Traits Of Corn Research Articles

Effect of irrigation regimes and application of barley residue, zeolite and superabsorbent polymer on forage yield, cadmium, nitrogen and some physiological traits of corn and sorghum

Effect of irrigation regimes and application of barley residue, zeolite and superabsorbent polymer on forage yield, cadmium, nitrogen and some physiological traits of corn and sorghum

Effect of irrigation with leaven factory wastewater on biological yield and some traits of corn

Effect of irrigation with leaven factory wastewater on biological yield and some traits of corn

Common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) seed burial depth affecting corn (Zea mays L.) growth parameters

In order to assay the effects of common cocklebur (Xanthium strumarium L.) seed burial depth and wheat straw on corn (Zea mays L.) growth, an experiment was carried out at Research Farm of the Faculty of Agriculture, University of Tabriz, Iran in 2012. The factorial experiment was arranged based on randomized complete block design with three replications. The first factor was wheat straw application (control (0), 1.5 and 3 ton/ha) and the second factor was burial depth of common cocklebur seed (3, 6, 10, 15 and 20 cm) in the field. Result showed that the effects of wheat straw was significant on all corn traits and increased them. By increasing the cocklebur seed burial depth the all traits of corn were increased significantly except the chlorophyll content index. The interaction effect of wheat straw × burial depth was significant on corn height and cocklebur biomass. With increasing the wheat straw application and burial depth of cocklebur seed leaf number, chlorophyll content index and biological yield of corn were increased. Common cocklebur biomass was significantly reduced with increasing of wheat straw application and seed burial depth. As a result seed burial depth and application of straw could affect corn growth and competitive ability of cocklebur and could be used for management of this weed.

Review: Plant Resistance to Agriculture Insect Pests

Competition and interaction among organisms in nature results to selection for traits which confer added advantage. As a result of such interactions between plants and their natural enemies, plants have developed defensive mechanisms, both chemical and physical, to minimize pest damage. Intensive researches were carried out to identify and isolation the gene responsible for resistance plant to insects’ infestation which is used in breeding programs for crops improvement. It can be summarized as follows: 1- Corn ear worm, Helicoverpa zea (Boddie) can’t cause damage to certain corn strain due to maysin, a C-glycosyl flavone, and related compounds in the silks that inhibit corn earworm larval growth. Scientist can identify corn chromosome regions associated with silk maysin concentration, and then used it in producing new hybrid.2- Other insect such as the fall army worm, Spodoptera frugiperda can’t cause damage to resistance corn due to some factors as high hemicelluloses content, low protein content and leaf toughness. They can also identify a gene code which is controlled by the resistance traits of corn to the fall army worm. 3- However, the European corn borer, Ostrinia nubilalis (Hubner) can’t cause damage to certain corn varieties due to high concentrations of 2,4-dihydroxy-7- methoxy-1,4-benzoxazin-3-one (DIMBOA) in the leaves of mid-whorl stage plants. Scientist indicated that resistance to the European corn borer was identified in Peruvian corn germplasm and the GEM (Germplasm Enhancement of Maize) corn collection, then make backcross to produce new resistance strain. 4- Other crops as tomato infested by Tuta absoluta (Meyrick ( but some tomato varieties as Lycopersicon esculentum can resist it due to antixenosis factor which interrupted tomato leaf miner from feed, oviposition and shelter . 5- Russian wheat aphid, Diuraphis noxia (Mordvilko), can’t cause damage to some wheat and barley and others crop due to antibiosis and antixenosis factors. Six sources of resistant wheat, each governed by a different, single gene, have been identified.6- Two-spotted spider mites, Tetranychus urticae (Acari: Tetranychidae) and Whiteflies, Bemisia tabaci (Hemiptera: Aleyrodidae) are herbivorous pests. Additional whitefly infestation to spider-mite infested plants resulted in a reduced attraction of predatory mites (Phytoseiulus persimilis). This interference was shown to result from the reduction in (E)-β-ocimene emission from plantsinfested by both spider mites and whiteflies.7- Transgenic crops expressing a protein from the bacterium Bacillus thuringiensis Berliner (Bt) were carried out into potato, maize, cotton and soybean to be reduced their insect infestation.

