Transaction Mode Research Articles

燃气内燃机冷热电联产系统的技术经济性分析

本文针对分布式冷热电联产系统(CCHP)在市场化推广中的计费方式和能源定价等经济性问题，建立了内燃机冷热电联产系统的热力学模型，并确立了以年折算费用、年净收益、投资收益率为基础的技术经济评价体系。以长沙某大型公建的能源站三联供方案为例(额定制冷量23,098 kW，制热量16,445 kW，发电量2320 kW)，选取制冷(热)量相同的直燃分产方案以及常规分产方案作为参照，基于协商式交易模式下的冷热电计费方式，综合比较了三种方案的各项经济性指标，并从投资方与用户方的利益出发，将天然气价、冷热电价与联产方案经济性指标的关系做了敏感性分析。本文研究结果为冷热电联产方案的市场化推广应用提供了重要参考依据。 To analyze the problem of billing way and energy pricing in market promotion of distributed combined cooling, heating and power system (CCHP), a thermodynamic model of the typical CCHP based internal combustion engine is established, and the average annual cost, net income and rate of return on investment are selected as the economy evaluation index in this paper. Based on the billing way of negotiated transaction mode, the CCHP system (rated refrigerating capacity 23,098 kW, heating capacity 16,445 kW, generating capacity 2320 kW) of a large public building in Changsha is taken as an example, and the direct-fired systems and conventional production systems of the same rated refrigerating (heating) capacity are proposed as alternative schemes to compare the techno-economic characteristics. Then based on the interests of the investors and user, the sensitivity analysis about gas prices, heat prices and electricity prices was executed to find its influences on the economy evaluation index of CCHP and conventional production systems. The results of this study provide an important reference for the development and application of CCHP system.

Network model of bilateral power markets based on complex networks

The bilateral power transaction (BPT) mode becomes a typical market organization with the restructuring of electric power industry, the proper model which could capture its characteristics is in urgent need. However, the model is lacking because of this market organization's complexity. As a promising approach to modeling complex systems, complex networks could provide a sound theoretical framework for developing proper simulation model. In this paper, a complex network model of the BPT market is proposed. In this model, price advantage mechanism is a precondition. Unlike other general commodity transactions, both of the financial layer and the physical layer are considered in the model. Through simulation analysis, the feasibility and validity of the model are verified. At same time, some typical statistical features of BPT network are identified. Namely, the degree distribution follows the power law, the clustering coefficient is low and the average path length is a bit long. Moreover, the topological stability of the BPT network is tested. The results show that the network displays a topological robustness to random market member's failures while it is fragile against deliberate attacks, and the network could resist cascading failure to some extent. These features are helpful for making decisions and risk management in BPT markets.

Common engines of cloud manufacturing service platform for SMEs

In order to improve the comprehensive competitiveness of small- and medium-sized enterprises (SMEs), a cloud manufacturing service platform for SMEs was implemented with the idea and model of cloud manufacturing (CMfg) in this paper. Using the transaction mode of multiple enterprises, multiple orders, and multi-party collaboration, the architecture and workflows of this cloud manufacturing service platform were designed. Some common engines, such as intelligent matching engine for supply and demand, transaction coordinating logic engine, and credit evaluation engine, were researched, which implement the semantic intelligent searching, order tracking, transaction task guiding, and collaborative management in the whole process of CMfg. As a case, this platform has been applied in the automobile and motorcycle parts manufacturing industry, which effectively integrates manufacturing service resources in this field through online services and offline services (O2O), achieving the effective management of service resources.

Research on G2V and V2G Trade Modes and Information System Development

In the energy crisis environment, V2G and G2V energy exchange is an important issue for attention. We studied the V2G and G2V energy exchange process and electric energy transaction mode. The design of an energy transaction management system for V2G and G2V is given, and the management system is developed. This system is an information system for V2G and G2V two-way mode trading platform, which include two parts: the first is the system management and basic information management module, the second is V2G and G2V transaction module. Based on transactions between electric vehicles and the grid, the system realizes the plan and arrangement for the electric automobile to charge and discharge orderly.

Research on Transfer and Replacement Mechanism Design of Inter-Provincial Electricity Treatment in South China Electricity Market

In the context of south china electricity market, the concept of contract transfer and replacement deal is set forth in advance which is specialized in electricity treatment. Then, the feasibility of conducting an inter-provincial contract transfer and replacement is analyzed according to the aspects of physical characteristics, economics and policies within the china southern power grid. In addition, the advantage and disadvantage are also presented in terms of bilateral negotiation and centralized biding transaction modes. After that, the pricing mechanism and transaction mode are deliberately designed pertaining to three different situations including a party power shortage and a party "abandon water", a party power supply shortage and a party power surplus and a party power surplus and a party "abandon water". Finally, the realistic feasibility of the proposed schemes is verified through an employed numerical example.

