Traditional Town Research Articles

Seasonal changes in body composition in children from Maya agriculturalists in central Yucatán, Mexico.

Development policies have aimed to substitute subsistence agriculture for cash crops or other cash generating activities to encourage local farmers to depend on store-bought groceries available year-round instead of seasonal subsistence crops. In this paper, we test the hypothesis that increased dependence on store bought foods has decreased seasonal changes in nutritional status and fat mass in Maya Children from Yucatan, Mexico. Weight for age (W/A), body mass index (BMI), and tricipital Skinfold z scores in children under the age of 10 years from 14 Maya rural towns with different degrees of development were compared longitudinally between scarcity and abundance seasons using a repeated measures analysis of variance. Height for age (H/A) z scores were also estimated. Origin of food consumed corresponded to the town's degree of development. Nutritional status (W/Az) and adiposity, BMI, and tricipital z scores were significantly lower during the scarcity season in every community. W/Az, tricipital skinfold z, and H/Az scores were significantly higher in developed than in traditional towns, yet in both types of town W/Az and H/Az scores were below the WHO standard mean. Tricipital skinfold z score was only below the WHO standard amongst traditional towns during the scarcity season. Increased dependence on store foods failed to eliminate significant losses in body fat during the scarcity season. This failure may be affecting linear growth and promoting a thrifty phenotype that is seen in short and stocky individuals with a tendency to accumulate fat during abundance seasons.

Characteristics and risk assessments of mercury pollution in a county region undergoing industrialization in northeastern China: a case study in Gongzhuling

Mercury pollution in emerging industrial zones and surrounding areas, especially in industrial concentration areas, has attracted much attention. So as to clarify the characteristics of Hg in the environment in China’s small and medium-sized industrial emerging and surrounding areas, central urban area of Gongzhuling, a traditional agricultural town with a high degree of industrialization in northeast Changchun industrial base, is taken as the scope. Geological accumulation trin (Igeo) was used to study the degree of soil mercury contamination in Gongzhuling area, latent Er (ecological risk) trin was used to appraise the Er of soil Hg in the study area, and non-carcinogenic risk assessment of mercury in soil using human exposure risk assessment model. The results showed that 34% of soil samples had higher Hg content than the background value of the province’s soil (0.04 mg kg−1). The Igeo results showed that Hg pollution rate of soil in study area was 9% (index >0). In conclusion, the level of soil Hg pollution in Gongzhuling area was low, and the pollution area is mainly concentrated in the northwestern part of the study range. The highest and lowest Er values of soil Hg from the study sample were 2.23 and 214.83, and 24% of the samples had Er > 40, that means they pose a moderate or higher potential ecological risk, and most of these points are located in the northeast of the study range. The main route of human exposure to Hg is oral ingestion. The HQ (non-carcinogenic risk index) and HI (total non-carcinogenic risk value) of soil mercury were both much less than 1, it indicates that the present level of soil Hg in the study range does not pose a threat to local adult health for the time being. This study provides reference for other urban pollution risk assessment, and further defines the direction of future work.

The evolution of traditional ancient towns in South China: Tangjiawan Ancient Town in Zhuhai city

ABSTRACT Based on the urban morphology theory of the Conzen School and the actual situation of the Tangjiawan Ancient Town, a morphological process analysis of the Tangjiawan Ancient Town was conducted. The end result is a visualization of the process of urban form evolution. The first objective is to describe the morphological framework of Tangjiawan Ancient Town and the morphological changes that occurred during its development. The current urban landscape is divided into units by superimposing morphological units, building types, and land use. The results of the division also reflect the morphological development, structure, and compositional characteristics of the ancient city of Tangjiawan. Using Tangjiawan Ancient Town in Zhuhai city as an example, on-site research, historical evidence, urban morphology analysis methods, and interviews were used to elaborate and analyze the spatial structure and evolution process of traditional ancient towns in South China. In particular, morphological units, building types, and land use are included. The morphological map of the Tangjiawan ancient town is inconsistent with the current economic-oriented development of ancient town planning. This shows that current planning is less concerned with the physical form of architectural heritage, which may lead to further damage to the landscape of the ancient town. This study provides a strong reference for the follow-up planning of ancient town protection of the same type from the perspective of morphology and area and provides ideas for the subsequent preparation of protection plans.