Genetic mapping and QTL analysis for yield and agronomic traits with an F2:3 population derived from a waxy corn × sweet corn cross

We constructed a framework map using SSR markers in the F2 population derived from a cross between a waxy corn inbred line and a sweet corn inbred line. We constructed a genetic linkage map of the F2:3 population employing 295 SSR markers on 158 F2 individuals produced from the cross. The map comprised a total genomic length of 2,626.5 cM in 10 linkage groups and an average distance between markers of 8.9 cM. The number of loci per linkage group ranged from 27 (chr. 5) to 34 (chr. 7). The genetic distance per linkage group ranged from 213.6 cM (chr. 10) to 360.6 cM (chr. 2). Χ 2 tests revealed that 254 markers (86.1 %) distributed over all 10 chromosomes exhibited a Mendelian segregation ratio of 1:2:1. A total of 14 quantitative trait loci (QTLs) for days to silking (DTS), plant height (PH), ear height (EH), ear height ratio (ER), ear length (L-ear), and setted ear length (L-sear) were found in the 158 F2 progeny. They were mapped to chromosomes 1, 2, 3, 7, 8, and 10. Among them, one QTL was associated with DTS, three with PH, six with EH, one with ER, two with L-ear, and one QTL was related to L-sear. In our study, we found that four QTLs: qDTS1, qEH1a, qEH1b, and qPH1, were clustered between umc2390 and umc1603 on chromosome 1. These new QTLs identified by the present study could serve as useful molecular markers in selecting for yield and agronomic traits in maize. The results of this study may improve the identification and characterization of genes responsible for yield and agronomic traits in waxy corn and sweet corn.

The effect of nitrogen rate on transgenic corn Cry3Bb1 protein expression

Combining herbicide-resistant and Bacillus thuringiensis (Bt) traits in corn (Zea mays L.) hybrids may affect insect resistance management owing to volunteer corn. Some Bt toxins may be expressed at lower levels by nitrogen-deficient corn roots. Corn plants with sublethal levels of Bt expression could accelerate the evolution of Bt resistance in target insects. The present objective was to quantify the concentration of Bt (Cry3Bb1) in corn root tissue with varying tissue nitrogen concentrations. Expression of Cry3Bb1 toxin in root tissue was highly variable, but there were no differences in the overall concentration of Cry3Bb1 expressed between roots taken from Cry3Bb1-positive volunteer and hybrid corn plants. The nitrogen rate did affect Cry3Bb1 expression in the greenhouse, less nitrogen resulted in decreased Cry3Bb1 expression, yet this result was not documented in the field. A positive linear relationship of plant nitrogen status on Cry3Bb1 toxin expression was documented. Also, high variability in Cry3Bb1 expression is potentially problematic from an insect resistance management perspective. This variability could create a mosaic of toxin doses in the field, which does not fit into the high-dose refuge strategy and could alter predictions about the speed of evolution of resistance to Cry3Bb1 in western corn rootworm Diabrotica virgifera virgifera LeConte.

Effects of mulch practices on fresh ear yield and yield components of sweet corn

The experiment was carried out in the vegetation seasons of 2010 and 2011. The main purpose of the study was to determine the effects of mulch practices (a control-unmulched treatment, a plastic mulch treatment, and a straw mulch treatment) on fresh ear yield and some yield-related traits of sweet corn according to 3 sowing dates: 1 April, 15 April, and 1 May, respectively. The main effects of sowing dates were significant for the harvest period, the emerging rate from soil, the fresh ear yield per hectare, and the yield components of the sweet corn. The emergence rate of sweet corn was decreased on 1 April and 15 April due to the low soil temperature on these sowing dates. Of the mulch practices, the plastic mulch practice resulted in the highest emergence rate, the highest ear length, the highest ear diameter, the highest ear weight, the highest number of kernels per ear, the highest fresh ear yield, and the highest fresh ear number in both 2010 and 2011. The fresh ear yield and yield components were decreased by the straw mulch practice in both 2010 and 2011. The effects of the sowing date × mulch practice interactions on emergence rate, fresh ear yield, and some yield-related traits of sweet corn were statistically (P < 0.05 and P < 0.01) significant in both years. Of the interactions between the sowing dates and the mulch practices, the highest emergence rate (91.2% in 2010 and 93.7% in 2011), highest ear length (18.4 cm in 2010 and 18.5 cm in 2011), highest ear diameter (45.2 mm in 2010 and 46.5 mm in 2011), highest ear weight (229.1 g in 2010 and 227.1 g in 2011), highest number of kernels per ear (562.1 grains in 2010 and 552.3 grains in 2011), highest fresh ear yield (14,952.6 kg ha^{-1} in 2010 and 14,805.2 kg ha^{-1} in 2011), and highest fresh ear numbers (65,781.8 cobs ha^{-1} in 2010 and 65,789.6 cobs ha^{-1} in 2011) were determined from the plastic mulch practices on 1 May, the latest sowing date. The lowest emergence rate, the lowest fresh ear yield, and the lowest yield components were obtained from the straw mulch practice on 1 April, the earliest sowing date, in both 2010 and 2011.

