Traditional Town Research Articles

La vivienda en los pueblos jóvenes de Arequipa y Trujillo: creación de una nueva tipología regional

Abstract The objective of this article is to make a comparative exploration of the new urban landscape of two traditional peruvian towns: Arequipa y Trujillo. Such common traits as the mediocre organization of urban space within the pueblos jóvenes, and the intensive use of local construction materials will be examined. We will study in depth the different types of housing and construction solutions: the house with patio, constructed of sillar and stone (Arequipa), and the house with corridor of adobe (Trujillo). Starting with analyses of diverse habitat models, use of interior spaces and constructions stages, we will point out different strategies for the creation of new urban typologies. In Arequipa, the consolidation process of the house may be observed, in which a rural spatial organization is being replaced by an urban model. In Trujillo, however, consolidation of the housing style does not necessarily imply a modification of the typology; rather, one sees the substitution of artisanal materials by industrial ones and the progressive occupation of the lot by the construction. We will also examine how the national market of construction materials conditions an apparent regionalism or traditionalism. An attempt will be made to interpret the similarities and divergences of the two cities, and the cultural elements involved in the process of the formation of a self-constructed urban habitat. Finally, without minimizing the economic and social burden inherent in a frustrated urban organization and a bad state of existing structures, we believe there is great potential for recovering some original solutions from among the spontaneous replies given by the migrant populations for their problems of housing and adaptation to a new environment.

When the Going Gets Tough: Economic Reality and the Cultural Myths of Small-Town America

Abstract Until the early 20th century the small town was the most common form of social organization experienced by Americans. Though few Americans today have had that experience, their idealized image of the traditional small town still defines their notions of community and social relationships. The result is an unintentional, collective self-deception in which people mistake their real communities for those of American myth. The deception has serious implications for the practice of planning in small towns. This article is a case study of one such community, a single-industry small town that sees itself as a traditional town. We first describe the history and economy of the community and then explore its culture and community ideology and their implications for planning there and in similar communities.

Planning Arabic Towns

Planning Arabic Towns

The Meaning of Community in Rural Mental Health

Rural mental health came into prominence as a separate specialty within mental health in the 1970s, this development coinciding with a startling trend toward reverse urban-rural migration, documented in the 1980 census [1]. A growing body of literature [2], national and regional conferences,1 university curricular offerings,2 and visible leadership all bespeak its timeliness and its inherent appeal to a diverse group of professionals. The social instability that the changing demography inflicted on rural America resounded through the boom towns, retirement havens, and traditional small towns across the continent. The sheer numbers of the immigrants, motivated by disparate goals, threatened precisely what they were seeking [3]. In their quest for a rural utopia, however defined, the newcomers were destined for frustration as they found not their idyllic, pastoral sanctuary, but an already complex society burdened with its own historic problems.

Pulp and Paper Mills in Japan (43)

Takasago City, located at the mouth of the Kako River-about 20 km west of Kobe, used to be a traditional port town, but has made a remarkable progress as an industrial city as well in the past decades.The mill's history dates back in 1901, only three years after the company's foundation (1898). Since its origin, Takasago Mill has undertaken development of several specialty papers and is still characterized now as a specialty paper mill among Mitsubishi's sister mills. with its one cylinder machine, seven fourdriniers, and five coaters, the mill manufactures 217 tpd of papers including 120 tpd carbonless copy paper, tracing paper, cast-coated paper, capacitor tissue, etc.The mill ground covers 13, 000 sq. m in eastern part of Takasago City and has about 600 employees.Waste water of the mill is discharged to the Inland Sea after sedimentation treatment. Stack gas is desulfurized by a Magnesium Process.

: Through All Time: The American Search for Community. Part 1: Traditional Small Towns. Part 2: Pleasure Domes and Money Mills . Margaret Cort Clifford.

: Through All Time: The American Search for Community. Part 1: Traditional Small Towns. Part 2: Pleasure Domes and Money Mills . Margaret Cort Clifford.

