Training Load In Athletes Research Articles

Training Load, Injury Burden, and Team Success in Professional Rugby Union: Risk Versus Reward.

Individual and team injury burden and performance are 2 key considerations facing practitioners in the daily prescription of an athlete's training load. Whereas a considerable number of researchers have examined univariate relationships between training load and performance, training load and injury, or injury and performance, few investigators have examined all 3 concurrently. To assess the association among training load, injury burden, and performance in professional rugby union. Descriptive epidemiology study. The English Premiership competition. Individual injury and training load data, as well as team performance data, were captured during the 2015-2016 (n = 433 players) and 2016-2017 (n = 569 players) seasons. Data were aggregated into team average scores for each week, including weekly (acute) load, smoothed chronic load, changes in load, injury burden, and weekly performance. Linear mixed modelling techniques were used to assess the association among measures. Injury burden was negatively associated with performance, with a high weekly burden associated with a likely harmful (P = .01) decrease in performance. Training load measures displayed only trivial associations with performance. Only the acute:chronic workload ratio measure was clearly associated with injury burden, with a possibly harmful effect (P = .02). Both squad size and player availability were associated with only trivial changes in performance. Whereas no association between average training load and performance existed, associations between training load and injury burden and between injury burden and performance were clear. Further investigation using more sensitive and individualized measures of load, performance, and injury may elicit a clearer relationship and should be considered for future work.

DYNAMICS AND DIFFERENCES OF BIOCHEMICAL PROFILE OF ATHLETES IN VARIOUS PHASES OF MIDDLE MOUNTAIN TRAINING COMPARED TO SEA LEVEL TRAINING

Aim. The purpose of the article is to study the dynamics of responses and the current state of the body of highly skilled athletes by indicators of the biochemical profile during adaptation to natural hypobaric hypoxia. Materials and methods. The dynamics of 16 biochemical indicators was compared at similar stages of the annual training conducted in middle mountain areas (~ 1550 m) and at sea level. Fifteen female biathlon athletes of the Russian national team participated in the study. The following methods were used: analysis of morning hematological and biochemical indicators of blood during 3 mid-mountain and 4 lowland sports training events. Training loads were recorded. Results. With a comparable level and type of loads, middle mountain training leads to significant (P <0.05) positive shifts in hematological indicators (hemoglobin, hematocrit), starting from the 2nd and 3rd phases of adaptation. In the same period, the level of cortisol and urea rises. Aminotransferases (ALT, AST), on the contrary, are more reactive in the phase of acute acclimatization (P <0.05). There were no signs of a more significant deterioration in the anabolic support of the training process in terms of testosterone. In middle mountain areas, on average, there is a decreased level of phosphorus and iron and an increased level of calcium, as well as a reduced level of muscle tissue damage compared to training at sea level. Conclusion. The dynamics of biochemical indicators in the middle mountain areas and at sea level is similar, this may be a consequence of responses to the load. At the same time, training in the middle mountain areas has a high physiological cost with positive changes in oxygen transport systems. The obtained dynamics and differences in the studied indicators in the phases of middle mountain training can be used to improve the training loads of athletes in cyclic sports.

Peculiarities of Changes in Respiratory Variability under the Influence of Training Load in Athletes with Cardiovascular Overstrain by Sympathetic Type

Peculiarities of Changes in Respiratory Variability under the Influence of Training Load in Athletes with Cardiovascular Overstrain by Sympathetic Type

Наукове обгрунтування структури та змісту тренувального навантаження спортсменів, які спеціалізуються у рукопашному бої

Наукове обгрунтування структури та змісту тренувального навантаження спортсменів, які спеціалізуються у рукопашному бої

The model of prediction of changes in the functional state of athletes engaged in hand-to-hand combat under the influence of the training load

