Traditional Training System Research Articles

Head-Mounted, Display-Based Immersive Virtual Reality Marine-Engine Training System: A Fully Immersive and Interactive Virtual Reality Environment

Simulation technology has been used to train marine engineers for decades. However, traditional marine-engine training systems (METSs) possess low immersion levels that seriously limit their effect. To overcome this problem, we developed a head-mounted, display-based immersive virtual reality (IVR) METS based on HTC Vive Pro hardware. Like the traditional METS, it has training and automatic evaluation functions. Moreover, it can reproduce, with high degrees of immersion, all of the details of a real ship engine room and vividly simulate emergency scenes, such as a fire, so that trainers can perform various operations as though they were in the real environment. Thirty students majoring in marine engineering at Dalian Maritime University, China, were selected to test the system. The results showed that the headmounted, display-based immersive VR METS had many advantages compared to the desktop VR METS.

ОСОБЛИВОСТІ ПРАКТИЧОЇ ПІДГОТОВКИ МАЙБУТНЬОГО ВЧИТЕЛЯ ГЕОГРАФІЇ ДО ЕКОЛОГІЧНОЇ ДІЯЛЬНОСТІ

The article analyzes the practical preparation of the future teacher of geography for environmental activities. In addition the problems of environmental competence of a future geography teacher are substantiated. It will help to achieve a number of pedagogical goals for the development of students’ environmental culture, fostering a caring attitude to the environment, and improving environmental literacy. It is noted that the study of vocational training allows the future teacher of geography to understand the peculiarities of the influence of anthropogenic factors on the geographical envelope, to understand the need for rational use of nature, to form an ecocentric type of thinking in the context of globalization, to promote safe learning environment and to improve health-saving technologies in the process. It has been researched that the cycle of disciplines of practical training of future teachers of geography is aimed on improvement of general and professional knowledge, development of skills to apply modern pedagogical technologies, formation of professionally important personal qualities as a component of pedagogical culture. In the course of practical training, future specialists will systematize and improve the acquired knowledge, skills and skills in scientific, environmental, environmental and educational activities. It helps to develop the ability of the future specialist to use the methodological apparatus of teaching geography; the implementation of the educational process in all its diversity; mastering the algorithmic elements of pedagogical technologies and forming a creative attitude for their introduction. The analysis of scientific sources shows that the practical preparation of the future teacher of geography for environmental activity is characterized by a number of contradictions: between the traditional system of practical training of the future teacher of geography in pedagogical universities and the need for modernization of higher education; between the theoretical knowledge of the future teacher of geography in ecology and the ability to practically implement them in their professional activities.

ПІДГОТОВКА МАЙБУТНІХ ВИХОВАТЕЛІВ ДО ЗАСТОСУВАННЯ НАРОДНОЇ МАТЕМАТИКИ В ПРАКТИЦІ НАВЧАННЯ ДІТЕЙ ДОШКІЛЬНОГО ВІКУ В УМОВАХ ІНКЛЮЗИВНОЇ ГРУПИ

Анотація. В статті здійснено аналіз стану підготовки майбутніх вихователів до використання в сучасних закладах дошкільної освіти елементів народної математики. Висвітлено погляди вчених на означену проблему із врахуванням вимог часу – навчання дітей з особливими потребами поруч зі здоровими однолітками в умовах інклюзивної групи. Розглянуто чинники, які впривають на недостантьо інтенсивне провадження інклюзивної освіти в Україні і створення простору дружнього до дітей з особливими потребами, зокрема порушеннями опорно-рухового апарату. Увагу акцентовано на підвищенні ефективності підготовки здобувачів вищої освіти за рахунок відновлення методичних прийомів виховання підростаючого покоління засобами народної математики. Матеріал з народної математики органічно поєднується з сучасними методиками формування елементарних математичних уявлень у дітей дошкільного віку, доповнює та раціоналізує освітній процес, а також сприяє підвищенню пізнавального інтересу до навчання.