Agronomic Traits of Corn Fertilized with Sewage Sludge

Although research on the environmental impacts of using waste as a fertilizer is of great importance, the basic principle for using a product as fertilizer is that it should provide nutrients for plants without causing any harm to them. The objective of this study was to evaluate the agronomic traits (number of nodes, plant height, leaf number, yield, and protein content of grains) and the nutritional status of corn treated with sewage sludge. The experiment was conducted in the municipality of Jaboticabal in a Red Latosol. A randomized block design with four treatments (0, 55, 110, and 167.5 Mg ha−1 of sewage sludge) and five repetitions was used. At 30 days after emergence (DAE), the dose of 110 Mg ha−1 dry weight presented greater values for plant height, leaf number and stem diameter. At 60 DAE, the treatments did not affect the agronomic traits. No influence from the treatments tested was observed for protein content of grains and yield. The dose of 167.5 Mg ha−1 showed greater weight of 100 seeds. All treatments showed nutritional imbalances. This study confirmed the agricultural potential of sewage sludge as a source of nutrients.

Rapeseed Residue Management for Weed Control and Corn Production

To study the effects of rapeseed residues on weeds growth and the following corn yield, this experiment was conducted in 2009 at Hamedan Agriculture Research Center, Iran. The experiment design was split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments of the experiment were hand weeding (with and without) and rapeseed residues (0, 15 and 30 kg/plot). Results indicated that hand weeding significantly affected all the measured traits of corn, but residue had only significant effect on plant height, ear diameter and 1000 kernels weight. Residue had also significant effect on weeds growth; the highest residue rate (30 kg/plot) was more effective and gave the highest weed control.

Rapeseed residue management for weed control and corn production

To study the effects of rapeseed residues on weeds growth and the following corn yield, this experiment was conducted in 2009 at Hamedan Agriculture Research Center, Iran. The experiment design was split plot in the form of a randomized complete block design with three replications. Treatments of the experiment were hand weeding (with and without) and rapeseed residues (0, 15 and 30 kg/plot). Results indicated that hand weeding significantly affected all the measured traits of corn, but residue had only significant effect on plant height, ear diameter and 1000 kernels weight. Residue had also significant effect on weeds growth; the highest residue rate (30 kg/plot) was more effective and gave the highest weed control. Keywords: Allelopathy, Brassica napus, Residue, Weed, Zea mays

Effect of year and technological factors on the yield and agronomic traits of sweet corn (Zea mays L. Convar. saccharata Koern.) varieties in a long-term experiment

The effect of three technological factors (sowing date, fertilization, crop density) and two genotypes was examined on the yield and agronomic traits of sweet corn grown on chernozem soil in the Hajdúság region of Hungary. The experiments, conducted at the Látókép Research Site of the University of Debrecen, involved two sowing dates (end of April, end of May), six fertilization levels (control, N30 + PK, N60 + PK, N90 + PK, N120 + PK, N150 + PK) and two plant density levels (45 thousand ha−1, 65 thousand ha−1). Both hybrids used (Jumbo and Enterprise) belong to the mid-late maturity group. Compared to the 30-year average, the climate was dry and warm in 2009. Moisture deficiency had an adverse effect on the yield of crops sown at the second sowing date. By contrast, the second year (2010) was very humid; the precipitation was 184 mm above the 30-year average and the temperature was average.In the dry year the highest yield was obtained with Jumbo for both sowing dates (27253 kg−1, 20921 kg ha−1), while in 2010 Enterprise gave the highest yield (23437 kg−1, 22237 kg ha−1) for both sowing dates. The correlation between the technological factors, the yield and agronomic traits was analysed using Pearson’s correlation coefficient.