Transformations of the Vernacular Houses of Macedonia in the 19th Century

It is notable that the vernacular houses of 19th-century Macedonia have undergone significant developmental transformations, reflecting a complex interplay of socioeconomic, cultural, and technological influences. On this issue, over the past 40 years, extensive documentations have been produced, shedding light on the influences of 19th-century developments on these houses. In this context, this research investigates the nature and extent of these transformations, focusing specifically on traditional village and town houses in Macedonia. The research employs a qualitative approach. It utilizes data gathering techniques such as a literature survey, observations of transformations, photographic surveys, documentations, and interviews. It produces a comprehensive understanding of the changes that have occurred in Macedonian vernacular houses by triangulating data generated from these methods. The findings indicate that the developmental changes are closely linked to advancements in building materials and construction techniques. The paper thus concludes that the traditional Macedonian village and town houses are undergoing notable changes, driven by factors such as urbanization, globalization, and shifts in cultural norms. These transformations pose challenges to the preservation of cultural heritage and underscore the need for innovative approaches to architectural conservation and urban development.

Construction and Image Communication of Urban Cultural Space under the Collision of Modern Art Elements and Chinese Traditional Culture: A Case Study of the Wuzhen Theatre Festival

Since its inception in 2013, the Wuzhen Theatre Festival has gradually grown into one of the most influential theatre festivals at home and abroad. As one of the brand characteristic events, it has helped Wuzhen transition from a traditional Jiangnan ancient town to a well-known cultural landmark through media communication. This paper aims to analyze the multiple cultural spaces presented in the Wuzhen Theatre Festival, explore how this medium combines modern art elements with Jiangnan culture, builds a bridge between high art and ordinary people, thereby endowing Wuzhen with a more diversified international image. It also attempts to summarize the enlightenment of the Wuzhen Theatre Festival on the construction of urban cultural space and image in China today.

Post-utilization Evaluation of Public Space in Traditional Villages and Towns from the Perspective of Space Syntax

After the Rural Revitalization Strategy was formally put forward in the report of the 19th National Congress of the Communist Party of China in 2017, the protection and utilization of traditional villages and towns have received significant attention from China’s academic circle and society as an important aspect of the strategy. Although many Chinese traditional villages and towns have been reconstructed successfully, there are still relatively limited academic studies on the assessment of their performance after utilization. It is a challenge that has to be solved urgently for current academic studies on traditional village protection and updating to develop village renovation techniques to provide a suitable living environment and protect traditional regional characteristics. Therefore, a systematic study on traditional village protection in China based on demonstration areas has important academic and practical significance in implementing the rural revitalization strategy and promoting overall urban-rural development. A post-use quantitative evaluation system of traditional villages and towns was established in the present study by introducing the leading space syntax theoretical technology in the field of urban morphological analysis and combining with the AHP-fuzzy comprehensive method, combining existing qualitative and quantitative analysis means. Moreover, reconstruction strategies of traditional villages and towns were proposed according to feedback information from evaluation results. Results showed that (1) according to a case study based on typical traditional villages and towns in Shawan Ancient Town in Guangzhou City, the post-utilization evaluation system of public space in traditional villages and towns demonstrates applicability and generalizability. (2) From 2010 to 2020, the highly integrated network of Shawan Ancient Town formed a ‘cross’ pattern. The accessibility and traffic capacity of the road network improved to a certain extent after the renovation. (3) Public space in Shawan Ancient Town is ranked as ‘good’ concerning cultural construction, while the functional evaluation and economic, social effects are ‘moderate’. Finally, a public space protection and renewal framework of traditional villages and towns was established from the perspectives of an optimized spatial layout of ancient towns, enhancing users’ satisfaction and actively conducting cultural activities. This study is expected to provide scientific references to rebuild rural images and inherit regional context.