The purpose of the work is to develop a model for predicting changes in the functional state of athletes engaged in hand-to-hand combat, under the influence of a training load using psychophysiological indicators.
 Material and methods. The study involved 24 male athletes who are professionally engaged in hand-to-hand combat with full contact with the opponent (full contact), and 20 athletes. The average age of the athletes was 19-26 years. Research methods: analysis of scientific and methodological sources, psychophysiological, mathematical statistics, fuzzy logic.
 Results. The conducted studies proved the presence of significant differences in the values ​​of psychophysiological indicators and the reaction to the training load of athletes with different levels of fitness, which made it possible to use these indicators to build a model for predicting the dynamics of a functional state. Changes in the functional state, determined by psychophysiological indicators, confirmed by corresponding changes in indicators of heart rate variability. The developed forecast model allows using two psychophysiological indicators (the time of a complex visual-motor reaction and the response index to a moving object), received to the load, to predict a change in the functional state of athletes engaged in hand-to-hand combat, with an overall accuracy of 95.5%. The forecast of changes in the functional state provides the trainer with the opportunity to timely adjust the volume of training loads and training regimen.
 Conclusions. Significant differences between groups of trained athletes and beginners in terms of the state of nervous processes (the time of a complex visual-motor reaction and the response index to a moving object) to the load were revealed, which allowed developing a model for predicting the functional reaction to the load in athletes with different levels of sportsmanship. Using the obtained model allows predicting changes in the functional state of athletes that will take place under the influence of the test load, according to psychophysiological indicators without using the load with an overall accuracy of 95.5%.

OR-027 Research about Training Monitoring during Different training periods in Chinese Elite Swimmers

Objective Training monitoring has become an integral component of total athlete training. Systematically monitoring the physiological and biochemical variables related to performance helps coaches and athletes to measure the effectiveness of their training programs and decide how to revise or update those programs, especially in swimming training. The key purpose of this study is to evaluate the physical function characteristics during preparation season and stress response during competition training sessions in 2017, and provides the helpful data for scientific training for the implementation of the preparation process.
 Methods During the preparation period, the National Swimming Team athletes were planed to screen and test the physical function characteristics. There are 39 male athletes and 37 female athletes to participate in the study. Body composition was assessed with dual energy X-ray (DXA). Anthropometric characteristics were assessed using Anthroscan 3D VITUS body scanner, and pulmonary function test using CHEST portable lung function meter(HI-101). During the competition period, the training load monitoring targets were 2 elite players who participated in XVII World Aquatics Championship in Budapest-2017 and the National Games 2017. The monitoring methods mainly included: blood tests (including Hb, CK, BU, testosterone, cortisol and ferritin etc.) were used to monitor the athlete's fitness functional status, and the Z-score method was used to express the index changes of two athletes; blood lactate was used to monitor the training load of athletes, and urine indexes were used to monitor body fluid balance and fatigue.
 Results 1. During the preparation period, the weight of male athletes is 78.4±8.2kg, the percentage of body fat is 15.9±2.8%, the weight of female athletes is 64.8±6.6kg, and the percentage of body fat is 24.2±3.5%. The vital capacity(VC) was 6.65±0.87 L for males and 4.86±0.69 L for females, the value of forced vital capacity(FVC) was 4.29±1.33 L for males and 3.43±0.96 L for females, and the mean value of ventilation per minute was 148.1±23.12 L for males and 110.4 ± 19.67 L for females. 2. During the competition preparation period, Z score was used to express the blood indicators of two athletes, before the XVII World Aquatics Championship in Budapest-2017, the Z score of Hb, T, T/C ratio and ferritin were (-0.5, 0, -0.4, 1.1) and (-0.8, -0.1, -1.0, 0), respectively. Before the competition of the National Games, the Z scores were (1.0, 0.3, 0.7, 0.6) and (1.4, 1.0, 0.1, -0.6) respectively. 3. Training load monitoring was carried out using the blood lactate control test, as the training load increased, the athletes' performance improved and the lactate level increased slightly. 4. The urine indicator test is used to observe the athlete's dehydration and recovery. On the second morning after the intensive training day, both athletes were negative for urine protein and with normal urine specific gravity.
 Conclusions 1. The screen and tests about the physical function characteristics of swimming athletes during preparation period is useful to develop a personalized training plan; 2. Z-score is easy and feasible for the elite swimmers to monitoring physical fitness capabilities, and higher Z-score is related with better athletic performance; 3. Blood lactate control test can be used for the training intensity monitoring of swimmers, athletes show higher levels of lactic acid metabolism and higher athletic performance before the competition.

