Categorization Training Research Articles

Training Humans to Categorize Monkey Calls: Auditory Feature- and Category-Selective Neural Tuning Changes

Grouping auditory stimuli into common categories is essential for a variety of auditory tasks, including speech recognition. We trained human participants to categorize auditory stimuli from a large novel set of morphed monkey vocalizations. Using fMRI-rapid adaptation (fMRI-RA) and multi-voxel pattern analysis (MVPA) techniques, we gained evidence that categorization training results in two distinct sets of changes: sharpened tuning to monkey call features (without explicit category representation) in left auditory cortex and category selectivity for different types of calls in lateral prefrontal cortex. In addition, the sharpness of neural selectivity in left auditory cortex, as estimated with both fMRI-RA and MVPA, predicted the steepness of the categorical boundary,whereas categorical judgment correlated with release from adaptation in the left inferior frontal gyrus. These results support the theory that auditory category learning follows a two-stage model analogous to the visual domain, suggesting general principles of perceptual category learning in the human brain.

Evaluating Landsat and RapidEye Data for Winter Wheat Mapping and Area Estimation in Punjab, Pakistan

While publicly available, cost-free coarse and medium spatial resolution satellite data such as MODIS and Landsat perform well in characterizing industrial cropping systems, commercial high spatial resolution satellite data are often preferred alternative for fine scale land tenure agricultural systems such as found in Pakistan. In this article, we integrated commercial 5 m spatial resolution RapidEye and free 30 m Landsat imagery in characterizing winter wheat in Punjab province, Pakistan. Specifically, we used 5 m spatial resolution RapidEye imagery from peak of the winter wheat growing season to derive training data for the characterization of time-series Landsat data. After co-registration, each RapidEye image was classified into wheat/no wheat labels at the 5 m resolution and then aggregated as percent cover to 30 m Landsat grid cells. We produced four maps, two using RapidEye derived continuous training data (of percent wheat cover) as input to a regression tree model, and two using RapidEye derived categorical training data as input to a classification tree model. From the RapidEye-derived 30 m continuous training data, we derived Map 1 as percent wheat per pixel, and Map 2 as binary wheat/no wheat classification derived using a 50% threshold applied to Map 1. To create the categorical wheat/no wheat training data, we first converted the continuous training data to a wheat/no wheat classification, and then used these categorical RapidEye training data to produce a categorical wheat map from the Landsat data. Two methods for categorizing the training data were used. The first method used a 50% wheat/no wheat threshold to produce Map 3, and the second method used only pure wheat (≥75% cover) and no wheat (≤25% cover) training pixels to produce Map 4. The approach of Map 4 is analogous to a standard method in which whole, pure, high-confidence training pixels are delineated. We validated the wheat maps with field data collected using a stratified, two-stage cluster design. Accuracy of the maps produced from the percent cover training data (Map 1 and Map 2) was not substantially better than the accuracy of the maps produced from the categorical training data as all methods yielded similar overall accuracies (±standard error): 88% (±4%) for Map 1, 90% (±4%) for Map 2, 90% (±4%) for Map 3, and 87% (±4%) for Map 4. Because the percent cover training data did not produce significantly higher accuracies, sub-pixel training data are not required for winter wheat mapping in Punjab. Given sufficient expertise in supervised classification model calibration, freely available Landsat data are sufficient for crop mapping in the fine-scale land tenure system of Punjab. For winter wheat mapping in Punjab and other like landscapes, training data for supervised classification may be collected directly from Landsat images without the need for high resolution reference imagery.

Passenger insurance on the Russians railway transport. Automated subsystem of voluntary insurance against passengers accidents on the railway transport bases on the automated control system “Express”

The article reviews the ways of insurance in railway transport, namely compulsory insurance of the civil liability of the carrier for causing damage to life, health, property of passengers and voluntary insurance of passengers on the basis of the management system for passenger transportations in the automated control system “Express”. In the case of compulsory insurance, a railway ticket for a longdistance train is a confirmation that the passenger is insured. No additional documents are needed. In the case of voluntary insurance, a passenger can purchase a voluntary insurance policy at the railway ticket office or through the website www: //rzd.ru. The ACS “Express” gives the opportunity for a passenger to issue a travel document for a long distance train and a policy of voluntary insurance against accidents in one of four insurance companies: PJSC “Rosgosstrakh”, LLC “Renaissance Insurance Group”, JSC “Insurance Company BLAGOSOSTOYANIE”, JSC “Insurance Company of the Gas Industry” (SOGAZ). At the moment each insurance company offers insurance premium of 3 par values with the relevant insurance amounts. The cost of voluntary insurance policies depends only on the sum insured and does not depend on such factors as the duration of the trip, the train category or the age of the insured. Insurance coverage is valid during the trip from the moment of announcement of boarding, but not earlier than 30 minutes before departure, and ends no later than one hour after the arrival of the insured passenger to the destination station, provided that it is located on the territory of the railway station or terminal. The insurance contract is concluded for one trip in longdistance railway transport. The information technology of voluntary insurance creates for passengers more attractive conditions, the comfort and safety of passenger transportation increases. The article provides the functional description and report examples of developed and implemented in the industrial operation software and analysis complex on the basis of the ACS “Express”, which includes automated work stations (AWS) “Insurance companies and complexes”, “Voluntary insurance” and “Inquiry on insured passengers by train”. This software and analytical complex implements tasks that ensure the formation of reference and analytical information, operational financial reporting on the sold voluntary insurance policies and monitoring of the demand indicators of insurance policies and insurance companies.