ЕКСПЕРИМЕНТАЛЬНЕ ДОСЛІДЖЕННЯ РЕЗУЛЬТАТИВНОСТІ МЕТОДИЧНОЇ СИСТЕМИ ФОРМУВАННЯ ПРОФЕСІЙНОЇ КОМПЕТЕНТНОСТІ МАЙБУТНІХ ОФІЦЕРІВ-ПРИКОРДОННИКІВ У ПРОЦЕСІ НАВЧАННЯ ВІЙСЬКОВО-СПЕЦІАЛЬНИХ ДИСЦИПЛІН

Introduction. The border guard officer must be a specialist in various activities, possess a dynamic set of knowledge, practical skills, ways of thinking, professional, worldview and civic qualities, moral and ethical values, and also to be able to successfully carry out professional duties, that is to have a high level of professional competence. However, the traditional system of professional training of future officers in higher educational establishments does not always provide the expected result.Purpose. Coverage of the course of experimental research on the verification of the effectiveness of the methodical system for the formation of professional competence to future border guard officers in the process of training in military and special disciplines.Methods. The pedagogical experiment was organized in accordance with the objectives of the study. When organizing the experimental work, the composition of the experiment participants was determined, they were acquainted with the tasks of the experiment. 236 cadets of Bohdan Khmelnytskyi National Academy of the State Border Guard Service of Ukraine as well as 44 representatives of the scientific and pedagogical staff participated in various types of the research. The formative stage of the pedagogical experiment lasted from September 2013 to May 2017. It was organized on the basis of four faculties of the academy.Results. The introduction of a methodical system for the formation of professional competence to future border guard officers in the process of military and special training ensured the removal of the equilibrium of a closed and inert system of educational process in the higher educational establishment of the border agency, which was necessary for improving the quality of training of border guard officers, ensuring mutual responsibility of the subjects of educational process for the final results of their training.Originality. The methodical system of the professional competence formation to future border guard officers in the process of training in military and special disciplines has been developed and substantiated.Conclusion. Prospects for further scientific research are the analysis of the results of the introduction of a methodical system for the professional competence formation to future border guard officers in the process of training in military and special disciplines.

Tutor system in educational practice in Great Britain

Introduction: an Important task of national pedagogy is related to the understanding and analysis of the experience of educational systems of other countries that have a centuries-old pedagogical. The aim is to evaluate and use the most successful and effective developments of domestic pedagogy. The experience of the UK is leading in relation to the development of individualization of education. This experience is elite, as the traditional tutor training system has been developed and implemented for decades, it has proved its effectiveness in the course of interaction with many national pedagogical systems. Materials and methods: theoretical methods are fundamental for this study: the method of analogy of the concepts of mentoring, tutoring, support, maintenance; method of comparison, consisting in the consideration of the practice of tutoring from the Middle Ages to the present day and the experience of tutoring at different educational levels in the UK method of analyzing the experience of tutoring activities in educational practice in the UK and the experience of using the tutoring system in our days. Results: One of the most important elements of the educational system of great Britain is a method of tutor student interaction and student in teaching and education, the occurrence of which relates to the period of the middle Ages. Technology tutor support involves thoughtful and well-organized psychological and educational support, namely assistance to students in identifying and solving abilities to reconcile their desires with real possibilities in identifying opportunities for growth and advancement in personal development, in orientation in a rapidly changing world. During the entire period of study, the student needs guidance and support, including effective response to emerging issues, ensuring the implementation of needs as they arise. In the analysis of the tutor system of education as a means of improving the quality of education, we can not agree with the conclusion of many scientists, based on statistics from leading universities in England, that the improvement of academic achievements of students of both higher education institutions and schools is directly related to the tutor system of education. Discussion and conclusions: foreign experience, in our case English education, containing a constructive practice of improving the quality of the educational process, becomes relevant for modern Russian education. Studying and analyzing the experience of the organization of tutor support in England, we can determine the incentive for a wider awareness of pedagogical reality, more clearly see the problems and solutions and identify areas for further development of Russian education in this area.