Validity of Retrospective Session Rating of Perceived Exertion to Quantify Training Load in youth Athletes.

Scantlebury, S, Till, K, Sawczuk, T, Phibbs, P, and Jones, B. Validity of retrospective session rating of perceived exertion to quantify training load in youth athletes. J Strength Cond Res 32(7): 1975-1980, 2018-Youth athletes frequently participate in multiple sports or for multiple teams within the same sport. To optimize player development and minimize undesirable training outcomes (e.g., overuse injuries), practitioners must be cognizant of an athlete's training load within and outside their practice. This study aimed to establish the validity of a 24-hour (s-RPE24) and 72-hour (s-RPE72) recall of session rating of perceived exertion (s-RPE) against the criterion measure of s-RPE collected 30 minutes' post training (s-RPE30). Thirty-eight adolescent athletes provided a s-RPE30 following the first field based training session of the week. Approximately 24 hours later subjects were asked to recall the intensity and duration of the previous days training. The following week subjects once again provided an s-RPE30 measure after training before recalling the intensity and duration of the session approximately 72 hours later. A nearly perfect correlation (0.98 [0.97-0.99]) was found between s-RPE30 and s-RPE24, with a small typical error of estimate (TEE; 8.3% [6.9-10.5]) and trivial mean bias (-1.1% [-2.8 to 0.6]). Despite a large correlation between s-RPE30 and s-RPE72 (0.73 [0.59-0.82]) and a trivial mean bias (-0.2% [-6.8 to 6.8]), there was a large TEE (35.3% [29.6-43.9]). s-RPE24 provides a valid measure of retrospectively quantifying s-RPE; however, the large error associated with s-RPE72 suggests that it is not a suitable method for monitoring training load in youth athletes.

Monitoring Training Loads: The Past, the Present, and the Future.

Training monitoring is about keeping track of what athletes accomplish in training, for the purpose of improving the interaction between coach and athlete. Over history there have been several basic schemes of training monitoring. In the earliest days training monitoring was about observing the athlete during standard workouts. However, difficulty in standardizing the conditions of training made this process unreliable. With the advent of interval training, monitoring became more systematic. However, imprecision in the measurement of heart rate (HR) evolved interval training toward index workouts, where the main monitored parameter was average time required to complete index workouts. These measures of training load focused on the external training load, what the athlete could actually do. With the advent of interest from the scientific community, the development of the concept of metabolic thresholds and the possibility of trackside measurement of HR, lactate, VO2, and power output, there was greater interest in the internal training load, allowing better titration of training loads in athletes of differing ability. These methods show much promise but often require laboratory testing for calibration and tend to produce too much information, in too slow a time frame, to be optimally useful to coaches. The advent of the TRIMP concept by Banister suggested a strategy to combine intensity and duration elements of training into a single index concept, training load. Although the original TRIMP concept was mathematically complex, the development of the session RPE and similar low-tech methods has demonstrated a way to evaluate training load, along with derived variables, in a simple, responsive way. Recently, there has been interest in using wearable sensors to provide high-resolution data of the external training load. These methods are promising, but problems relative to information overload and turnaround time to coaches remain to be solved.

How Can The Training Load Be Adjusted Individually in Athletes with An Applied Statistical Approach?