Integrating Health and Smartness—New Sustainable Paradigms for the Urban Environment: A Case Study in Lianshi Town (China)

The concepts of healthy cities and smart cities are popular in emerging research in the 21st century. This study focuses on the existing interrelations between the two notions in terms of socio-spatial quality, technology, and innovation, particularly regarding industrial sites that no longer have a role and constitute ‘urban voids’ with high volumetric concentrations. The fast expansion of cities and the de-industrialization phenomena have resulted in such void-producing blights that compromise public health; environmental quality; and social, economic, and living conditions. Therefore, the authors intend to emphasize the relevance of citizens’ and communities’ engagement in shaping new healthy and smart urban environments. The present method relies on a literature review to describe the current theoretical and practical dimensions of such topics, identifying synergies and trade-offs. After this, a case study in China is presented to support the discussion. The site, a former granary, is located in Lianshi, a traditional water-edge town in the central area of the Yangtze River Delta. The proposed example enhances solutions that meet healthy and smart requirements, transforming the former industrial area into a social catalyst, acting as an effective motivator for urban development. One such theoretical approach is exemplified by a project that won a national architecture competition in 2018, the ‘Taihu Cultural Heritage Rehabilitation Competition’. The latter is then validated through practical solutions in a real-world context by analyzing the ‘Cuckoo’ project developed in 2021 for the same area. Overall, the integration of healthy and smart elements is proposed by the authors as an effective method to achieve more holistic and sustainable city development from both theoretical and practical points of view.

Spatial changes in Royal Malay Town: The Inheritance of ‘Kota’ for Sustainability of Urban Conservation Practices

The continuous degradation of historical urban fabric in traditional towns has hindered efforts to implement sustainable urban conservation practices. Considering the dynamic and complexities of urban areas, which encompass multiple relationships to geographical settings, functional economic and socio-cultural factors, understanding the contextual formation and growth therefore becomes an important consideration in any development project. However, analysing the evolutionary process requires systematic structuring at each hierarchical scale, temporal dimension and level of morphological elements. Thus, posing a significant challenge in extracting the organic growth development of traditional towns. This study attempts to develop a methodological framework for integrated urban morphological analysis that guides the analytical process of spatial changes in Royal Malay town. A case study at Old Town Centre of Kota Bharu, Kelantan was conducted with an emphasis on structuring the case and plan- unit analysis based on diachronic and synchronic comparisons. The findings unveiled the inherent morphogenetic characteristics of Royal Malay towns central to the spatial structure of Kota, which demarcate the fixation line of the growth process and imperative to the functioning system for spatial resilience. This implies that developing a systematic methodological and mapping analysis process aids in providing a clear and responsive strategy in managing rapid spatial transition. This study brings forward the bridging of multidisciplinary knowledge on urban history, geography, design, planning and management to assist in the formulation of comprehensive development guidelines and policies that emphasize an explicit morphological perspective.

Users’ Legibility on a Proposed Affordable Township for B40 and M40 Income Fishing Community at Kuala Kedah, Malaysia

This study highlights traditional towns and settlements of the fishing communities and their proposed township design. It has proposed one site for the design at Kuala Kedah for the resettlement programme of the fishermen community administered by the Fisheries Development Authority of Malaysia (LKIM). The design will reflect users’ recognizable patterns in their contextual urban design elements. Urban design elements are pinpointed in this master plan, referring to the traditional town’s setting. The aim is to preserve the socio-economy and tradition of the existing fishing community. This research uses space syntax analysis to examine the level of permeability and wayfinding in justified graph analysis as well as the level of integration and connectivity in axial maps within the urban contexts of the proposed township. The results show that the proposed master plan’s layout plan has very good overall integration with good permeability and connectivity with easy wayfinding in a layout master plan of the designated private and public areas. For this master plan design, applying space syntax is important for evaluating and analyzing the spatial configuration surrounding an area, providing valuable insights into how the layout of urban design elements influences users’ perception of spaces.