EEG frequency tagging reveals higher order intermodulation components as neural markers of learned holistic shape representations

Shape perception is intrinsically holistic: combinations of features give rise to configurations with emergent properties that are different from the sum of the parts. The current study investigated neural markers of holistic shape representations learned by means of categorization training. We used the EEG frequency tagging technique, where two parts of a shape stimulus were 'tagged' by modifying their contrast at different temporal frequencies. Signals from both parts are integrated and, as a result, emergent frequency components (so-called, intermodulation responses, IMs), caused by nonlinear interaction of two frequency signals, are observed in the EEG spectrum. First, participants were trained in 4 sessions to discriminate highly similar, unfamiliar shapes into two categories, defined based on the combination of features. After training, EEG was recorded while frequency-tagged shapes from either the trained or the untrained shape family were presented. For all IMs combined, no learning effects were detected, but post hoc analyses of higher-order IMs revealed stronger occipital and occipito-temporal IMs for both trained and untrained exemplars of the trained shape family as compared to the untrained shape family. In line with recent findings, we suggest that the higher-order IMs may reflect high-level visual computations, like holistic shape categorization, resulting from a cascade of non-linear operations. Higher order frequency responses are relatively low in power, hence results should be interpreted cautiously and future research is needed to confirm these effects. In general, these findings are, to our knowledge, the first to show IMs as a neural correlate of perceptual learning.

Using behavioral and neural measures to assess training in scene categorization

Using behavioral and neural measures to assess training in scene categorization

Procesos de desarrollo del talento humano en una clínica de especialidades de Pasto, Colombia

Introducción: Los trabajadores en la organización desempeñan un papel fundamental en el cumplimiento de los objetivos corporativos, en ese sentido, es importante identificar los procesos de desarrollo de talento humano en el sector salud puesto que éstos contribuyen en el desarrollo humano y organizacional. Objetivo: Se caracterizó los procesos de desarrollo de talento humano capacitación, calidad de vida laboral, salud laboral, clima organizacional y evaluación de desempeño en una clínica de especialidades de la ciudad de Pasto- Colombia. Materiales y Métodos: El estudio se abordó desde el paradigma cuantitativo de tipo descriptivo con una muestra de 211 colaboradores. Se construyó la escala denominada “Percepción de los procesos de desarrollo del talento humano”, cuyo alfa de Cronbach fue de 0,97. Resultados: Se encontraron diferencias estadísticamente significativas en la categoría de capacitación (en las subcategorías detección de las necesidades, plan y programas, evaluación de la capacitación, seguimiento), calidad de vida laboral (en las subcategorías significado del trabajo, compromiso laboral) y evaluación de desempeño (en las subcategorías métodos y resultados). Conclusiones: Se reconoce la necesidad de continuar fortaleciendo los procesos de capacitación, calidad de vida laboral y evaluación de desempeño.

Learning to classify software defects from crowds: A novel approach

In software engineering, associating each reported defect with a category allows, among many other things, for the appropriate allocation of resources. Although this classification task can be automated using standard machine learning techniques, the categorization of defects for model training requires expert knowledge, which is not always available. To circumvent this dependency, we propose to apply the learning from crowds paradigm, where training categories are obtained from multiple non-expert annotators (and so may be incomplete, noisy or erroneous) and, dealing with this subjective class information, classifiers are efficiently learnt. To illustrate our proposal, we present two real applications of the IBM's orthogonal defect classification working on the issue tracking systems from two different real domains. Bayesian network classifiers learnt using two state-of-the-art methodologies from data labeled by a crowd of annotators are used to predict the category (impact) of reported software defects. The considered methodologies show enhanced performance regarding the straightforward solution (majority voting) according to different metrics. This shows the possibilities of using non-expert knowledge aggregation techniques when expert knowledge is unavailable.