Ancient Cities in Burma

The rich town planning and architectural legacy of the ancient state of Pyu, located on the middle branch of the Irravaddy River, is largely a discovery of archaeological excavation undertaken during the 1960s. This analysis of Pyu city plans and architectural compositions is based on reports of the Archaeological Survey of Burma and material from the author's own field studies. The analysis demonstrates that traditional medieval town planning in Burma is based on Pyu achievements, such as the system of city and palace planning, the main types of Buddhist temples, and the brick building technology that employs radiating arches.

Traditional Town Planning in Burma

Traditions of regular town planning began to develop in Burma during the Christian era. In the feudal period, especially in the 14th to 19th centuries, the art of town planning flourished here, where it was promoted more than in any other country of the region. Unfortunately, this rich legacy has not been studied in any detail. Even plans of most Burmese historical cities have not been professionally drawn and published. In this article, some of the finest examples of Burmese feudal cities-Ava, Toungoo, Pegu, Amarapura, and Mandalay-are described and analyzed for the first time. Several conclusions are drawn from this material: that the square form of city plans was developed independently in Burma, that the traditional cities were regularly planned and well coordinated with the local topography, and that the most effective and progressive building technology was used in city construction.

The Iranian city in an era of change and development

Mr Peter Avery's request that I open this discussion was an honour which, as a non-expert, I hesitated to accept; but I felt that, having had glimpses of our subject over the years, and having heard Iranians talk about it, maybe I could say something of interest. Let me start with the background. The geography of Iran is such that communications are long and difficult, and transport costs are high. Even today, when the government keeps transport charges down by taxing petroleum products at low rates and by building roads at vast expense, the real costs are high because the money thus foregone or spent might have been put to good alternative uses. The difficulty and cost of communication were probably the main reasons why a centralized form of government only took root in Iran in the 1920s, under Reza Khan and Dr Arthur Millspaugh. Before then the state capital had only been primus inter pares among the provincial capitals, just as the ruler had been the Shahanshah, or the King of the Kings; and the location of the state capital had not made very much difference, indeed in the course of history it had often been changed. In the nineteenth century Tabriz did more foreign trade than Tehran, while Mashhad, Esfahan and Bushehr also did foreign trade. Nevertheless Tehran is a natural focus of communications, lying like its predecessor Rey at the convergence of routes from Khorasan, from the Caspian provinces, and from the north-west, the west, and the southwest of the plateau. Traditionally, the Iranian state or provincial capital was a governmental and military headquarters, a religious and judicial and educational centre, and a seat of commerce and of handicraft industries, producing goods for the local market and specialities of high value and small bulk for export to other provinces and abroad. In the modern context, the big provincial cities have kept and expanded many of these functions but no longer play the same commercial and industrial role. Besides large provinces, Iran has always had small provinces and welldefined districts within the large provinces. Their chief towns performed the functions of a provincial capital on a smaller scale. Sometimes they were centres of feudal or tribal influence, but more often their main importance was as market towns or, if on main roads, as staging posts. The smallest towns, called qasabe (sing.), which originally meant fortress, were often no more than large farming villages in which a market had developed. Rasht was a qasabe until Shah Abbas I made it the capital of Gilan, while Babol (formerly Barforush) grew in the nineteenth century to be the biggest market town of Mazandaran without becoming its capital. Many features of the traditional Iranian city or town still survive, though they are passing out of the picture, and some of them such as citadels, walls, and gates, have almost all vanished. The traditional layout included a royal or governmental quarter, a masjed-e jom'e and other mosques and madrases and shrines, a bazaar, and residential sections called mahalZe or kuy. The handicraft industries were pursued either in special parts of the bazaar and in arcades called timche opening off it, or in workshops in particular mahalZes. Today some-

The Tocks Island Project: A Case Study of Participation and Interaction Patterns in an Intergovernmental Decision-Making System*

The growth of metropolitan America has seriously affected the governmental institutions of this nation. The urban setting overflows traditional city, town and county boundaries to such an extent that a vocabulary has been created to deal with this horizontal and vertical growth in government. The Standard Metropolitan Statistical Area (SMSA) incorporates cities, towns, counties, special districts and interstate agencies in a single regional area. Even more dynamic than the growth of the SMSA is the economic and political interlocking of communities all along the eastern seaboard, from Boston to Washington, D.C.

