests, South Kalimantan, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 23: 306-314. Lambung Mangkurat Education Forests (LMEF) is a unique forest area with high plant diversity, including medicinal plants. This study aimed to document the list of natural medicinal plant species in LMEF and analyze the community perceptions on utilizing them. Exploratory surveys collected data through field observation and interviews with people living in villages around LMEF. The inventory of medicinal plants was conducted by line transect method with 1,000 m long and 20 m wide. Meanwhile, indigenous communities' description of medicinal plant utilization was explored using an interview process on fifty respondents. The results showed that 56 medicinal plant species were naturally distributed in LMEF. Most plants have habitus as trees, wherein local communities commonly use their leaves as traditional medicine. Local people generally applied the extraction process using hot water to obtain the benefit of these plants. Interestingly, more than 70% of respondents prefer traditional medicine to drugs. These findings indicated that the sustainable management of LMEF can support the vital role of forest ecosystems for people's health.

Anthropogenic land-use and environmental factors affecting the species richness and occurrence of carnivores in the Faragosa-Fura Landscape of Southern Rift Valley, Ethiopia

Anthropogenic land-use changes pose significant threats to the diversity and occurrence of wildlife species around the world. We investigated how land-use and environmental factors affect the richness and occurrence of carnivore species in the Faragosa-Fura Landscape of the Southern Rift Valley of Ethiopia. We used the line transect method to collect data, combining three complementary field survey techniques: sign survey, camera trapping, and opportunistic sighting surveys. We confirmed the presence of 12 carnivore species belonging to six families, including the vulnerable Felidae species Panthera pardus. More species were found in the family’s Felidae and Herpestidae, while Hyaenidae and Mustelidae were composed of a single species each. The two large-sized species identified were Panthera pardus and Crocuta crocuta. The species richness was the highest in wetlands, while it was the lowest in the settlement. The occurrence of most carnivores was negatively associated with agricultural land and settlements, while they were positively associated with wetlands and altitude. Genetta genetta had the highest occurrence, while Panthera pardus had the lowest in the area. We concluded that of the studied habitats, wetlands are the most important, and anthropogenic land-uses have a negative impact on species richness. Our findings provide valuable baseline data for stakeholders making critical conservation decisions as well as researchers conducting related ecological studies in a human-dominated landscape. Based on our findings, we propose a basic approach for integrating land management and wildlife conservation.Article HighlightsTwelve carnivore species belonging to six families were identified; only two were large-sized.The species richness was the highest in wetlands, while it was the lowest in settlements and agricultural land.Most species tended to have positive associations with higher altitudes and wetlands and negative associations with settlements, agricultural land, and roads.Our finding highlights valuable baseline data for critical conservation decisions as well as researchers in a human-dominated landscape.

“Man-Peafowl Conflict”-An Assessment in the Cultivated Crop lands of Kumbakonam Region of Tamil Nadu, India

The Indian Peafowl Pavo cristatus also known as the Blue Peafowl was declared as the National bird of India during 1963 due to its ‘flagship’ value found on its glorious position in mythology and its widespread distribution and grandeur and comes in Schedule-I of the Indian Wild Life (Protection) Act, 1972. Many parts of India, the birds can be a nuisance to agriculture as they damage crops. The present study was made in the villages surrounded by Neelathanallur which is situated in the basin of Kollidam river. Line transect method were followed to estimate the population of the Indian Peafowl. The tree species used for roosting by peafowls were recorded and identified. The details of abundance and problems in selected cultivation areas were collected using questionnaire survey method. The study areas mostly dominated with crops cultivation and mainly cultivated by grains and vegetables. A total of 14 visits were made to the study sites of which a total of 50 sightings of peafowls were seen. About 26.25% of the observation shows the peafowls raid mainly on corn or maize plants followed by paddy field (23.11%), chilli (21.85%), cereals & grams (16.14%) respectively. The people living in the study sites does not have much impact due to peafowl. They are not doing any harm to the peafowl because they are worshipping the peacock as vehicle of Lord Subramania.

Morphological Identification of Edible Termites (Isoptera) in Luanda Sub-County, Kenya

Termites are social insects that live in colonies underground. Globally, there are 3000 termite species, of which 39% are found in Africa. Termites are used as food and livestock feed in most communities of the world. In Kenya, termites are consumed by many communities, especially in the western region. Termite species diversity across different parts of the Luanda sub-county was established as there are many edible and non-edible species in the area. This study assessed the species diversity of termites in Luanda sub-county, and characterized them morphologically. Termites were sampled in Luanda sub-county using the line transect method. The collected termites were preserved in tubes containing 70% Ethanol. The preserved samples were taken to the National Museums of Kenya for morphological identification up to species level. Species richness of each habitat was analyzed for diversity (Shannon-Wiener) index and Shannon index by using Vegan package version 1.16 - 32 in R. The differences in species composition and diversity of termites were analyzed using one-way ANOVA. Morphological identification recorded seven species, namely, Macrotermes herus, Macrotermes spp1, Macrotermes sp1, Pseudocanthotermes grandiceps, Macrotermes bellicosus, Macrotermes spp2 and Pseudocanthotermes militaris. The results of this study showed that the Shannon diversity index H was 0.3606 while Simpson index D was 0.20644, which implied a high species diversity of termites in Luanda sub-county a leading producer of edible termites in Kenya.

