Traffic Channel Research Articles

Study of Driving Behavior in Ilioupolis, Athens According to the Environmental Affordances Theory

The urban space is characterized by specific qualities that may contribute to, or mitigate the social life. These qualities were described by James Gibson as “environmental affordances”. But beyond social life, such environmental affordances can affect other human behaviors, such as driving behavior. Such an approach can be particularly useful, since the objective in most European cities is to regain the social character of roads and streets and thus to reduce the speeds on the roads and the number of cars. Through this research, conclusions can be drawn related to road elements that contribute to the development of high traffic speeds to prevent their use during urban planning while encouraging the use of other qualities that will support the maintenance of low speeds of cars. In the light of the above, the specific research focuses on a neighborhood of the southern suburbs of Athens, Ilioupolsi. Through observations and an electronic survey, conclusions are drawn on the behavior of drivers in Ilioupolis. Finally, an attempt is made to generalize the effects of the specific physical characteristics in order to optimize the design of cities where the roads will be social spaces in addition to vehicle traffic channels.

Busy hour traffic congestion analysis in mobile macrocells

Traffic congestion during busy hour (BH) deteriorates the overall performance of cellular network and may become unmanageable unless effective and efficient methods of congestion control are developed through real live traffic data measurement and analysis. In this work, real live traffic data from integrated GSM/GPRS network was used for traffic congestion analysis. The analysis was carried out on 10 congesting cells using network management system (NMS) statistics data span for three years period. Correlation test showed that traffic channel (TCH) congestion depend only on call setup success rate (CSSR) and BH traffic at cell level. An average correlation coefficient value of 0.9 was observed between TCH congestion and CSSR while 0.6 was observed between TCH congestion and BH traffic. The correlation test is important when selecting input for congestion prediction modeling. http://dx.doi.org/10.4314/njt.v36i4.37

Generating New Orthogonal Binary Sequences Using Quotient Rings Z/pm Z

Orthogonal Sequences (as M-Sequences, Walsh Sequences, …) are used widely at the forward links of communication channels to mix the information on connecting to and at the backward links of these channels to sift through this information is transmitted to reach the receivers this information in a correct form, especially in the pilot channels, the Sync channels, and the Traffic channel. This research is useful to generate new sets of orthogonal sequences (with the bigger lengths and the bigger minimum distance that assists to increase secrecy of these information and increase the possibility of correcting mistakes resulting in the channels of communication) from quotient rings Z/pmZ, where Z is the integers and p is prime, replacing each event number by zero and replacing each odd number by one.

A Novel Design of Pilot Aided Channel Estimation for MIMO-CDMA System

In order to estimate a fading channel characteristics, a pilot signal is propogated with traffic channel. Fading channel parameter estimation is of paramount importance as it may be utilized to design different equalization techniques. It may also be utilized to allocate weights of rake receiver to sturdiest multipaths as well as coherent reception and weighted combination of multipath constituents of wireless communication systems. In this paper, a pilot aided channel estimating technique for MIMO-CDMA systems is presented. This technique utilizes minimum mean squared error estimation of corrupted information in a flat fading channel along with noise. Simulation results predicts theoretical predictions are strongly validated for different values of SNR and users.

A comparative analysis of operational performance of Cellular Mobile Telephone Service Providers in the Delhi working area using an approach of fuzzy ELECTRE

The purpose of this research paper is to develop a framework to analyze the operational performance of cellular mobile telephone service providers (CMTSP) in the Delhi working area, India. Delhi area has the highest teledensity in India. The present study uses a fuzzy ELECTRE (Elimination and Choice Expressing Reality) approach to compare the performance of cellular mobile telephone service providers. The data for the analysis have been taken from the Telecom Regulatory Authority of India (TRAI), April–June 2015. Most of the data vary from one month to another. Therefore, these small ranges of variation in the data are incorporated in this study using the fuzzy number. Total six major telecom service providers are considered in this analysis. The findings of the study suggest that the performances of Airtel and Reliance communications are in the first rank; Vodafone and Idea are in the second rank; Aircel is in the third rank, and Mahanagar Telephone Nigam Limited (MTNL) is outranked by all the other service providers. The performance is analyzed on the basis of three major parameters consisting six criteria, i.e. network availability (Base Transceiver Station accumulated downtime), connection accessibility (call setup success rate, channel congestion, and traffic channel congestion), and connection retainability (call drop rate and connection with good voice quality). It has been observed that MTNL is outranked due to the highest traffic channel congestion and highest call drop rate. Using this framework, a decision maker can develop a strategy to improve the performance by benchmarking operational parameters. The research analysis is limited to only GSM (Global System for Mobile communication) service providers in the Delhi working area, including Ghaziabad, Noida, Faridabad, and Gurgaon.