ISLAMIC PRINCIPLES AS A DESIGN FRAMEWORK FOR URBAN SYSTEM: ENVIRONMENTAL CONCERN AND SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT

It is hard to discuss Islam without bringing up the person of the Prophet Muhammad (PBUH). The urban crisis has become a significant issue due to society's Westernization. The experts say that the Islamic approach appears to be the most promising due to the urgent need for harmonization. Several concepts unmistakably found in this tradition's fundamental sources, the Hadith, the Qur'an, and the Sunnah, show how often attention the Islamic tradition has paid to both natural and urban growth. Traditional Islamic towns offered a range of experiences, from the intimate world of Home to the aspirations of the local population on a more global scale. This study critically assesses Islamic ethics and principles for sustainable urban development. According to Shari'a, the ancient Islamic law, this necessitates that the built environment be envisioned and governed in a way that advances morals and the growth of society. Urban zoning and land use rules should prioritize social integration and protect people's rights and needs since urban planning decisions affect social life in the built environment. A variety of basic Islamic ideals, such as human welfare and glory, justice and equality, central consideration, unanimity and kindness, economic development, security and safety, and environmental protection, must be considered when planning an Islamic metropolis. These principles could be a foundation for sustainable urban development wherever and whenever. In this research, traditional judgments support several pertinent Islamic beliefs. Eminent judges and jurists rendered these decisions in the early Muslims' customary courtroom settings. The primary sources of Shari'a, from which most were descended, are the Qur'an, Hadith, and Sunnah. This research also attempts to look into how Islamic design paradigms may be used to create urban settings that are more habitable, environmentally friendly, and culturally sensitive.

Quality of life for people with psychiatric disabilities employed in extended employment programs in two Arab towns in Israel: an exploratory study.

This study aims to examine the quality of life (QOL) for people with psychiatric disabilities who are engaged in extended employment programs (homogeneous versus heterogeneous) in the Arab-populated Triangle Area of Israel. The homogeneous program participants are exclusively Arab while the heterogeneous program includes both Arabs and Jews. Quantitative research study of 104 adults with psychiatric disabilities engaged in two communal extended employment programs. Participants completed demographic (age (years), gender, marital status (married, widowed/separated, married, single), religion (Muslim, Jewish, Christian), dichotomous nationality variable (Jewish/Arab), and years of education) and employment questionnaires (length of time in the employment program, number of working days/h and salary satisfaction); SF 12 Scale; and The Personal Wellbeing Index questionnaire. Two-sample T-Test, exploratory factor analysis and multiple linear regressions were conducted for tracking the differences between participants in homogeneous and heterogeneous programs. A significant difference was found between the programs in two QOL components, insofar as satisfaction with the standard of living, together with health satisfaction were rated higher for participants in the heterogeneous program than for their homogeneous program counterparts. Furthermore, the results indicate that physical health and gender were the most important variables in explaining QOL in both programs, while the employment variables were not significant. Since the research findings show that the employment-related-items aren't significant in predicting the employees' QOL, the definition and suitability of extended employment environments as a mental health service must be reexamined. Cultural elements may also have an impact on QOL when the programs are located in a traditional town, with gender playing a key role. The family's role is pivotal in traditional societies, influencing an individual's ability to participate in employment programs and the support they receive. In patriarchal societies, there can be added pressure on men with psychiatric disabilities to conform to societal expectations. Given the general lack of health awareness in Arab communities, there is a need to develop additional projects or incorporate physical health improvement as a rehabilitation goal when working with individuals with psychiatric disabilities, regardless of the type of community rehabilitation program.