Gene action of some agronomic traits in corn (Zea mays L.) using diallel cross analysis

In 2007, seven inbred lines of corn were crossed in a complete diallel cross design (Griffing's method 1). The seven parents and their 42 hybrids were planted in field based on Random Complete Block Design (RCBD) with three replications in two different environments. The studied traits were days from emergence to silking, days from emergence to physiological maturity, plant height, ear height, area of ear leaf, ear length, area of flag leaf, number of rows per ear, number of kernels per row and grain yield. Results of combined ANOVA revealed that environment effect was significant for all the traits. Based on diallel cross analysis according to Griffing method 1, General Combining Ability (GCA) and Specific Combining Ability (SCA) effects were significant for the majority of traits. Reciprocal variance effects were significant for days from emergence to physiological maturity and number of rows per ear that indicate presence of cytoplasmic inheritance. σ2GCA/ σ2SCA ratio revealed that additive gene effects were predominant in controlling the majority of traits. Based on high-parent heterosis, general and specific combining abilities of parents and hybrids, K1264.1 inbred line for production of early maturity, increasing number of rows per ear and grain yield, K18 inbred line for increasing number of kernels per row and K3653.5 inbred line for increasing area of flag leaf and number of rows per ear were suitable resources. K3218 × K3653.5 and MO17 × K3653.5 also proved to be the best crosses to increase grain yield. Key words: Corn, diallel, combining ability, heterosis.

Analysis of complete diallele cross of the main agricultural traits in glutinous corn

Six inbred lines in glutinous corn were used as test materials and a complete diallele cross was carried out by the the Griffing method(4) in order to study the general combining ability(GCA),specific combining ability(SCA) of plant height,ear height,the first stalk diameter on ground,the first stalk length on ground,growth date,ear weight,ear length and ear diameter in fresh glutinous corn.The results showed that the difference among GCA of other traits was very significant except the first stalk length on ground and that in SCA of the other traits was also very significant except ear diameter and first stalk length on ground.Ear diameter was mainly controlled by additive gene while the other traits gave expression to both additive gene and non-additive gene actions.In agricultural traits,P2,P6,P3 and P5 inbred lines were comparatively high in GCA of most traits,while the combination of P36,P15,P12,P16,P23 and P26 was the same in SCA.

Effect of Ascorbic Acid Foliar Application on Yield, Yield Component and several Morphological Traits of Grain Corn under Water Deficit Stress Conditions

In order to study effect of ascorbic acid foliar application on morphological traits, yield and yield components of grain corn under conditions of water stress, an experiment was conducted in Tarbiat Modares University, Tehran, Iran in 2006 growing season. Experimental design was RCBD (Randomized Complete Block Design) and treatments were sat in split-split plot arrangement. Water deficit stress treatment with three levels (no stress, vegetative phase stress and reproductive phase stress) was allocated to main plots. Ascorbic acid was used at two time (vegetative phase and reproductive phase) and four concentration (0, 50, 100 and 150 mgl -1 ) as sub plots and sub-sub plots, respectively. The results demonstrated that water deficit stress and ascorbic acid foliar application had significant effect on upon traits. Water deficit stress significantly decreased dry or fresh weight of plants at two growing phases, but leaf area was just decreased due to water deficit stress at vegetative phase. Regarding yield and yield components, a significant decrease was observed when plants were water stressed. It’s notable that final yield was more affected when plants were stressed at reproductive phase than those were stressed at vegetative phase. Ascorbic acid foliar application increased stem and leaf dry weight and leaf fresh weight. In addition, an increase was observed in grain weight when plants were treated by 150 mgl -1 ascorbic acid at two growing phases and no stress and vegetative stress. The highest infertile grains were observed in reproductive stress and without ascorbic acid plots while ascorbic acid foliar application led to increase of grain fertility. In general, these results suggests that ascorbic acid foliar application decreases adverse effects of water deficit stress and improves growth and production at normal and stressed conditions.

