Traditional Ethics Research Articles

Возможна ли теория дистрибутивной справедливости, основанная на этике добродетели?

The problem of social justice plays one of the central roles in modern political philosophy, and since 1970s it has been subject to vehement debate. Although social justice is a multifaceted phenomenon, distributive (economic) justice, associated with the fair distribution of goods in society, remains its most important aspect. Almost all modern theories of distributive justice follow one of the two classical ethical traditions: deontological and utilitarian. However, since the second half of the 20th century, a third ethical tradition has started to emerge — virtue ethics, whose proponents criticized both deontology and utilitarianism. The emphasis on virtue that lies at the heart of the new tradition assumes a shift in focus from a universal rule to individual decisions of a separate person. This change in perspective makes it much more difficult to use virtue ethics to construct theories of social justice. Nevertheless, such attempts are being made. Among them is the so-called capabilities approach of the American philosopher Martha Nussbaum, which has become quite widely known in the scientific community. Nussbaum has reconsidered Aristotle’s philosophy, updating its key provisions for the modern world. By shifting the main focus from the category of virtue to the category of opportunity, she attempted to justify the idea of an “Aristotelian welfare state” with a high level of redistribution of goods in society. The article is devoted to the analysis of Nussbaum’s concept. Having carefully considered its key tenets, D.Balashov shows that this experience of building a political and philosophical theory of justice on the basis of virtue ethics was not crowned with success. Although declared as Aristotelian in spirit, the capabilities approach in fact has a weak relation to Aristotle’s teachings, which, in particular, points to the problems that modern authors face when they are trying to draw on the heritage of the distant past.

A Study on the Changes of Gender Morality in China: Centered on the Male Experience in the "Love Letter" Incident (1900-1930)

In the 20th century, China was an era of significant social changes, experiencing the impact of abolishing old and establishing new in politics, economy, culture, and other aspects. In terms of sexual morality, traditional sexual morality was criticized by Chinese youth and intellectuals, while new sexual morality was disseminated among young people. The love letter incident that occurred in such a social context is a representative event of young men and women actively breaking traditional sexual morality and constructing new sexual morality. This article takes two love letter events that occurred in China in the early 20th century and the 1920s as research objects, focusing on the experiences of young men in the love letter events. Using the method of seeking differences, it first clarifies the thoughts and expressions of young men on the issue of love in the love letter text. Secondly, it analyzes the views and debates of public power and social elites on the events in the love letter events, thereby revealing the end of the old sexual morality and the development of new sexual morality in modern China. In the two love letter events, the content of the young man's love letters both demonstrated his longing for new sexual morality. Qu Jiang faced criticism, while Qiu Gongyi received sympathy. The different experiences of the male protagonist in the two love letter events reflect the progress of China's modernization process in terms of neutral moral concepts.

AXIOLOGICAL APPROACH TO THE MORAL TRADITIONS DEPARTMENT OF THE INTERIOR MINISTRY

We consider moral traditions from the point of view of an axiological approach, since it is this approach that unites the idea of values in our consciousness and society. Human values are the basis of an employee’s inner world and behavior, the result of his professional activity. To date, global changes are taking place in the Russian Federation in the sphere of politics, economy, and society, which accordingly aff ects the education of the personnel of the internal aff airs bodies, their worldview, and value orientations. Now more than ever, such qualities as cour-age, courage, courage, fortitude, tolerance, compassion, selfl essness, professional duty and honor, loyalty, mutual assistance, etc. are important and necessary. At the moment, it is important to form and multiply moral traditions in the internal aff airs bodies of Russia. Assessing the signifi cance and relevance of this problem in the article, we con-sider the historical aspect of values, the signs and principles of moral values, their features, the stages of mastering values, the methodological basis of the axiological approach, the fundamental moral values: citizenship, statehood, patriotism. The application of the axiological approach is a necessary component in the educational process of em-ployees of the internal aff airs bodies of Russia. This approach helps to consider moral values in professional activity.

Analysis of the Existential View of Freedom in Camus' The Stranger

Camus The Stranger is a classic literary work that portrays an existentialist view of freedom. The protagonist of this book is not bound by social and moral constraints. He views the world and his own existence with a detached attitude. The theme of this paper is to study the connotation of existential freedom in The Stranger and its expression in literary works. The text interpretation method is adopted to conduct a deep analysis of the behavior, language, and thoughts of the protagonist in the novel. At the same time, it also referred to the theory of existentialism to further elaborate on the connotation of existential freedom. Through analysis, this paper concludes that the existentialist view of freedom in The Stranger is reflected in the protagonists independent and free understanding of the self and the objective world. This view of freedom contrasts sharply with traditional morality and values, showcasing a detached attitude towards life.