Major threats and habitat use status of Demoiselle crane (Anthropoides virgo), in district Bannu, Pakistan.

Cranes are the large and attractive Creatures of nature with long necks, legs, and life-span. Adults of both sexes are the same with similar color patterns. Demoiselle cranes spend most of their lifespan on dry grasses. They are also found around the stream, rivers, shallow lakes, natural wetlands, and depressions. To evaluate the current status of habitat use and major threats a study was conducted in tehsil Domel district Bannu. Line transect method and water quality tests (temperature, PH, contamination of E-coli bacteria) were used. To determine the major threats questionnaire method was used. The whole data was analyzed by using SPSS 21 version. Based on the distribution four study sites were selected and four water samples from each study site were taken. Most sites were moderate to highly degraded except Kashoo and kurram river mixing point which was low degraded with livestock grazing and human activities. Water quality tests showed PH ranges from 7-9, temperature 6.5-8.5, and contamination of E-coli in all samples. The social survey revealed that hunting, habitat degradation, and pollution as major threats. Effective long-term conservation and management in the study area are needed to focus on the protection of disturbance-free habitat.

Study Of Avifauna Of Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary, Kashmir Himalaya: Diversity, Status And Seasonal Variation

The value of local and regional landscapes for avian conservation requires a thorough understanding of the diversity and structure of bird communities. The present study was conducted in the Rajparian Wildlife Sanctuary to assess the diversity, status and seasonal variation of avifauna. Weekly surveys were conducted from July 2019 to December 2021, following the line transect method. 102 bird species were recorded during the study period, categorized under 12 orders and 37 families, including 60 resident species, 24 summer migrants, 3 winter visitors, 8 passage migrants and 7 local altitudinal migrants. Among the dominant families, the Muscicapidae accounted for 17 species with a 15.7 relative diversity index value. Renyi diversity profile and rarefaction analysis revealed that of all the studied seasons, the summer season has the highest diversity and richness. Considerable variation in Sorensen dissimilarity between different seasonal pairs was observed, with the lowest dissimilarity found between summer and autumn (βSOR = 0.07) and the highest between autumn and winter (βSOR = 0.21). The current study will serve as a baseline for future avian research as well as for management implications in the sanctuary.

Urban landscapes are richer in bird species when compared to farming lands: evidence from Morocco (Northwest Africa)

Urban expansion leads to modifications of habitat features, organization, and resources. Bird assemblages are known to respond by escaping destructive changes and adapting to sustainable ones. In this study, we investigated for the first time the avian diversity and its variation following the rural-urban gradient in Beni Mellal (Morocco) from 2018 to 2021. We used the line-transect method and multivariate analysis to demonstrate the selection of breeding habitats. Our result revealed a total of 84 species divided into resident breeders (64.28%), passage migrants (17.85%), breeding migrants (26.19%), winter visitors (32.18%) and accidental visitors (1.19%). Two globally vulnerable species counting the European Turtle Dove Streptopelia turtur and the European Goldfinch Carduelis carduelis were recorded. Breeding populations were concentrated in green spaces (9 species) located in the urban zone, compared with farmlands (7 species), peri-urban (3 species), and rural areas (3 species). Therefore, these results reverse the hypothesis that rural and farming lands are more species-rich because of a higher population size. This is due to the abundance of breeding and foraging resources in urban green spaces compared to arid lands surrounding cities in this North African area. Furthermore, our study provides a new opportunity for comparative studies of avian diversity in Morocco and Northwest Africa.

Population Size vs. Age structure and Seasonalmovement pattern of African Elephants (Loxodontaafricana, Blumenbach, 1797:Elephantidae) in Babile Elephant Sanctuary, Eastern Ethiopia

The focus of this paper is to study the population size and age structure of elephants, and their seasonal movement patterns in Babile Elephant Sanctuary (BES), Eastern Ethiopia. The study was carried out between May 2019 and April 2020. The population size of the elephant was estimated indirectly from the dung droppings using line-transect methods within a 42 km2 area; of which, each 12 km2 area in riverine and woodland, and 18 km2 in bushland habitats. The total estimate of the elephant population for the sanctuary was (230+20) or between (210 and 250). Besides, Elephant numbers were also estimated directly from sightings. The maximum number observed in a herd was 75. There was a declining trend for the past 49 years in the elephant population. The observed density for the whole sanctuary was 0.033 elephants per km2. In the elephant age structure, there were more intermediate (47%) and very few sub-adults (2.6%) size classes identified. The movement pattern of elephants was studied based on footprints, dung piles, and feeding signs The GPS recorded routes were marked on a geo-referenced map of the area using a GIS program (Arc map10.8). The result revealed that the present wet and dry seasonal movement patterns of elephants were noted following almost the Erer and Gobele valley routes in the oromia region of the sanctuary. Based on the study results, the following inference is drawn: identifying and documenting up-to-date information on population size and age structure, and seasonal movement of African elephants (i.e., the migratory routes and foraging areas for complete protection to maintain the animal's natural migratory patterns without disturbance) in BES is important to build gaps in knowledge for conservationists to design plans for restoring the species and sustaining the elephant’s existence. Therefore, strengthening the capacity of management and enforcing laws can minimize intimidation and enhance opportunities.