Individual Muscle Hypertrophy and Strength Responses to Traditional Resistance Training vs Drop Set System

category: Fitness Assessment, Exercise Training, and Performance of Athletes and Healthy People - 102 Exercise Training Interventions in Healthy People Cleiton Augusto Libardi, Vitor Angleri, Carlos Ugrinowitsch. Federal University of São Carlos, SP, Brazil; University of São Paulo, SP, Brazil. To maximize, or to prevent the stagnation of gains in muscle strength and mass, coaches have used resistance training (RT) systems. It has been showed that traditional RT (TRAD) and drop-set systems (DS) result in similar gains in muscle hypertrophy and strength. However, a large variability has been reported for muscle strength and hypertrophy outcomes even when subjects perform RT programs. PURPOSE: The aim of this study was to compare the individual muscle mass and strength gains to TRAD vs DS in well trained young men. METHODS: We used a within-subjects design in which 14 participants had one leg randomly assigned to TRAD (3-5 sets of 6-12 repetitions at 75% 1RM) and the other to DS [3-5 sets of ~50-75% 1RM to muscle failure]). Participants had one leg fixed in the TRAD while the contralateral leg performed either DS to allow for total training volume (TTV) equalization. Muscle cross-sectional area (CSA) and one repetition maximum (1RM) were assessed at baseline and after 12-wks of RT. For group analyses, the accumulated TTV and changes in muscle CSA and 1-RM values were compared between TRAD and DS using paired t-tests. For individual analyses, if an individual that showed a difference in the response (for CSA or 1RM increases) from TRAD or DS (or vice-versa) within 2 typical errors (CSA typical error [TE] = 2.20%, 1RM TE = 2.62%), no difference in the response between RT schemes was considered. RESULTS: No significant differences in TTV (P > 0.05) were detected between protocols TRAD and DS. Muscle CSA and 1RM values increased significantly and similarly for TRAD and DS (P < 0.0001). This study highlights that some individuals showed greater muscle strength gains following TRAD (35.7% of individuals), and other show similar responses between TRAD and DS (64.3% of individuals). For muscle CSA, individuals showed similar responses to TRAD and DS. CONCLUSION: Despite the analysis groups show similar gains in strength and muscle hypertrophy, some individuals show greater strength gains for TRAD compared to the DS.

The formation of a professionally-oriented communicative competence of foreign students-economists by means of distance technologies

The article deals with the use of foreign language distance learning for first-year foreign students of economic specialties. The implementation of distance learning is one of the ways to modernize the education in Ukraine in the context of globalization and the intensive development of information technologies. Distance technologies are now widely used in many fields of education, especially when teaching a foreign language to inophones. Creating an effective learning system, based on information technology, is an urgent task at all levels of education. One of the systems focused on the professional development of future specialists is the system of teaching students a foreign language using information technology. The possibilities of organizing the educational process are not limited to traditional and distance learning. There is a significant educational sector in which distance learning cannot be fully applied, but individual elements of e-learning can be used (in particular, distance learning technologies). It is referred to full-time and part-time (1-2 courses) forms of higher education. The mixed learning has become a special role as a more perfect model of the educational process organization, which takes the advantage of distance learning and compensates for these disadvantages. To improve the organization of the educational process for the language training of foreign students, we consider appropriate to use the materials of distance courses in the models of mixed learning. The options for integrating distance learning into the traditional system of language training for foreigners in the mixed learning models have been analyzed. When integrating the model into a traditional educational process at this stage of foreigners' training, it is suggested to use the distance course developed by us with the prevailing classroom component, because the degree of students' independent work in learning the teaching material of the discipline in the first year is not high. The structure and content of the distance course «Foreign Language» (educational-professional sphere of communication connection), designed on the Moodle platform, are considered in the article. The importance of using distance technologies in the process of organizing language training for foreign students is noted. It contributes to the formation of professional competence of future specialists in the field of economics.

Traditional system of training of future higher education specialists, its benefits and drawbacks

Traditional system of training of future higher education specialists, its benefits and drawbacks

Analysis results of traditional training system of penitentiary officers in Ukraine

Analysis results of traditional training system of penitentiary officers in Ukraine

Attitudes towards bachelor-level education amongst Bavarian midwives – results of a descriptive cross-sectional survey in Bavaria - Germany