Distribution Mode of Urban Renewable Resources Recycling Based on the Internet

The widely use of the Internet has greatly expanded the materials supply channels of the renewable resources. Online recycling has become an important way of the renewable resources in China. . The distribution mode of urban renewable resources recycling based on the Internet and also its associated conditions was put forward after comparing the distributed transaction mode of the renewable resources between the traditional recycling and online recycling.

Flexible Business Support System for Stock Index Futures Transaction

As an important financial derivative tool, SIF (stock index futures) gets an indispensable effect in the stock market for investors, including hedging, discovering price and resisting risk. The transaction mode and regulations of SIF are subject to change due to rapid financial products innovation, especially in an emerging market. Therefore, in SIF transaction, one of the essential requirements of business support system is flexibility. After analyzing current transaction modes and business systems of world famous SIF markets, we present a new solution for flexible business support system with multi-layer architecture, object-oriented components and FIB (Futures Exchange Information Bus) router cloud in this paper. The system shows excellent performance in Shanghai Stock Exchange with the top 4 largest transactions in the world.

Discussion of Planning and Operating of Chongming Qianwei Village's Nongjiale tourism site

Abstract According to the sufficient market research the paper put forward the Construction and operation of Chongming Qianwei village Nongjiale tour website completed the Building program of this Business Website. Through needs analysis and feasibility analysis, this paper proposed business model for the target system, transaction mode, revenue model and competitive edge. Opening of the bridge which contact Shanghai and Chongming, coming of the shanghai expo; will bring the growth of passenger traffic of chongming's tourism industry. This article is based on this background, discussing the exploitation and plan of tour website of ChongMing, Enhancing the Popularity and Competitiveness of Chongming's Tourism.

The Brazilian Institutional Environment: The Impact on Companies' Strategies in the Oil and Gas Sector

Institutional theory explains how interactions between organizations and institutions shape economic activity and consequently managerial performance and strategies. The institutional setting of most emerging countries is in transition, whereby a relationship-based transaction mode is gradually yielding to rule-based transactions. This study investigates how the institutional environment in Brazil influences the strategy of oil and gas companies, based upon a case study approach to exploration and production in the oil and gas sector. The results obtained from secondary data and interviews with executives of the main Brazilian oil and gas companies and members of public organizations demonstrate that institutions have a limited influence on the decisions of these companies, since the regulatory dimension plays the biggest role in decision making.

Study on the Comparison of Construction Project Transaction Mode in Owner’s View

Nowadays, a great variety of construction project management modes are likely confusing. Firstly, according to contract mode and management mode, transaction mode involved in the process of construction project transaction is classified. Secondly, transaction mode is compared and analyzed on the scope of application, the characteristic of management, general effectiveness in owner’s view. The differentia of transaction mode is analyzed in many respects. This analysis is helpful for practitioners to understand and apply transaction mode of construction project.

모바일 기기 신호 인터페이스용 MIPI 디지털 D-PHY의 저전력 설계

In this paper, we design digital D-PHY link chip controling DSI (Display Serial Interface) that meets MIPI (Mobile Industry Processor Interface) standard. The D-PHY supports a high-speed (HS) mode for fast data traffic and a low-power (LP) mode for control transactions. For low power consumption, the unit blocks in digital D-PHY are optionally switched using the clock gating technique. The proposed low power digital D-PHY is simulated and compared with conven tional one about power consumption on each transaction mode. As a result, power consumptions of TX, RX, and total in HS mode decrease 74%, 31%, and 50%, respectively. In LP mode, power reduction rates of TX, RX, and total are 79%, 40%, and 51.5%, separately. We implemented the low power MIPI D-PHY digital chip using CMOS process under 1.2V supply.

Financial Distress Announcements, Transaction Mode Change, and Aggregate Shareholder Wealth: Empirical Evidence from TAIEX-Listed Companies

This study is to address the estimation of financial distress costs including the deterioration in asset value. A sample of 104 TAIEX-listed financially distressed companies was collected covering the period from 1998 to 2004. As expected, it is found that the TAIEX-listed financially distressed companies have registered a huge reduction in stock price. Moreover, as expected, it is found that the financial distress costs of the "delisting" group are largest, the financial distress costs of the "maintaining normal trading" group are lowest, and the financial distress costs of the "cash transaction only/suspended trading" group fall somewhere in between. Based on the empirical findings, the present study concludes that the magnitude of financial distress costs is substantially underreported in the literature as a result of ignoring deterioration in asset value.