Channel-Aware Polling-Based MAC Protocol for Body Area Networks: Design and Analysis

Body area networks (BANs) enable wearable/implanted devices to exchange information or collect monitored data. The channel quality of a link in a BAN is typically highly dynamic, since sensors equipped on a human body usually move with gesture, posture, or mobility. Therefore, existing sleep-wake-up scheduling mechanisms used in traditional static sensor networks could be very inefficient in a BAN, because they do not consider channel fluctuation of body sensors. Sensors might be waked up to transmit during bad channel conditions, leading to transmission failures and energy waste. To remedy this inefficiency, this paper proposes a Channel-aware Polling-based MAC protocol CPMAC. Our design only wakes sensors up and triggers them to transmit when the channel is strong enough to ensure fast and reliable transmissions. We further analyze the energy consumption and derive a queueing model to estimate the probability of completing all data transmissions of all sensors in our CPMAC. Benefiting from these analyses, we are able to optimize energy efficiency of our CPMAC by adapting the number of polling periods in a superframe to dynamic traffic demands and channel fluctuation. Our simulation results show that, as compared with TDMA-based scheduling and the IEEE 802.15.6 CSMA/CA protocol, CPMAC significantly improves energy efficiency and, meanwhile, keeps the latency short.

Traffic Aware Channel Access Algorithm for Cluster Based Wireless Sensor Networks

Partition of nodes into clusters is one of the most accepted method for achieving energy efficiency and scalability in wireless sensor networks. In this paper, we have modified the Fuzzy C-Means algorithm to partition the network into clusters such as to ensure that the resulted clusters are both spatially efficient and are sharing equal data transmission load. Further in this paper, we have re-defined the medium access protocol for cluster heads. The proposed medium access protocol is dependent upon the data traffic at the Cluster heads. Cluster heads with high traffic are given preference to access the channel and cluster head(s) having low traffic are made to wait for comparatively higher back-off time. By giving more time to cluster heads with lower initial data to collect more data, energy efficiency of the system is increased and contention losses are decreased due to reduction in number of transmissions between cluster heads and sink. The proposed method has been simulated and compared with LEACH protocol, a FCM based clustering protocol and Zonal based Deterministic Energy Efficient Clustering Protocol. The simulation results show that our proposed method performs better in terms of network performance parameters viz. network lifetime, energy dissipation, throughput and packet delivery ratio.

An analytic model for Throughput Optimal Distributed Coordination Function (TO-DCF)

TO-DCF, a new backoff scheme for 802.11, has the potential to significantly increase throughput in dense wireless LANs while also opportunistically favouring nodes with heavier traffic loads and/or better channel conditions. In this paper we present an analytical model to investigate the behaviour and performance of the TO-DCF protocol with regards to operating parameters such as the number of nodes, the contention window size and the backoff countdown probabilities. We then compare numerical results from an implementation of our model with simulations. Our model shows a high level of accuracy, even when the model assumptions are relaxed, and provides guidance for network operators to correctly configure the weight functions for nodes running TO-DCF given the network’s operating conditions.