The Taman Siswa Movement — Its Early Eight Years and Javanese Background

In July 1922 a small private school called Nationale Onderwijs Instituut Taman Siswa was born quietly at a traditional town Yogyakarta in Central Java. Taman Siswa means literally “Garden for Pupils”. Nobody expected then that this pupils' garden would become a tough ground of resistance to the Dutch colonial Government later in the 1930's. The political climate in Indonesia around 1922 was showing a remarkable uprising of nationalism centering around the labor union movement guided by the Partai Komunis Indonesia (PKI, Indonesian Communist Party) and Sarekat Islam (Islam Union).

The Craft Structure of a Traditional Yoruba Town

The Craft Structure of a Traditional Yoruba Town

THE FORM and FUNCTION OF MISRATAH'S COMMERCIAL CENTRE

With the advent of impressive oil revenues since 1961 the Government of Libya has wisely embarked upon physical planning at national and regional levels. Among the many plans being prepared by everseas consultants at the present time are master plans for the coastal oasis towns of Tripolitania, including El Khums, Zliten and Misratah. (1) Of these Misratah constitutes a challenge of particular interest to the town planner as a result of its early evolution as an oasis market town through to the grandiose expansion of the Italian period. In its ground-plan Misratah illustrates many features of the larger cities of the Arab world which are so often the heirs of different cultures, with a European-style town grafted awkwardly on to a traditional type of Arab town (Figure 1). This arrangement poses many problems for the rationalisation of traffic flows and land use, and in the installation of piped water, electricity and sewerage. The research upon which this paper is based was carried out in 1966 at a time when it was already clear that Misratah was on the verge of great changes. The aim was to examine traditional town country relationships before they become totally obscured, and these functional relationships are clearly reflected in the form of the town's commercial heart. At first sight the layout of Misratah has little to commend it. The street-pattern has clearly developed piecemeal, and on the fringes of the town there is much wasted land. Social facilities such as schools, post office and hospital are scattered inconveniently throughout the new town, but worst of all, there appears to be little to bind the old and the new towns together. It is hoped however that this paper will show that close examination of the central area of Misratah reveals much that is functionally sound, and a focus of interest in the shops and markets which give the town a sense of coherence and unity. When it is remembered that this central area has grown organically with no conscious planning it is remarkable how well it has been adapted to the needs of an oasis market..

Social Change on the Kru Coast of Liberia

Opening ParagraphThe Kru people of Liberia are well known as deck-hands and fishermen all down the west coast of Africa, and they have established ‘colonies’ in most ports from Dakar to Douala—as well as in such distant centres as London, Liverpool, and New York. Little, however, has been published on their history and social structure, and the first part of this article is a contribution towards filling this gap. The second part concerns socio-economic change in one Kru town, Grand Cess, during the present century, and in particular its fission into two geographically and culturally distinct sections: the traditional town and the modern Municipality. The outline of the development of Grand Cess, of present interrelationships between its two main sections, and of the status of each vis-à-vis the central government, serves as an illustration of the Republic's unusual system of local administration. The account is based on three weeks' stay in Grand Cess in 1958, and on discussions with Kru people over a period of a year in Monrovia (1958–9).

Towns of the Edinburgh-Glasgow Region, Their Tradition and Fuutre

This article is the first step for the author's World regional study of cities. It will cover the regional side, besides his “Researches in Urban Geography” published in 1951 which dealt with systematic aspects.The author has visited United Kingdom to participate in, the I. G. U. meeting in 1964. This is the result of the Urban Geographical Symposium held at Edinburgh and its related excursions.At first, the general characters of British urban studies are briefly reviewed. Scotland is situated out of the European Continental and South British Metropolitan Region; though she has many difficult economic conditions, Glasgow has felt over-crowdedness, which would be solved by decentralizing industries. Another important project is to establish New Towns to attract new industries. They are different procedures, compared with Japanese regional development. In this region, traditional towns are well preserved. As for examples, Alnwick, which Prof. Conzen studied well, and Edinburgh are described. The author has analysed Edinburgh's structure, considering location, historical development, function, and house density which was calculated on the one inch-map, with meshes of 500 metres (Fig. 1). Density is the highest around older centres, and most new corporate housing estated are distributed in areas with density less than 5/10.