INTRODUCTIONIn Germany, the traditional vocational midwifery training lasts three years. This training is marked as Qualification Level 4 of the European Qualification Framework (EQF). There are very few midwives with a Bachelor degree, and an even smaller number of universities that offer a qualification program at EQF Level 6 (Bachelor). The aim of this paper is to analyze the attitude and interests of traditionally educated German midwives in undertaking a university degree.METHODSMidwives were surveyed within the framework of a descriptive cross-sectional study. The survey has 13 items and was available as a web-based survey between 1 November 2016 and 31 January 2017. Alternatively, the midwives were able to send a hardcopy version of the questionnaire back by mail, anonymously. Data was obtained from 534 midwives. The quantitative data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 23). The qualitative data were structurally analyzed using a qualitative content analysis.RESULTSIt was found that 57.7% of the surveyed midwives are interested in completing a university degree, and 40.1% could imagine themselves pursuing a degree. The respondents were overwhelmingly positive in their opinion of university qualifications and qualification upgrades. Nevertheless, the open-question responses indicated that there are strong concerns surrounding the level of proficiency and experience-based knowledge taught for a university degree, which are essential elements in the traditional training system.CONCLUSIONSAlthough midwives understand the importance of a Bachelor degree, they need to be informed about the expertise and practical skills taught in the degree curriculum.

The Curriculum System for Fire Protection Engineering Technology Based on OBE

With the rapid development of Intelligent Fire Protection, the traditional personnel training system of fire protection engineering technology needs to be adjusted to be unified with Modern Fire Protection. OBE—Outcome-Based Education is a student-centered course system, which determines the training objectives and requirements for graduation and reverse design curriculum system according to the national social development needs and industrial development needs, etc. Achieve the expected achievements in the professional field and reach vocational education in fire protection engineering technology.

The industrial network and the role of the professional illustrator in Spain

The crisis of the publishing industry shows the precarious situation of the professional illustrator in Spain, which does not seem to improve in recent years. Job opportunities are hindered by competition at the international level after the appearance of the Internet, and the decrease of commissions, which are mostly assumed by highly experienced professionals. This situation makes it difficult to access the labor market, where the absence of official rate charts makes it complicate to budget jobs for the less experienced ones. Contrasting with this reality, the booming industries of video games and animation movies demand new professionals, but the lack of academic professionalization in traditional training system limits the possibilities of finding work due to the lack of preparation, forcing future professionals to depend on self-taught education or training in specialized private centers, being these economically less accessible

Effects of training system based on attitude-skill-knowledge model in standardized training for new nurses

Objective To explore the effects of training system based on attitude-skill-knowledge (ASK) model in standardized training for new nurses. Methods From 2014 to 2015, we selected 130 new entry nurses in a standardized training base for nurses in Jingzhou as subjects. A total of 71 new entry nurses in 2014 were in the control group. A total of 59 new entry nurses in 2015 were in the observation group. Nurses of the control group were trained with the traditional training system. Nurses of the observation group were trained with the training system based on the ASK model. We compared the theoretical achievements, operational achievements and the clinical nursing ability of nurses in two groups after training. Results After training, the clinical nursing ability, theoretical achievements and operational achievements of nurses in the observation group were higher than those in the control group with significant differences (P<0.01) . Conclusions The establishment of standardized training system based on the ASK model for new nurses improves the competency of new nurses and provides a reference for nurses standardized training. Key words: Nurses; Attitude-skill-knowledge model; Standardized training

ANALYSIS OF THE EXISTING SYSTEM OF PHYSICAL TRAINING OF THE RESERVE OFFICERS TRAINING CORPS’ STUDENTS

The significant change of missions and organization of the Armed Forces of Ukraine requires the deep transformation in the military education system and development military professional training, especially citizens’ training system development, inter alia ROTC students during last decades. The Action Plan on the Implementation of Defense Reform up to 2020 (Road Map of the Defense Reform) reveals the military education system’s effectiveness enhancement due to the improvement of training facilities, training exercises, NATO counties advanced training technologies and methodologies’ implementation in education. Reforms in the sphere of education and defense in Ukraine have revealed significant gaps in the system of physical training of student youth, development of which has not been kept abreast. The students do not form a self-assessment of their physical abilities and the need to master theoretical knowledge of physical fitness, as a result of which physical training, as a pedagogical process, doesn’t unclose the person’s education and socialization. The purpose of our research is to analyze the impact of university ROTC students’ physical fitness results on the state of their academic performance in combined arms training. The methods of analysis, synthesis and summarization of scientific research data of physical training problems and its legal framework were used during research. As a result of the research, the influence of insufficient physical fitness on the level of combined arms training of future reserve officers was revealed due to the negligence of both physical training legal framework of the student youth and ROTC. The research of low ROTC training level highlights that the current healthy recovery system of student youth physical training doesn’t provide for the necessary theoretical knowledge, methodic and practical skills’ development. The lack of hours for special physical training in the combined arms training of ROTC higher education establishments increases the negative effects of traditional physical training system’s absence on the state mobilization resources level.