Individually adjusting the training load of athletes is of undeniable importance, in optimizing adaptation and performance gains; however, this individualized approach has been a challenge for coaches especially in team sports. The countermovement jump (CMJ) height has been one of the most used measurements for monitoring neuromuscular status in high performance athletes. For this, the true score is essential when monitoring an individual’s “real” performance change i.e. greater than the typical error of measurement (TEM). The purpose of the present study is to describe how the minimal individual difference (MID) can be calculated and applied by researchers and practitioners. It is important that the athlete is familiarized with the countermovement jump (CMJ) as the desired outcome is for the athlete to achieve equivalency in CMJ height scores over two days. As a result of the familiarization process the TEM associated with the CMJ is reduced. For reliability testing, the athlete performs 8 CMJs each day and with this data, the MID is calculated via an excel spreadsheet. The average of the 8 jumps of the second day of reliability testing is considered as the participant’s baseline. Thus, researchers and practitioners can use the MID of CMJ to monitor neuromuscular status and regulate individual training loads.

Has the athlete trained enough to return to play safely? The acute:chronic workload ratio permits clinicians to quantify a player's risk of subsequent injury

The return to sport from injury is a difficult multifactorial decision, and risk of reinjury is an important component. Most protocols for ascertaining the return to play status involve assessment...

Individualized Internal and External Training Load Relationships in Elite Wheelchair Rugby Players

Aim: The quantification and longitudinal monitoring of athlete training load (TL) provides a scientific explanation for changes in performance and helps manage injury/illness risk. Therefore, accurate and reliable monitoring tools are essential for the optimization of athletic performance. The aim of the present study was to establish the relationship between measures of internal [heart rate (HR) and session RPE (sRPE)] and external TL specific to wheelchair rugby (WR).Methods: Fourteen international WR athletes (age = 29 ± 7 years; body mass = 58.9 ± 10.9 kg) were monitored during 18 training sessions over a 3 month period during the competitive phase of the season. Activity profiles were collected during each training session using a radio-frequency based indoor tracking system (ITS). External TL was quantified by total distance (m) covered as well as time spent and distance covered in a range of classification-specific arbitrary speed zones. Banister's TRIMP, Edwards's summated HR zone (SHRZ), and Lucia's TRIMP methods were used to quantify physiological internal TL. sRPE was calculated as the product of session duration multiplied by perceived exertion using the Borg CR10 scale. Relationships between external and internal TL were examined using correlation coefficients and the 90% confidence intervals (90% CI).Results: sRPE (r = 0.59) and all HR-based (r > 0.80) methods showed large and very large relationships with the total distance covered during training sessions, respectively. Large and very large correlations (r = 0.56 − 0.82) were also observed between all measures of internal TL and times spent and distances covered in low and moderate intensity speed zones. HR-based methods showed very large relationships with time (r = 0.71−0.75) and distance (r = 0.70−0.73) in the very high speed zone and a large relationship with the number of high intensity activities (HIA) performed (r = 0.56−0.62). Weaker relationships (r = 0.32−0.35) were observed between sRPE and all measures of high intensity activity. A large variation of individual correlation co-efficient was observed between sRPE and all external TL measures.Conclusion: The current findings suggest that sRPE and HR-based internal TL measures provide a valid tool for quantifying volume of external TL during WR training but may underestimate HIA. It is recommended that both internal and external TL measures are employed for the monitoring of overall TL during court-based training in elite WR athletes.

Optimization of training load among weightlifters during pre-basic training

Purpose : develop and experimentally based methods of individualization of the training process weightlifters during pre-basic training for groups of first year students. Material : The study involved 20 weightlifters aged 12-13 years. To assess the level of special physical preparation of athletes were used control tests which are recommended curriculum in weightlifting. Results : Appropriateness optimize training load of athletes in the group of first year students in the preparatory and competitive period. Recommends the following training load: number of workouts in a week microcycle - 5; the ratio of general and special physical training is 55: 45%. Necessary to exclude training loads in classical exercises with intensity of 90%, 90%, and not to use the various drafts. Conclusions : It was found that the optimization of the training load weightlifters during pre-basic training, can significantly improve the competitive outcome athletes improve the technique of classical exercises, raise special physical preparedness and reduce injuries.