Enhanced Signal Detection in 3GPP LTE System with Successive Interference Cancellation

In this paper we introduced interference cancellation (IC) in the cell search and the detection of physical downlink shared channel (PDSCH) in long term evolution (LTE) of 3rd generation partnership project (3GPP). After user equipment (UE) is turned on, it has to first search the target cell using synchronization channel (SCH). After UE gets timing and cell identification (Cell ID) by cell search process, it can start to transmit and receive data through the traffic channel. In most cases, UE experiences the interference from surrounding neighbor cells, which may result in the degradation of the receiver performance. Not only in time division duplex (TDD) but also frequency division duplex network (FDD), the cells must be deployed with the time aligned to support better successful handover and also provide multemedia broadcast and multicast service (MBMS) efficiently in the network. In synchronous network system, since every cell sends his SCH using shared resource allocation, it is inevitable that two or more neighboring cells can interfere each other in some situation. The cell specific reference signal (CRS) is used for channel estimation in downlink reception. The CRS from neighbor cells may overlap with the resource of PDSCH of the target cell. Hence, the collision of SCH and CRS from the neighbor cells can degrade both the performance of cell search and PDSCH reception at the same time. In this paper, we analyzed the improved performance of the cell search and PDSCH reception by using successive interference cancellation. Simulation results show that the proposed scheme can effectively reduce the mutual interference and improve the performance of the signal detection in view of the cell search and PDSCH reception, respectively.

Compose Binary Matrices

Hadamard Matrices and M-Sequences (which formed a closed sets under the addition and with the corresponding null sequence formed additive groups and generated by feedback registers) are used widely at the forward links of communication channels to mix the information on connecting to and at the backward links of these channels to sift through this information is transmitted to reach the receivers this information in correct form, specially in the pilot channels, the Sync channels, and the Traffic channel. This research is useful to generate new sets of sequences (which are also with the corresponding null sequence additive groups) by compose Hadamard matrices and M-sequences with the bigger lengths and the bigger minimum distance that assists to increase secrecy of these information and increase the possibility of correcting mistakes resulting in the channels of communication.

Generalization of Hadamard Matrices

Hadamard’s matrices are used widely at the forward links of communication channels to mix the information on connecting to and at the backward links of these channels to sift through this information is transmitted to reach the receivers this information in correct form, specially in the pilot channels, the Sync channels, the traffic channel and so much applications in the fields; Modern communication and telecommunication systems, signal processing, optical multiplexing, error correction coding, and design and analysis of statistics. This research is useful to generate new sets of orthogonal matrices by generalization Hadamard matrices,with getting bigger lengths and bigger minimum distance by using binary representation of the matrices that assists to increase secrecy of these information, increase the possibility of correcting mistakes resulting in the channels of communication, giving idea to construct new coders and decoders by mod p with more complexity for using these matrices and derivation new orthogonal codes or sequences.

An operational framework to integrate traffic message channel (TMC)in emergency mapping services (EMS)

ABSTRACTTraffic Message Channel (TMC) is a technology for delivering traffic information to vehicle drivers. Sources of traffic information typically include police departments, Traffic Information Centers (TICs), camera systems, traffic speed detectors, floating car data, so on. Both public and commercial TMC services are operational in many countries. TMC messages can be also exchanged among TICs formally using standard protocols. The term emergency mapping (EM) encloses all activities finalized to produce geographic data on the consequences of a natural or man-made events. Emergency mapping services (EMS) normally exploit satellite or aerial imagery in order to extract the extent of the area affected and the impact on local infrastructures. In this paper, the authors verify the impact of the integration of TMC information in routinary EMS, exploiting the flood event occurred in November 2016 in north-west Italy as a case study. After an introduction to the problem and a description of TMC technology and of EMS, all technical aspects related to the integration of the two services are deeply described. Extracted traffic events have then been integrated and compared with EM products generated for the event previously mentioned. Finally, opportunities, limits, future enhancement and refining are summarized in the conclusions.