Experimental training systems in Champagne: an overview of agronomical and qualitative parameters

Vine implantation in Champagne is strictly regulated. Row spacing is limited to 1,50 meter and the canopy height can not exceed 1,40 m. The traditional training system is therefore characterized by narrow spaced vines. From the late eighties, different vine training systems, such as lyres, have been tested in the Champagne area. The aim is to assess their interests in the terroir of Champagne, which is characterised by its cool climate, soil profile and its customs. Whereas the lyre training showed its limits in the Champagne context, some other training systems have been implemented such as half-widely-spaced vines. These devices are characterised by a row spacing of two meters, a consistent cover crop and a canopy up to two meters. The plots are located in various places in the area and are strictly followed each year since 2006 (and 2000 for the first sites). Phenological, agronomical and ripening parameters are controlled and compared to the traditional training system plots. Experimental vinifications are done each year so that sensory analysis can be undertaken to assess the ability of these vines to produce wines with a Champagne typicality. The results of this experimental device show interesting conclusions on the agronomical behaviour of experimental widely-spaced vines in a cool climate region. Spring frost resistance, cover crop management and ripening are some elements which show differences between the reference traditional system (REF) and the widely-spaced vines (VSL).

Effects of Traditional and Pyramidal Resistance Training Systems on Muscular Strength, Muscle Mass, and Hormonal Responses in Older Women: A Randomized Crossover Trial.

Ribeiro, AS, Schoenfeld, BJ, Fleck, SJ, Pina, FLC, Nascimento, MA, and Cyrino, ES. Effects of traditional and pyramidal resistance training systems on muscular strength, muscle mass, and hormonal responses in older women: a randomized crossover trial. J Strength Cond Res 31(7): 1888-1896, 2017-The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of resistance training (RT) performed in a pyramid (PR) versus a traditional (TD) system on muscular strength, muscle mass, and hormonal responses in older women. Twenty-five older women (67.6 ± 5.1 years, 65.9 ± 11.1 kg, 154.7 ± 5.8 cm, and 27.5 ± 4.5 kg·m) performed both a TD and PR system RT program in a balanced crossover design. The TD program consisted of 3 sets of 8-12 repetition maximum (RM) with a constant load for the 3 sets, whereas the PR system consisted of 3 sets of 12/10/8-RM with incrementally higher loads for each set. Training was performed in 2 phases of 8 weeks each, with a 12-week washout between the 8-week phases. One repetition maximum (1RM) tests were used as measures of muscular strength. Dual X-ray absorptiometry was used to estimate skeletal muscle mass. Testosterone and IGF-1 concentrations were determined preintervention and postintervention after 12 hours fasting. Significant (p ≤ 0.05) increases were observed in both groups for muscular strength in the 1RM chest press (TD = 12.4% and effect size [ES] = 0.86 vs. PR = 11.5% and ES = 0.74), knee extension (TD = 12.5% and ES = 0.61 vs. PR = 11.8% and ES = 0.62), preacher curl (TD = 10.9% and ES = 0.63 vs. PR = 8.6% and ES = 0.54), and for skeletal muscle mass (TD = 3.6% and ES = 0.32 vs. PR = 2.4% and ES = 0.24) with no differences between groups. There were no significant (p > 0.05) main effects for IGF-1 and testosterone. The results suggest that the PR and TD systems performed are similarly effective for promoting positive adaptations in muscular strength and hypertrophy in older women.

Future Elementary Teachers’ Knowledge and Skills in Selection of Teaching Methods

Evolution of creative thinking of future elementary school teachers to enhance the formation of skills in order to design a learning process by selecting an appropriate teaching method has not yet been adequately evaluated. It is important to select a well designed method which might be a key to achieve the goal. The present study aimed to analyse the formation of future elementary school teachers’ ability to select a teaching method in the traditional system of general didactic training in Ukraine, which has not been reported previously. Three hundred and eighty seven students were enrolled and three groups were established: group 1 (2nd year), group 2 (3rd year), and group 3 (5th year). The questions and scales were designed and the interview as well as theorethical and practical tasks were performed accordingly.The results indicated that students in groups 1 and 2 obtained higher score in knowledge task compared to the group 3. In addition, the level of knowledge in group 3 decreased while the skill level increased. The results of our study highlight that the refreshing didactical knowledge during teaching practice courses for future elementary teachers was neglected.