“When I think about Shortfield, I think about mosquitos, and neo-Nazis”: Students’ narratives of racism, sexism, and intolerance in rural Swedish schools

The aim of this study was to analyse how young people living in geographical areas with a tradition of high neo-Nazi activism talk about racism and sexism, in particular, and the “school climate”, in general. Two schools situated in traditional rural mill towns were selected, and students (of ages 14–16) were interviewed. Influenced by Essed's theory on everyday racism, the study addresses how micro and macro dimensions of racism intersect through the voices of the students, when they talk about their community, their school, and the visible traces or signs of the neo-Nazi movement. The results show a recurrence of everyday racism in the schools, and indicate that the expression of racism was largely taken for granted. Initially in the narratives the students talked about their school and community in terms of inclusion and social connectedness. As the discussions proceeded, quite a few examples of racist practices and verbal racist and sexist harassment were mentioned. Such expressions were often downplayed, such that everyday racism and sexism appeared to have been normalised. This apologetic stance also seemingly contributed to a “return of the repressed”, in the form of overt expressions of neo-Nazi symbols and acts in the school environment.

New Insights into the Layering Process of Urban Environment and Private Garden Transformations: A Case Study on the Bubbling Well Road Area in Early Modern Times, Shanghai

The surrounding area of Bubbling Well Road in early modern times, Shanghai, served as an important transportation hub connecting the western and central districts of Shanghai’s International Settlement. It also marked the beginning of a half-century trend of profit-oriented private gardens. The development process from rural outskirts to bustling commercial areas is exemplified by the area of Bubbling Well Road, making it significant for the study of urban transformation in early modern times in Shanghai. In this work, private gardens in the vicinity of Bubbling Well Road are examined as hierarchical elements of urban subdivision using the layering approach of the Historic Urban Landscape. Based on summarizing the trajectory of different types of private gardens under urbanization, typical time nodes were extracted and then horizontally correlated with the process of urbanization to elucidate the hierarchical logic underlying the symbiotic interaction between private gardens and cities. The results show that private gardens have created new hot spots and gathered a lot of popularity for the Jing’an Temple area, prompting this area to gradually evolve from a traditional town to a “backyard garden” of Concession dominated by the entertainment industry. Through the rapid development of the modern entertainment, commerce, and real estate industries, the Jing’an Temple area successfully embraced the trend of developing Concession to the West while achieving transformations in business models and urban style. Finally, with the assistance of the transitional entertainment space, such as profit-oriented gardens, the Jing’an Temple area has successfully undergone a transformation into a modern entertainment industry hub and solidified its commercial status as the “consumption circle” of Shanghai. We systematically investigated the significance of the urban subdivision layer in relation to the temporal changes in the urban environmental structure and the evolution of spatial organization patterns at the macro level; this helps deepen the historical urban landscape approach from an ideological framework level to the practical level.

School Buildings in the Urban FABRIC as a Result of 21st-Century Suburbanisation: Case Studies on Two Middle-Sized Towns in the Agglomeration of Budapest, Vác and Dunakeszi

Our study explores the question: what kind of landscape situations emerge between the urban fabric and a school building as a result of 21st-century suburbanisation? To answer this question, we will compare a traditional school town and a suburban settlement. Located less than thirty kilometres from Budapest, the traditional town is Vác, one of the most important historical school towns in Hungary. Dunakeszi, on the other hand, directly borders the capital and was a rural settlement at the beginning of the 20th century. This settlement is a typical example of urban sprawl. Its schools have occupied a place in the urban fabric since the second half of the 20th century. During our research, we used thick description and thoroughly analysed where the buildings are situated within the given urban structure, how their appearance can be described, and what their architecture communicates. Our basic argument is that while traditional settlement schools are a central element of the urban fabric, in the suburbs, schools occupy empty spaces of ‘leftover plots’ or develop new campuses in the interurban landscape. The results showed that regardless of the historical past of a given settlement, 21st-century educational institutions create separated, closed campuses in areas affected by suburbanisation processes. The primary reason for moving out is simply a lack of space in downtown areas, which is universally apparent in larger cities. The various roles and tasks schools fulfil also contribute to the process, for example the integration of sports fields or the increasing expectation to be accessible by car.