Inventory and diversity of dragonflies (Odonata) at Kuningan Resort of Mount Ciremai National Park, West Java Province

The presence of dragonflies regarding the sensitivity of nymphs towards environmental changes is considered a bioindicator that can indicate changes in water quality and the environment. The purpose of this study is to take inventory of the species and the diversity of dragonflies at the Kuningan Resort, Mount Ciremai National Park in several representative aquatic habitats. The dragonfly inventory technique used a modified line transect method with observation plots that are not limited by a certain distance or area but by a set time of 15 minutes for each plot observation. The results of the inventory obtained 24 species of dragonflies from 8 families, as many as 591 dragonflies consisting of 58.2% of common dragonflies including of suborder Anisoptera consists of Aeshnidae, Gomphidae, Libellulidae and 41.8% of needle dragonflies including of suborder Zygoptera consist of Platystictidae, Calopterygidae, Chlorocyphidae, Euphaeidae, Coenagrionidae. The dragonfly diversity index (H’ = 1.94 – 2.32) (medium), the species richness index, or the values of Margalef’s diversity index (Dmg) ranged from 1.99 to 2.87 (low), the species evenness index ranges from 0.39 – 0.6)(low – medium).

Butterfly diversity in the village Banihari, District Dakshin Dinajpur, West Bengal, India

The aim of the present investigation was determine the butterfly diversity in a village Banihari, West Bengal, India and calculate the diversity indices. Pollard transect line method with minor changes was adopted for study. Survey was done at early morning with monthly interval. Butterflies were photographed with digital camera. Number of butterflies within the transect line were counted and then calculated the diversity indices with PAST 3.0 software. A total 48 butterfly species under four families were recorded during the study period. Most dominant family was Nymphalidae then followed by Pieridae, Lycaenidae and Papilionidae. Number of taxa, Shannon diversity index and Margalef species richness index were maximum at site1 and minimum at site 4. Most common butterflies were Common Mormon, Psyche, Blue Tiger, Plain Tiger, Striped Tiger, Grey Pansy, Small branded swift and Angled Castor. Moderate numbers of Butterflywere reported at the study site. Butterfly diversity depends on availability of host plants. Butterfly diversity decreased day by day due to many anthropogenic activities such as habitat loss, loss of host plant and use of pesticides.

Assessment of plant species diversity and abundance using line-transect method at Pantai Sabak, Kelantan

Coastal areas are environmentally sensitive areas filled with various local inhabitants focusing on the tree species ecosystem continuing to develop according to its environment. Pantai Sabak is one of the well-known eroded beaches in Kelantan due to the natural phenomenon, tidal wave erosion. This study aimed to identify the species availability and determine the species abundance, density, frequency, and diversity found in Pantai Sabak, Kelantan. Certain native species and common tree species at the coastline area are still available, such as Nypa fruticans and Ipomoea pes-caprae. Shocking results are achieved whereby the shoreline area has been degraded by the tidal wave and shoving away some species such as Cocos nucifera. Due to the situation, the coastal area has reached the mangrove area resulted in the species along the transect line is mangrove species namely Excoecaria agallocha. Another species achieved were shrubs and it showed Pantai Sabak has been severely damaged. A total of 1,350 individuals of 30 species from 30 genera belong to 22 families were recorded along two kilometres transect line. By using the diversity index which is Shannon-Wiener Diversity Index (H’) value is 2.99, Shannon-Wiener Maximum Index (H’max) is 3.40 while Shannon Evenness (EH) is 0.88. These results showed the area of the study is still diverse in species hence dominated by shrubs such Lantana camara. Hence, this study only focuses on the species diversity ecosystem, not the causes of the occurrence that occurred.

Phytochemical Analysis of the Feed of the Tapanuli Orangutan as a Continuing Conservation Effort

This study aims to determine the type of feed for the Tapanuli orangutan (Pongotapanuiliensis), and the phytochemical compounds contained in the diet of the Tapanuli orangutan (Pongotapanuiliensis). This research was conducted in the Batang Toru forest of South Tapanuli for sampling. This study used a line transect method with 4 transects I, II, III, IV) used to observe the diet of the Tapanuli orangutan, and the Physics Laboratory of the HKBP Nommensen Pematangsiantar University for phytochemical analysis. The results of this study obtained 11 types of nests HayunDolok (Syzygiumsp), Medang (Litseabrachystachys), Mayang (Palaquiumgutta), Laccatbodat (Shoreahopeifolia) and Hoteng (Quercusgemelliflora). Phytochemical compounds contained in orangutan feed are alkaloids, flavonoids, tannins and saponins.