Strength Training and All-Cause, Cardiovascular Disease, and Cancer Mortality in Older Women: A Cohort Study.

BackgroundFew data exist on the association between strength training and mortality rates. We sought to examine the association between strength training and all‐cause, cardiovascular disease, and cancer mortality.Methods and ResultsBeginning in 2001 to 2005, 28 879 women throughout the United States (average baseline age, 62.2 years) from the Women's Health Study who were free of cardiovascular disease, diabetes mellitus, and cancer reported their physical activities, including strength training. During follow‐up (average, 12.0 years) through 2015, investigators documented 3055 deaths (411 from cardiovascular disease and 748 from cancer). After adjusting for covariables, including aerobic activity, time in strength training showed a quadratic association with all‐cause mortality (P=0.36 for linear trend; P<0.001 for quadratic trend); hazard ratios across 5 categories of strength training (0, 1–19, 20–59, 60–149, and ≥150 min/wk) were 1.0 (referent), 0.73 (95% confidence interval, 0.65–0.82), 0.71 (0.62–0.82), 0.81 (0.67–0.97), and 1.10 (0.77–1.56), respectively. A significant quadratic association was also observed for cardiovascular disease death (P=0.007) but not cancer death (P=0.41). Spline models also indicated a J‐shaped nonlinear association for all‐cause mortality (P=0.020); the point estimates of hazard ratios were <1.00 for 1 to 145 min/wk of strength training, compared with 0 min/wk, whereas hazard ratios were >1.00 for ≥146 min/wk of strength training. However, confidence intervals were wide at higher levels of strength training.ConclusionsTime in strength training showed a J‐shaped association with all‐cause mortality in older women. A moderate amount of time in strength training seemed beneficial for longevity, independent of aerobic activity; however, any potential risk with more time (≈≥150 min/wk) should be further investigated.

Canine scent detection of canine cancer: a feasibility study.

The scent detection prowess of dogs has prompted interest in their ability to detect cancer. The purpose of this study was to determine whether dogs could use olfactory cues to discriminate urine samples collected from dogs that did or did not have urinary tract transitional cell carcinoma (TCC), at a rate greater than chance. Dogs with previous scent training (n=4) were initially trained to distinguish between a single control and a single TCC-positive urine sample. All dogs acquired this task (mean =15±7.9 sessions; 20 trials/session). The next training phase used four additional control urine samples (n=5) while maintaining the one original TCC-positive urine sample. All dogs quickly acquired this task (mean =5.3±1.5 sessions). The last training phase used multiple control (n=4) and TCC-positive (n=6) urine samples to pro-mote categorical training by the dogs. Only one dog was able to correctly distinguish multiple combinations of TCC-positive and control urine samples suggesting that it mastered categorical learning. The final study phase evaluated whether this dog would generalize this behavior to novel urine samples. However, during double-blind tests using two novel TCC-positive and six novel TCC-negative urine samples, this dog did not indicate canine TCC-positive cancer samples more frequently than expected by chance. Our study illustrates the need to consider canine olfactory memory and the use of double-blind methods to avoid erroneous conclusions regarding the ability of dogs to alert on specimens from canine cancer patients. Our results also suggest that sample storage, confounding odors, and other factors need to be considered in the design of future studies that evaluate the detection of canine cancers by scent detection dogs.

The N300p, a novel ERP component associated with extended categorization training

Subordinate level category learning, which is thought to elicit perceptual expertise, affects allocation of attention to learned stimuli and creation of new perceptual and mnemonic representations. There is some controversy concerning whether effects of expertise are driven primarily by attention or formation of new perceptual representations (e.g. recruitment of the FFA). It is therefore desirable to study the neural correlates of category learning in the context of an attention manipulation. Interestingly, the N250, an ERP component associated with perceptual expertise, has a similar time course and postero-lateral scalp distribution to an attention-related ERP component, the selection negativity. Here we attempted to replicate and extend a previous study in which we found evidence dissociating the N250, which was sensitive to trained vs. untrained stimuli, from the selection negativity, which was sensitive to number of features shared with a rare target. Participants were trained over six sessions (an increase from our previous study) to categorize cartoon alien stimuli, followed by an EEG session during which participants detected single target alien and ignored non-targets that shared between zero and four features with the target. This task was performed on trained vs. untrained stimuli appearing at fast or slow presentations rates (an attempt to manipulate attentional load). The selection negativity scaled with the number of target features in the stimulus, but was insensitive presentation rate. The comparison of trained to untrained stimuli elicited an unexpected new component, which we call the N300p. This large negative component had a similar time course to the N250 but, unlike the N250, a clearly parietal scalp distribution. The N300p could be a new expertise component associated with novel aspects of our task, which included many-to-one mapping and a stimulus set in which participants were required to process disjunctions of highly interchangeable features. Meeting abstract presented at VSS 2017

The effect of training methodology on knowledge representation in categorization.