ПИТАННЯ РОЗРОБКИ ОСВІТНІХ СТАНДАРТІВ ПІДГОТОВКИ ФАХІВЦІВ У ЛІКАРСЬКІЙ РЕЗИДЕНТУРІ

&lt;p class="1reziume"&gt;Закон України “Про вищу освіту” ввів нову форму післядипломної освіти – лікарську резидентуру. Підготовка фахівців повинна відбуватися за освітньою програмою, але для резидентури Закон зазначив програму післядипломної освіти. У зв’язку з тим виникла проблема – на даний момент немає вимог до формату та змісту програми навчання в лікарській резидентурі. Показано неузгодженість між вимогами Закону України “Про вищу освіту” та традиційною системою підготовки медичних кадрів. На основі аналізу вимог до освітньої програми, пропозицій Всесвітньої федерації медичної освіти та різних програм підготовки в лікарській резидентурі Європи та інших країн у статті запропоновано проект типової програми післядипломної освіти для підготовки лікарів-резидентів в Україні. Запропоновано такі складові типової програми, як: мета та результати навчання для слухачів і керівників; електронне портфоліо для моніторингу результатів; самоаналіз і самооцінка; вимоги до навчальних закладів; вимоги до керівництва підготовкою лікаря-резидента; вимоги до клінічної бази кафедри; побудова проекту і принципи його оцінювання; ставлення, поведінка, особистісні характеристики лікаря-резидента. Зроблений висновок про необхідність побудови двокомпонентного стандарту вищої медичної освіти з компетентнісними моделями випускника магістратури та інтернатури.&lt;/p&gt;

Traditional and pyramidal resistance training systems improve muscle quality and metabolic biomarkers in older women: A randomized crossover study

The purpose of this study was to compare the effect of RT performed in a pyramid (PR) and traditional (TD) straight set training system on muscle quality and metabolic biomarkers in older women. Twenty-five physically independent older women (67.6±5.1years, 65.9±11.1kg, 154.7±5.8cm) performed a RT program in TD and PR training systems in a balanced crossover design. Measurements of muscle quality, serum levels of C-reactive protein (CRP), glucose (GLU), total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL-C), low-density lipoprotein (LDL-C), and triglycerides (TG) were obtained at different moments. The TD program consisted of 3 sets of 8–12 repetitions maximum (RM) with a constant weight for the 3 sets, whereas the PR training consisted of 3 sets of 12/10/8 RM with incremental weight for each set. The training was performed in 2 phases of 8weeks each, with a 12-week washout period between phases. Significant (P<0.05) improvements were observed in both groups for muscle quality (TD=+8.6% vs. PR=+6.8%), GLU (TD=−4.5% vs. PR=−1.9%), TG (TD=−18.0% vs. PR=−11.7%), HDL-C (TD=+10.6 vs. PR=+7.8%), LDL-C (TD=−23.3% vs. PR=−21.0%), and CRP (TD=−19.4% vs. PR=−14.3%) with no differences between training systems. These results suggest that RT improves muscle quality and metabolic biomarkers of older women independently of the training system.

Winter chill protection of grapevines by burial: evaluation of the crawled cordon training system

The objective of this work was to select a training system suitable for grapevines grown in areas where vine burial is practiced for protection against winter chill (especially as it is practised in the arid/semiarid areas of northern China). We evaluate the influence of a new training system crawled cordon training (CCT) and compare it with a traditional training system independent long-stem pruning (ILSP). The study considers fruit quality, sensory evaluation of wines and an analysis of labour practices at Rongchen Chateau in China during the years 2011, 2012 and 2013. During the first three years under CCT, average yield was 39.69 % lower than under ILSP but CCT showed higher yield stability. The ripeness of grapes under CCT was higher than under ILSP, so sensory evaluation of CCT wines was also higher. Moreover, CCT also reduced the labour involved for winter pruning, summer pruning and harvesting by 24.4 %, 25.0 % and 37.5 %, respectively. This study shows that under CCT grape quality, yield stability and wine quality were significantly higher than under ILSP, while labour inputs (costs) were significantly lower.