Perception of Fire safety evacuation design towards Fire Disaster in core towns of southern region of India

Old south Indian traditional towns are subjected to tremendous morphological changes. In an urban environment, fire is considered a manmade disaster. Urban pressure demands densely constructed built environments with critical fire risk parameters. In spite of various codes, building regulations that are formulated and enforced for the safety of human life and buildings, built environments in traditional areas of south India do not comply with fire safety codes and regulations. This study focuses on the perception of fire safety evacuation design by professionals who design buildings in the urban areas of south India namely “Kumbakonam, Thanjavur and Tiruchirappalli.” The fire safety evacuation parameters related to building characteristics namely number of exits, occupant load, width of exit routes/exit doors, maximum travel distance and corridor widths are considered in the present study. A structured survey has been conducted among 380 architects and engineers, who are directly involved in building designs in the aforementioned cities of south India to understand the perception of fire safety design. Therefore, this study identifies the challenges in complying existing codes and regulations, perception and knowledge in application of fire safety codes in continuous building area (CBA). In continuous building areas, the existing regulations and codes are ineffective for fire safety concern as perceived by architects and engineers. A significant percentage of respondents does not consider maximum travel distance calculation (23.15%), occupancy load (24.21%) and capacity factors calculations (33.95%) in their building design which are important determinant criteria for fire safety evacuation design during a fire disaster.

A study on the spatial configuration and collective system of street space in Tsutsuishi fishing village in relation to the service wet spaces

ABSTRACT Questioning the research on traditional settlements and town planning, which tends to result in the mere recording and preservation of the appearance of houses, this study positions itself as an attempt to achieve a careful and more holistic understanding of local and spatial characteristics. This case study of homes in Tsutsuishi aims to grasp the spontaneous space systems in relationship with indoor and outdoor spaces. Focusing on the spaces functionally tied to the street called Sondo, including the toilet, kitchen and outdoor sink, the analysis verifies factors in their arrangement and their relationship with the interior spaces of the houses through field survey (exterior and interior surveys, and an interview) and statistical analysis. Results of the study reveal a portion of the complex configuration of spaces facing Sondo and its factors including the spatial distinction between service wet spaces in cooperation with neighbouring houses and residences across the Sondo, the typical spatial type, and the varied spatial forms and combinations. In other words, the space configuration along Sondo in Tsutsuishi is a complex mixture of space types and the relationship of each to their surroundings, responding to the unique circumstances of each dwelling.

The relevance of Manasara planning model in walled cities of India: An assessment review of Rajasthan

Whenever town planning of old towns is discussed, various planning models of the traditional towns that were planned in the Vedic times are always referred. To make these planning models a success, careful consideration was given to all the aspects associated with a town such as its size, scale, allocation of spaces for various activities based on their role, road layouts, and widths, building heights, assigning of housing sectors based on caste residing within the town and how all of these justified the means to achieve the same. At the same time, various walled cities and fortified towns of Rajasthan have always been studied while understanding newer planning models. This research aims to find a connection between the planning concepts that were given in the Manasara and the walled cities of Rajasthan in terms of their planning. To correspond to the local on-site conditions for these walled cities and determining the similarities and differences with the Manasara town models shall be an objective of this study with the conclusion of how much original character has been retained in their planning.