Parameter Genetik Jagung Populasi Bisma pada Pemupukan yang Berbeda. II. Ragam dan Korelasi Genetik Karakter Sekunder

&lt;p&gt;Genetic Parameter of Secondary Traits of Corn in Bisma&lt;br /&gt;Population under Different Fertilizer Application. II. Genetic&lt;br /&gt;Variance and Correlation of Secondary Traits.&lt;br /&gt;Sutoro, Abdul Bari, Subandi, and Sudirman Yahya. The&lt;br /&gt;magnitute of secondary traits of corn could affect the corn&lt;br /&gt;yield. Genetic parameter value of secondary traits are&lt;br /&gt;important in plant breeding, especially in selection program.&lt;br /&gt;Genetic parameter could be used for estimation of correlated&lt;br /&gt;response by involving value of genetic correlation and&lt;br /&gt;genetic variance. Value of genetic parameter is different&lt;br /&gt;among population and environment. Genetic parameter of&lt;br /&gt;secondary traits on Bisma population under 3 different level&lt;br /&gt;of fertilizer application were studied in Bogor. Result of the&lt;br /&gt;study showed that addtive genetic variance of ASI, chlorofil,&lt;br /&gt;seed number, amount of green leaves and LAI at flowering&lt;br /&gt;stage greater than dominant variance. Conversely, additive&lt;br /&gt;genetic variance of green leaf number and LAI at maturing&lt;br /&gt;stage, and leaf senescene are lower than dominant variance.&lt;br /&gt;ASI has greatest heritability among secondary traits&lt;br /&gt;under three level of fertilizer application. Positive genetic&lt;br /&gt;correlation was found between grain yield under low fertileizer&lt;br /&gt;application and ASI under high level fertilizer application&lt;br /&gt;or between grain yield under high level of fertilizer application&lt;br /&gt;and ASI under low level fertilizer application.&lt;/p&gt;

Battle of the Biofuels

With skyrocketing petroleum prices and war in the oil-producing nations of the Middle East, biofuels are increasingly touted as desirable alternatives to petroleum. But can they really help free us from a petroleum economy? How do they compete with conventional fuels and each other on a cost basis? What are the environmental impacts? Researchers at the University of Minnesota have published a wide-ranging study that offers some answers. Currently, corn grain ethanol and soybean biodiesel are the two predominant alternative transportation fuels in the United States. Both can be used in conventional car and truck engines in blended form, and biodiesel can also be used in pure form (“B100”). Both are available at an increasing number of wholesale and retail locations across the nation. However, both require significant energy to produce, have their own environmental impacts, and could divert corn and soybeans from the nation’s food supply. Exactly what the energy balance and environmental impacts are and whether these fuels should be subsidized has been the subject of heated debate among scientists, policy makers, and the public. Researchers from the University of Minnesota and St. Olaf College led by ecology professor G. David Tilman hoped to inform this debate by conducting a comprehensive analysis of the full life cycles of these biofuels. According to the study, published in the 25 July 2006 issue of the Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences, a viable alternative fuel must meet four criteria: show superior environmental benefits over the fossil fuel it displaces, be economically competitive with that fossil fuel, be producible in sufficient quantities to make a meaningful impact on energy demands, and provide a net energy gain over the energy sources used to produce it.

Evaluation of Detection Methods for Genetically Modified Traits in Genotypes Resistant to European Corn Borer and Herbicides

Detection of genetically modified (GM) traits in corn (Zea mays L.) is urgently needed for preservation of genetic identity and marketing GM products. A laboratory study was conducted to evaluate the efficiency, accuracy, and reliability of different analytical methods to detect GM traits in corn. Samples with known fractions of GM concentrations (Bacillus thuringiensis [Bt], Liberty Link [LL] and stacked [Bt/LL] genes) from commercial seed companies and those derived from yellow kernels in a white corn ear, outcrossed by pollen of neighboring Bt hybrid, were tested by lateral flow quick test kits and by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA)-based test strips purchased from different companies. Liberty Link hybrids are resistant to glufosinate (Liberty or Basta) herbicides, whereas Bt corn is developed for the control of European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis). Selected samples of GM concentrations were also tested in a commercial laboratory using DNA-based polymerase chain reaction (PCR) test. The results demonstrated that qualitative lateral flow quick tests could detect samples containing 1% or higher Bt and 2% or higher LL concentrations within the recommended time limit of the test. Faint test lines for samples containing 0.5 to 1% Bt or 1 to 2% LL concentrations appeared if samples remained in the test cup overnight. ELISA test strips detected the Bt content semiquantitatively in the range of 0.5 to 2.0%. Grain samples derived from non-Bt corn outcrossed by neighboring Bt pollen had usually lower GM concentrations than commercial GM seed samples. Both ELISA- and DNA-based PCR tests distinguished samples with GM concentrations between 0.1 to 0.5%, but the precision of quantification at this range was very low and results were highly inconsistent.