Category representations can be broadly classified as containing within–category information or between–category information. Although such representational differences can have a profound impact on decision–making, relatively little is known about the factors contributing to the development and generalizability of different types of category representations. These issues are addressed by investigating the impact of training methodology and category structures using a traditional empirical approach as well as the novel adaptation of computational modeling techniques from the machine learning literature. Experiment 1 focused on rule–based (RB) category structures thought to promote between–category representations. Participants learned two sets of two categories during training and were subsequently tested on a novel categorization problem using the training categories. Classification training resulted in a bias toward between–category representations whereas concept training resulted in a bias toward within–category representations. Experiment 2 focused on information-integration (II) category structures thought to promote within–category representations. With II structures, there was a bias toward within–category representations regardless of training methodology. Furthermore, in both experiments, computational modeling suggests that only within–category representations could support generalization during the test phase. These data suggest that within–category representations may be dominant and more robust for supporting the reconfiguration of current knowledge to support generalization.

A neural interpretation of exemplar theory.

Exemplar theory assumes that people categorize a novel object by comparing its similarity to the memory representations of all previous exemplars from each relevant category. Exemplar theory has been the most prominent cognitive theory of categorization for more than 30 years. Despite its considerable success in providing good quantitative fits to a wide variety of accuracy data, it has never had a detailed neurobiological interpretation. This article proposes a neural interpretation of exemplar theory in which category learning is mediated by synaptic plasticity at cortical-striatal synapses. In this model, categorization training does not create new memory representations, rather it alters connectivity between striatal neurons and neurons in sensory association cortex. The new model makes identical quantitative predictions as exemplar theory, yet it can account for many empirical phenomena that are either incompatible with or outside the scope of the cognitive version of exemplar theory. (PsycINFO Database Record

“Partially Matched” US Senior Diagnostic Radiology Applicants: Scope of the Problem and Implications for Applicants, Residency Training Programs, and the Academic Diagnostic Radiology Community

Anecdotal reports have recently surfaced of an increase in the number of US senior diagnostic radiology (DR)-bound residency applicants who did not secure a preliminary year position through the Main Resident Match (the Match) of the National Resident Matching Program (NRMP), so-called "partial matches." This study sought to determine the scope of this phenomenon and address potential causes and solutions. Publicly available and proprietary data from the National Resident Matching Program were analyzed from 2005-2016 to determine the number of partially matched US senior applicants, selectivity of DR residency training, availability of preliminary year positions, number of unique preliminary year applicants, distribution of preliminary year matches by successfully matched applicants in relevant specialties (DR, anesthesiology, dermatology, neurology, physical medicine and rehabilitation, and radiation oncology), and percentage of categorical training programs participating in the Match. Since 2012, there has been a trend toward an increase in the number of partially matched US senior DR applicants, with a transitory recovery in the 2015 Match. Although possible explanations for this increase are proposed, a definitive etiology remains elusive. Strategies to offset this phenomenon include advising perceived at-risk applicants to apply more broadly to preliminary year positions, creating more categorical training positions, abolishing the preliminary year requirement, and drawing high-caliber medical students to the field. Although a definitive explanation for a recent increase in partial matches remains elusive, strategies exist for DR applicants, residency programs, and the DR academic community to minimize this risk.

A Comparative Analysis of Method Books for Class Jazz Instruction

The purpose of this study was to analyze and compare instructional topics and teaching approaches included in selected class method books for jazz pedagogy through content analysis methodology. Frequency counts for the number of pages devoted to each defined instructional content category were compiled and percentages of pages allotted to each category were calculated. Analyses of supplementary media consisted of noting the duration in seconds that each excerpt devoted to illustrating concepts in each instructional content category. Results indicated that the largest amount of content was devoted to arrangements of tunes for group performance (34%), rhythm section pedagogy (13%), and suggested rehearsal techniques (10%). Of note, the categories of improvisation and aural training each comprised only 3% of the surveyed content. Pedagogical approaches to the emphasized instructional areas were identified and discussed within the context of prior research in jazz pedagogy.