Correlation Analysis of Health Factors of Elderly People in Traditional Miao Dwellings in Western Hunan

Under the macro context of severe global aging, the typical villages and dwellings of the Miao ethnic group in western Hunan were selected, and the daily life and health status of the local elderly were evaluated through behavioral observation, interviews, and questionnaires (e.g., physiological, psychological, and residential environments). In addition, the health status and relevant evaluation factors of the respondents were correlated and then analyzed using SPSS software. As indicated by the results of this study, the local elderly used all the spaces and functions of the existing dwellings and were satisfied with the spaces except for the toilet. In addition, their physiological functions had declined, and their daily behaviors were affected by a wide variety of physical diseases. From a psychological perspective, more than 60% of the elderly had significant feelings of loneliness and frustration. As indicated by the correlation results, the health status of the elderly in traditional Miao dwellings in western Hunan was positively correlated with family, income, daily acts, dwellings, and infrastructure, and negatively correlated with age. They showed linear correlations with all impact factors: Health = 157.44 − 5.242 ∗ Gender − 1.611 ∗ Age − 0.606 ∗ Education level − 0.411 ∗ Family + 0.001 ∗ Income − 7.191 ∗ Daily acts + 13.621 ∗ Dwelling + 4.682 ∗ Infrastructure + 17.198 ∗ Natural. Based on the results of study, targeted improvement strategies were proposed for the elderly in traditional Miao dwellings in western Hunan from four aspects—infrastructure, traditional dwellings, mental health, and policy support—to improve the health status of the elderly in traditional Chinese villages and towns.

Comparative Spatial Vitality Evaluation of Traditional Settlements Based on SUF: Taking Anren Ancient Town’s Urban Design as an Example

Sustainable urban forms (SUF) guide spatial creation, significantly revitalise the development of traditional settlements, and are an essential theoretical support for urban design. At the same time, the emergence of quantitative spatial analysis technology further promotes the visualised evaluation of the performance of spatial vitality in urban design. However, current research rarely studies the spatial vitality of traditional settlements with quantitative spatial analysis from the SUF perspective. Therefore, this research takes Anren Ancient Town in Chengdu, Western China, as an example to propose a design based on sustainable urban form theory to raise local spatial vitality. Then, it introduces the vitality evaluation system based on the urban form index (UFI) with three measurement methods: Space Syntax, Spacemate, and MXI, and conducts a comparative spatial vitality evaluation of Anren Ancient Town’s status quo to explain the process of how the design scheme came about. The results found that urban design proposals based on the principles of compactness, mixed land use and diversity in SUF design guidelines can effectively improve the vitality of traditional settlements. The high vitality of an urban settlement could be achieved by combining SUF-based design guidelines and UFI-based evaluation systems. The spatial vitality evaluation system based on the SUF could assist and optimise decision-making in design and act as a paradigm for urban design or urban regeneration in traditional towns.

Hubungan Perilaku Pedagang Terhadap Kandungan Formalin Pada Ikan Teri Asin (Stolephorus Sp) di Pasar Tradisional Kota Magelang

Salted fish is one type of food that is easily available in the market, either traditional and modern market. Formalin is widely used as a food preservative. Formalin can be harmful to health if consumed. The purpose of this study is to analyze the correlation between behavior of sellers with formaline content in salted fish sold in the traditional market town of Magelang city. This research is explanatory research, using survey methods with cross sectional approach. The population in this study is the seller salted fish who are in the traditional market Magelang city. There are four markets and the sellers are 34 people. The sample of this research is 34 sellers. The results showed that 30 of 34 samples of salted fish were tested in the laboratory were qualitatively positive for formaline. As for the formaline test on the quantitative, the average of formaline content in salted fish is 1564.422 ppm. The conclutions are behavioral factors obtained from sellers there is a relationship between seller knowledge about formaline with formaline content in salted fish (p = 0.031), there is a relationship between seller attitudes toward formaline with formaline content in salted fish (p = 0.006) and there was no relationship between the seller practice to give formaline with formaline content on the salted fish (p = 0.678). The need for supervision and counseling of related agencies. Traders should keep a salted fish in the freezer. For communities to be more padai in choosing salted anchovies and need to add knowledge about safe food for consumtion.