Divergent Selection for Rind Penetrometer Resistance and Its Effects on European Corn Borer Damage and Stalk Traits in Corn

Corn (Zea mays L.) grain yield is affected by a number of factors, including stalk lodging and pests such as the European corn borer (Ostrinia nubilalis Hübner; ECB). European corn borers contribute to stalk lodging and also cause a direct grain yield reduction through physiological effects that decrease the plant's ability to produce and translocate photosynthates. Although much progress has been made in improving standability, stalk lodging remains a major problem, and breeding for stalk lodging resistance continues to be important, especially if it also plays a role in ECB resistance. Missouri Second Cycle Stiff Stalk Synthetic (MoSCSSS) was selected for stalk strength by using a rind penetrometer. Twelve cycles of bidirectional selection have been completed, which has resulted in increased and decreased stalk strength in the high and low directions of selection, respectively. Selected cycles were evaluated for grain yield, stalk lodging, rind penetrometer resistance, first‐ and second‐generation ECB damage, leaf penetrometer resistance at the whorl stage and anthesis, and stalk traits including crude fiber, cellulose, lignin, and silica. Evaluation showed a decrease in grain yield in both directions of selection. Selection for high rind penetrometer resistance was effective at providing resistance to second‐generation ECB damage as well as resistance to stalk lodging. Leaf penetrometer resistance was higher in the high direction of selection at whorl stage, but reversed by anthesis where the low direction of selection had higher leaf penetrometer resistance. Crude fiber, cellulose, and lignin increased in the high direction of selection, but silica decreased in the high direction of selection. Significant correlations between the stalk traits analyzed demonstrated that stalk composition was important in providing rind penetrometer resistance, stalk lodging resistance, and second‐generation ECB resistance.

Growth and yield of sweet corn ( Zea mays L.) cultivars in response to planting date and plastic mulch in a short-season environment

The optimum soil temperature required for sweet corn ( Zea mays L.) germination is rarely achieved during spring planting in Newfoundland (NL), Canada. Plastic mulches have been used to improve establishment and hasten maturity during the short production season. The effects of cultivar, plastic mulch and planting date on plant growth, yield and quality traits of sweet corn were studied in 2001 and 2002. Two plastic mulch systems: plastic mulch (PM) and no mulch (NM), four sweet corn cultivars: ‘Seneca Arrowhead’, ‘Seneca Daybreak’, ‘Seneca Horizon’, and ‘Northern Supersweet’, and three planting date treatments (PDTs): 1, 15 and 29 May, were used. The experiment was structured as a split split-plot design in a randomized complete block arrangement and four replicates. Temperature data were taken from air and soil (0.05 m depth) both inside and outside the plastic mulch. Air temperatures from 1 m above soil surface were taken to determine cumulative corn heat units (CHU, base 30/10 °C). Maximum air and soil temperatures during the first 4 weeks were up to 20 °C higher under PM than on NM plots. The plots were harvested as corn matured at grain moisture content of between 72 and 78%. There was no year effect on the variables measured. A plastic×planting date×cultivar interaction observed suggests that some cultivars performed better under plastic depending on the planting date. The influence of plastic cover on plant growth was higher at 1 May and 15 May PDTs than at 29 May PDT. When averaged across planting dates, the PM treatment decreased days from planting to emergence (VE) by 3–5 days and correspondingly decreased silking (R1) by 8–17 days and maturity by 7–13 days. The plastic mulch increased total yield and marketable yield by 8–17 and 3–6% over no plastic, respectively. The effects of cultivar and PM treatments on marketable yield and the quality-related traits were not consistent across planting dates, although several of the traits had a favorable response to plastic cover, particularly at 1 May and at 15 May PDTs.

Divergent Selection for Rind Penetrometer Resistance and Its Effects on European Corn Borer Damage and Stalk Traits in Corn

Divergent Selection for Rind Penetrometer Resistance and Its Effects on European Corn Borer Damage and Stalk Traits in Corn