Distributed Timely Throughput Optimal Scheduling for the Internet of Nano-Things

Nanotechnology is enabling the development of miniature devices able to perform simple tasks at the nanoscale. The interconnection of such nano-devices with traditional wireless networks and ultimately the Internet enables a new networking paradigm known as the Internet of Nano-Things (IoNT). Despite their promising applications, nano-devices have constrained power, energy, and computation capabilities along with very limited memory on board, which may only be able to hold one packet at once and, thus, requires packets to be delivered before certain hard deadlines. Toward this goal, a fully-distributed computation-light provably-correct scheduling/MAC protocol is introduced for bufferless nano-devices, which can maximize the network throughput, while achieving perpetual operation. More specifically, the proposed scheduling algorithm allows every nano-device to make optimal transmission decisions locally based on its incoming traffic rate, virtual debts, and channel sensing results. It is proven that the proposed algorithm is timely throughput optimal in the sense that it can guarantee reliable data delivery before deadlines as long as the incoming traffic rates are within the derived maximum network capacity region. This feature not only can lead to high network throughput for the IoNT, but also guarantees that the memory of each device is empty before the next packet arrives, thus addressing the fundamental challenge imposed by the extremely limited memory of nano-devices. In addition, the optimal deadline is derived, which guarantees that all the nano-devices can achieve perpetual communications by jointly considering the energy consumption of communications over the terahertz channel and energy harvesting based on piezoelectric nano-generators.

Sounding Node Set and Sounding Interval Determination for IEEE 802.11ac MU-MIMO

In this paper, we propose a sounding control scheme for IEEE 802.11ac multiuser multiple-input multiple-output (MU-MIMO). The proposed scheme comprehensively considers the long-term characteristics of a network environment, including the downlink traffic loads and channel coherence times of wireless links, and jointly determines the sounding node set and sounding interval to maximize the long-term expected MU-MIMO throughput gain in consideration of sounding overhead. To this end, we analytically formulate an MU-MIMO throughput gain maximization problem, considering the network environment and sounding overhead. We conduct MIMO channel measurement in practical wireless local area network (WLAN) environments and evaluate the performance of the proposed scheme by employing the real channel data traces. Simulation results verify that the proposed scheme adaptively determines the sounding node set and sounding interval, according to the network environment, and outperforms the existing scheme, which considers the channel coherence times only.

A Survey of Traffic Issues in Machine-to-Machine Communications Over LTE

Machine-to-machine (M2M) communication, also referred to as Internet of Things (IoT), is a global network of devices such as sensors, actuators, and smart appliances which collect information, and can be controlled and managed in real time over the Internet. Due to their universal coverage, cellular networks and the Internet together offer the most promising foundation for the implementation of M2M communication. With the worldwide deployment of the fourth generation (4G) of cellular networks, the long-term evolution (LTE) and LTE-advanced standards have defined several quality-of-service classes to accommodate the M2M traffic. However, cellular networks are mainly optimized for human-to-human (H2H) communication. The characteristics of M2M traffic are different from the human-generated traffic and consequently create sever problems in both radio access and the core networks (CNs). This survey on M2M communication in LTE/LTE-A explores the issues, solutions, and the remaining challenges to enable and improve M2M communication over cellular networks. We first present an overview of the LTE networks and discuss the issues related to M2M applications on LTE. We investigate the traffic issues of M2M communications and the challenges they impose on both access channel and traffic channel of a radio access network and the congestion problems they create in the CN. We present a comprehensive review of the solutions for these problems which have been proposed in the literature in recent years and discuss the advantages and disadvantages of each method. The remaining challenges are also discussed in detail.

Commandeering Channel Voltage Sensors for Secretion, Cell Turgor, and Volume Control.

Control of cell volume and osmolarity is central to cellular homeostasis in all eukaryotes. It lies at the heart of the century-old problem of how plants regulate turgor, mineral and water transport. Plants use strongly electrogenic H+-ATPases, and the substantial membrane voltages they foster, to drive solute accumulation and generate turgor pressure for cell expansion. Vesicle traffic adds membrane surface and contributes to wall remodelling as the cell grows. Although a balance between vesicle traffic and ion transport is essential for cell turgor and volume control, the mechanisms coordinating these processes have remained obscure. Recent discoveries have now uncovered interactions between conserved subsets of soluble N-ethylmaleimide-sensitive factor attachment protein receptor (SNARE) proteins that drive the final steps in secretory vesicle traffic and ion channels that mediate in inorganic solute uptake. These findings establish the core of molecular links, previously unanticipated, that coordinate cellular homeostasis and cell expansion.