The influence of training loads on the sports results of athletes with visual impairments in the 800 and 1500 m races

Abstract Introduction. The increased level in competition and growing interest in sports for the disabled means that the training process of these people is the subject of studies and analysis. The main objective of this study was to identify the structure of the training loads in athletes with visual impairments in the 800 and 1500 m runs, in relation to sports performance. Material and methods. Seven annual trainings cycles of two groups (A, n=8, B, n=5) of athletes with visual impairments (medalists and participants of the Paralympic Games, World Championships, European Championships and multiple Polish masters), engaged in the 800 and 1500 m races, from the years 1998-2000 and 2003-2008 were evaluated. To analyze and evaluate the training loads, based on training logs two methods were used: Method I - based on an analysis of training documentation developed in the Department of Theory of Sport at the University of Physical Education in Warsaw. Method II - based on an assessment of the energy cost incurred for the implementation of training. Results. The analysis showed significant differences in the training process of the athletes of the two groups. The training of athletes from group A, was carried out mainly with the directed training method (61% of total load - TL) with low intensity - range 1 on a 5 point scale (74% TL), while group B - with special training method (76% TL) in second (2) range of intensity (71% TL). Conclusions. Training carried out by athletes from group B better reflects the specifications of middle distance runs, in comparison with group A, which could lead to a higher level of performance presented by the athletes of group B.

A Comparison of Athletesʼ and Coachesʼ Rating of Training

1022 PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown a mismatching of the training load (TL) designed by coaches and executed by athletes. The difference was in the direction of athletes training too much on coach intended easy days, and too little on coach intended hard days. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in TL were related to the presence of a coach to supervise training sessions. METHODS: Training information including (session RPE (category ratio scale) and duration (minutes) was collected over 123 training sessions for 6 elite long track speed skaters (including 2 Olympians and 1 Olympic medalist). TL was calculated by multiplying session RPE by duration. RESULTS: There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between TL of athletes (250 ± 378) and coaches (223 ± 143) during relatively easy sessions when coaches were not present. However, on harder training days when the coach was present, there was no significant difference in TL between athletes (985 ± 483) and coaches (946 ± 403). CONCLUSION: The lack of supervision when the coaches are not present apparently leads athletes toward overdoing easy training sessions. These data are consistent with earlier findings of athletes training inappropriately hard on coach designated recovery days, and suggest the need for more effective strategies for monitoring training during periods of recovery.

A Comparison of Athletes?? and Coaches?? Rating of Training

1022 PURPOSE: Previous studies have shown a mismatching of the training load (TL) designed by coaches and executed by athletes. The difference was in the direction of athletes training too much on coach intended easy days, and too little on coach intended hard days. The purpose of this study was to determine whether differences in TL were related to the presence of a coach to supervise training sessions. METHODS: Training information including (session RPE (category ratio scale) and duration (minutes) was collected over 123 training sessions for 6 elite long track speed skaters (including 2 Olympians and 1 Olympic medalist). TL was calculated by multiplying session RPE by duration. RESULTS: There was a significant difference (p < 0.05) between TL of athletes (250 ± 378) and coaches (223 ± 143) during relatively easy sessions when coaches were not present. However, on harder training days when the coach was present, there was no significant difference in TL between athletes (985 ± 483) and coaches (946 ± 403). CONCLUSION: The lack of supervision when the coaches are not present apparently leads athletes toward overdoing easy training sessions. These data are consistent with earlier findings of athletes training inappropriately hard on coach designated recovery days, and suggest the need for more effective strategies for monitoring training during periods of recovery.