A Systematic Practice of Judging the Success of a Robotic Grasp Using Convolutional Neural Network

In this abstract, we present a novel method using the deep convolutional neural network combined with traditional mechanical control techniques to solve the problem of determining whether a robotic grasp is successful or not. To finish the task, we construct a data acquisition platform capable of robot arm grasping and photo capturing, and collect a diversity of pictures by adjusting the shape and posture of the objects and controlling the robot arm to move randomly. For the purpose of validating the generalization capability, we adopt a stochastic sampling method based on cross validation to test our model. The experiment shows that, with an increasing number of shapes of objects involved in training, the network can identify new samples in a more accurate and steadier way. The accuracy rises from 89.2% when we use only one category of shape for training to above 99.7% when we use 17 categories for training.

Family curriculum: an alternative pedagogical tool for education

The research that here is presented is centered in the process of generation of knowledge and truths through the curriculum family, as tool pedagogical alternative for weaving encounters with it lived. In the work is taken as samples representative to three groups family of the State Sucre, specifically of the peninsula of Araya: the corner, family Ortiz; Manicuare, Pereda family; Araya, Salazar family. Through this curriculum is achieved to know its history and shows its behavior in various aspects of his live daily; among those who can point out: the preservation of the values, customs, beliefs and traditions of his native lar. Similarly, the role of the family education beyond school spaces are taken into account, and get know these living testimonies of their wisdom, warmth and authenticity; legacies left during the course of its existence, as a contribution of live or have lived. These personal aspects, each family in particular, were important for the researcher to set its position on the conceptualization of the “family resume”. The study is purely empirical and is part of the qualitative approach by applying two methodological variants: Phenomenology and the life stories; in an ethnographic study that combines observation participant and interview in depth biographical type.At work is made clear how develop perceptions of breeding, training, education, work and other categories of analysis of importance of families involved in thestudy, linked with the conditions and experiences of its transit through life.

Методика пластических тренингов в системе дополнительного образования и на уроках театра в школе

The article considers the concept of “plastic training course”, which aims to reveal the creative nature, fantasy and imagination of the schoolchild,&#x0D; to develop internal psychotechnics of the child. The proposed author’s development of exercise system is not focused on the acquirement of plastic&#x0D; scenic skills or special movement technique; it belongs to the category of general developmental, mental and physical training.

Short-term trained lexical categories affect preattentive shape perception: Evidence from vMMN.

Perceptual processing of colors and shapes in the right visual field is modulated by the lexical category information of the stimuli, a phenomenon known as the lateralized Whorfian effect. For color stimuli, lateralized Whorfian effect is characterized by preattentive occurrence and dependency on acquired lexical information, but it remains unknown whether these key features are generalizable to other domains of perceptual processing. Here, we investigated whether lateralized Whorfian effect in the shape perception domain also depends on acquired lexical category and occurs preattentively using ERPs. Participants were trained to associate novel, irregular polygons with lexical category labels via short-term intensive training. Using the visual oddball paradigm, we found stronger visual mismatch negativity (vMMN) component elicited by the deviant stimuli whose lexical category differed from the standard stimuli when the deviant was presented in the right visual field, indicating higher perceptual conspicuity for between-category stimuli. These findings provide direct evidence of similar preattentive lexical category-contingent modulation on shape perception akin to color perception, suggesting that the lateralized Whorfian effect is not epiphenomenal but rather might reflect the interaction between higher-level lexical processing and the lower-level perceptual processing more broadly.

Anthropometric analysis and performance characteristics to predict selection in young male and female handball players

Abstract The aim of this study was two-fold. The first aim was to determine if there were any anthropometric and physical performance differences (controlling for maturation) between male and female handball players selected in training categories as well asthe relation of these differences with the performance level achieved. The second aim was to identify the discriminatory variables between the performance levels achieved. A total of 216 young handball players (125 men and 91 women) participated in the study. The data were classified by selection level (regional n=154; national n=62), gender (men; women) and age category (under-15; under-17). The use of MANCOVA analyses, controllingfor maturation, identified how gender could determine variables related to handball players' future competitive levels. The results revealed that anthropometric variables such as height, arm span, trochanter height, thigh girth, and leg girth were more influential in men than in women. In addition, the physical performance tests of vertical jump (squat jump and counter movement jump with/without arm) and 10x5m shuttle run were determinants in both sexes. Discriminatory analysis predicted that a combination of five variables (counter movement jump with arm, body mass, 10x5m shuttle run, dominant hand length and trochanter height) would successfully distinguish between regional and national players, with a predictive accuracy of 81.9% for all players.

Therapeutic interventions for improving self-reported function in patients with chronic ankle instability: a systematic review

ObjectiveTo identify which therapeutic intervention may be most effective for improving self-reported function in patients with chronic ankle instability (CAI).DesignSystematic literature review. Articles were appraised using the Downs and Black...