A Priority-Aware Multichannel Adaptive Framework for the IEEE 802.15.4e-LLDN

The low-latency deterministic network (LLDN) protocol defined in the IEEE 802.15.4e amendment is intended for factory automation applications that require very low latency and large networks, such as automotive manufacturing. However, LLDN does not provide priority support to properly deal with real-time traffic or dynamic channel configuration capabilities to cope with unreliable channels. Moreover, it offers a limited scalability, as the cycle time grows linearly with the number of network nodes. This paper proposes the priority-aware multi-channel adaptive (PriMulA) framework, which introduces in the LLDN priority-aware scheduling, multichannel communication, adaptive channel selection, and channel blacklisting. PriMulA supports a higher number of network nodes than the LLDN protocol while keeping short cycle times. In addition, PriMuLA avoids deadline miss and improves the network reliability. It maintains the interoperability with LLDN standard nodes and can be implemented on commercial off-the-shelf devices. This paper presents the framework, a schedulability analysis, comparative simulations, and a proof-of-concept implementation.

Compose Walsh’s Sequences and M-Sequences

Walsh Sequences and M-Sequences used widely at the forward links of communication channels to mix the information on connecting to and at the backward links of these channels to sift through this information is transmitted to reach the receivers this information in correct form, specially in the pilot channels, the Sync channels, and the Traffic channel.
 This research is useful to generate new sets of sequences (which are also with the corresponding null sequence additive groups) by compose Walsh Sequences and
 M-sequences with the bigger lengths and the bigger minimum distance that assists to increase secrecy of these information and increase the possibility of correcting mistakes resulting in the channels of communication.

Compressed Control of Complex Wireless Networks

Future wireless networks are envisioned to integrate multi-hop, multi-operator, multi-technology (m3) components in order to meet the increasing traffic demand at an acceptable price for subscribers. The performance of such a network depends on the multitude of parameters defining traffic statistics, network topology/technology, channel characteristics and business models for multi-operator cooperation. So far, most of these aspects have been addressed separately in the literature. Since the above parameters are mutually dependent, and simultaneously present in a network, for a given channel and traffic statistics, a joint optimization of technology and business model parameters is required. In this paper, we present such joint models of complex wireless networks and introduce optimization with parameter clustering to solve the problem in a tractable way for large number of parameters. By parameter clustering we compress the optimization vector and significantly simplify system implementation, hence the algorithm is referred to as compressed control of wireless networks. Two distinct parameter compression techniques are introduced mainly parameter absorption and parameter aggregation. Numerical results obtained in this way demonstrate clear maximum in the network utility as a function of the network topology parameters. The results, for a specific network with traffic offloading, show that the cooperation decisions between the multiple operators will be significantly influenced by the traffic dynamics. For typical example scenarios, the optimum offloading price varies by factor 3 for different traffic patterns which justifies the use of dynamic strategies in the decision process. Besides, if user availability increases by multi-operator cooperation, network capacity can be increased up to 50% and network throughput up to 30-40%.

Decision Support System for Designing Integrated Coastal Berths and Entrance-Channel Systems

AbstractThe design of an integrated coastal berths and entrance-channel system is a complex challenge, considering the stochastic environment and time-consuming calculation works. Therefore, the authors implement a decision support system (DSS) for designing integrated coastal berths and entrance-channel systems (ICBECS-DSS) by means of simulation and parallel computing. The ICBECS-DSS provides a three-dimensional (3D) integrated design environment with a broad set of fully integrated functions to evaluate the proposed design alternatives, and to identify an optimal design from a large number of alternatives. The key components of ICBECS-DSS are a process interaction–based simulation model for ship operation (PI-SMSO) and a Java parallel processing framework–based parallel computing program (JPPF-PCP). The PI-SMSO component simulates ships in and out of a one- or two-way traffic channel, or a one-way channel with a ships-passing anchorage along the channel (SPAC), and ships discharging/loading at berths. ...