Segmentation of stock trading customers according to potential value

In this article, we use three clustering methods (K-means, self-organizing map, and fuzzy K-means) to find properly graded stock market brokerage commission rates based on the 3-month long total trades of two different transaction modes (representative assisted and online trading system). Stock traders for both modes are classified in terms of the amount of the total trade as well as the amount of trade of each transaction mode, respectively. Results of our empirical analysis indicate that fuzzy K-means cluster analysis is the most robust approach for segmentation of customers of both transaction modes. We then propose a decision tree based rule to classify three groups of customers and suggest different brokerage commission rates of 0.4, 0.45, and 0.5% for representative assisted mode and 0.06, 0.1, and 0.18% for online trading system, respectively.

Agency Conflicts in Public and Negotiated Transfers of Corporate Control

We analyze control transfers in firms with a dominant minority blockholder and otherwise dispersed owners, and show that the transaction mode is important. Negotiated block trades preserve a low level of ownership concentration, inducing more inefficient extraction of private benefits. In contrast, public acquisitions increase ownership concentration, resulting in fewer private benefits and higher firm value. Within our model, the incumbent and new controlling party prefer to trade the block because of the dispersed shareholders' free‐riding behavior. We also explore the regulatory implications of this agency problem and its impact on the terms of block trades.

Determination of the Sum of Dimer and Polymer Triglycerides and of Acid Value of Used Frying Fats and Oils by Near Infrared Reflectance Spectroscopy

Abstract Near infrared reflectance spectroscopy (NIRS) in the transaction mode was applied to determine the sum of dimer and polymer triglycerides (DPTG) contents and acid value of used frying fats and oils. A filter instrument and a calibration sample set were used to determine DPTG content and acid value. For each parameter, a 7-wavelength calibration was developed using multiple linear regression analysis. For a validation set comprising 44 samples for the NIRS-DPTG determination in the range of 2.2 to 32.7% m/m, the correlation coefficient between NIRS and liquid chromatography (LC) was 0.976, with a standard error of prediction (SEP) of 1.8% m/m. For a validation set comprising 36 samples for the NIRS-acid value determination in the range of 0.30 to 18.8 mg potassium hydroxide per gram of sample (mg KOH/g), the correlation coefficient between NIRS and titration was 0.996, with a SEP of 0.33 mg KOH/g. Validation after routine operation for 1 year provided SEPs of 2.3% m/m and 0.44 mg KOH/g for DPTG and acid value determination, respectively. NIRS screening of 1400 samples collected during 1992 precluded the need for 1149 DPTG determinations by LC (82.1%) and 1033 acid value determinations by titration (73.8%), which are methods the judicature in The Netherlands accepted, because those samples appeared to comply with legislation.

Countertrade: An Evaluation of Existing Hypotheses

This paper reviews the range of countertrade activities taking place in international trade and the existing hypotheses that purport to explain their existence. Countertrade may be attractive in the short run in response to some pre-existing market distortion, impediment or disequilibrium. However, unless the countertrade imposed can directly address the distortion then this international transaction mode may prove to be very costly in the long run, if not the short run. This paper concludes that the superiority of countertrade over other transaction modes available in international trade and its efficacy as an economic instrument in circumventing perceived distortions is not clear. Countries that pursue this form of trade policy intervention for industrial development may cause a reduction in national, and perhaps global, welfare.

Description of protocols implemented in the SGB network

This paper describes the different levels of protocols implemented in the future network of the Société Générale de Banque (SGB) Belgium. They are implemented in a front-end computer interfacing the host computer and the network that will be conform to the CCITT X25 standards. The various software modules are a Network Communication Manager: the transport station, a Network Interface Task dialoguing with a remote correspondent, a Host Interface Task talking with the application program in the host via a channel emulator. The exchange of data inside the front-end computer and storing on disks is managed by the module “Enqueue-Dequeue”. Data exchange between host and his correspondent can be either asynchronous with an intermediate storing in the front-end or synchronous as in transaction mode. In the first case the recovery procedures are ensured by Enqueue-Dequeue, in the latter case the recovery is under responsibility of the corresponding application programs. This article is complemented by the paper on the transport station.

Hedonic Prices and Implicit Markets: Product Differentiation in Pure Competition

A class of differentiated products is completely described by a vector of objectively measured characteristics. Observed product prices and the specific amounts of characteristics associated with each good define a set of implicit or "hedonic" prices. A theory of hedonic prices is formulated as a problem in the economics of spatial equilibrium in which the entire set of implicit prices guides both consumer and producer locational decisions in characteristics space. Buyer and seller choices, as well as the meaning and nature of market equilibrium, are analyzed. Empirical implications for hedonic price regressions and index number construction are pointed out.