Development of an Interactive Android-Based Ayo-Olopon Game

One of the most widely acceptable means of entertainment all over the world is Games especially in Africa to ease the mind from stress after a rigorous day’s work. Over the years, there have been several African games nearly going into extinction due to the advancement of more new smartphone-based games and the general public is more comfortable using the modern-day gizmo. This has brought about reduction in the number of people that understands and knows about African traditional games and ethics. A lot of effort has been put in place by many developers and researchers to digitalize these games (like Ayo-Olopon) to improve their popularity and expand their accessibility across the globe. The current versions of this Ayo-Olopon game does not provide room for Multi-player in real time nor presence of third party as viewer during the game session. This research developed an android-based Ayo-Olopon game using a stack of React Native for the frontend design and server-side scripting through Node.Js, Websocket was also incorporated which enables real-time communication for multi-players and a third party to join the game as a viewer. The game was evaluated using feedback from randomly selected user and more than 98% of them ascertained its uniqueness and excellent performance. Response speed and transfer time were also used as the evaluation metrics with varying network technologies and protocols, WLAN network technology with gave the shortest response time and transfer speed of 150ms and 0.263s respectively f. This shows that the developed Ayo-olopon game gave a very satisfactory user experience and good performance with good Computational time. Future work should focus on enabling viewers to use audio or chat to motivate the players and increase their morale.

<em>Kekeberen</em> oral custom as a media in incorporating educational values

This study seeks to determine the significance of Kekeberen-based education in the Gayo community. This is qualitative and ethnographic research. The findings show that the educational values ​​contained in the Kekeberen tradition in the Gayo community are the values ​​of moral education, the values ​​of cultural education, and the values ​​of character education. The Conclusions that the education system of the Gayo people, which is based on the oral tradition of kekeberen, emphasizes psychology and emotions to cultivate a sense of taste, as they believe that people with a good soul will also have sound intellectual and cognitive development. Berkeberen refers to verbal and nonverbal interaction and communication between actors and listeners, which makes it simpler for actors to impart certain moral messages and values. Almost all of its tales place a greater emphasis on education, particularly that which leads to the formation of moral values, character, and traditions.

Food waste in Indian households: status and potential solutions

According to a report by the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), India had the highest number of undernourished people in the world in 2020. The COVID-19 pandemic further exacerbated the problem of world hunger (WHO 2021). According to the Food Waste Index Report, 2021, by United Nations Environment Programme (UNEP) and The Waste and Resources Action Programme (WRAP), 931 million tonnes of food waste was produced in 2019, with households accounting for 61%, food services for 26%, and retail for 13%. The report estimates that Indian households generate 50 kg of food waste per capita per year, resulting in total of 68,760,163 tonnes annually. This study aimed to investigate the reasons for food waste in Indian households and potential solutions to minimize or control food waste using interpretive phenomenological analysis. Reasons for food waste include miscalculations in meal preparation, a lack of appreciation for food, and a weakening of traditional Indian value systems. The study identified two potential solutions for controlling or eliminating food waste: exploring alternative methods of food consumption and enhancing the family culture surrounding food. The study results could potentially guide policymakers and planners in designing policies to address the problem of food waste in Indian households.

Traditional ethics of sex, life and family, sociobiology, natural law, and the dominant culture

Traditional ethics of sex, life and family, sociobiology, natural law, and the dominant culture

Artificial Intelligence (AI) in Islamic Ethics: Towards Pluralist Ethical Benchmarking for AI

This paper explores artificial intelligence (AI) ethics from an Islamic perspective at a critical time for AI ethical norm-setting. It advocates for a pluralist approach to ethical AI benchmarking. As rapid advancements in AI technologies pose challenges surrounding autonomy, privacy, fairness, and transparency, the prevailing ethical discourse has been predominantly Western or Eurocentric. To address this imbalance, this paper delves into the Islamic ethical traditions to develop a framework that contributes to the global debate on optimal norm setting for designing and using AI technologies.The paper outlines Islamic parameters for ethical values and moral actions in the context of AI's ethical uncertainties. It emphasizes the significance of both textual and non-textual Islamic sources in addressing these uncertainties while placing a strong emphasis on the notion of "good" or "maṣlaḥa" as a normative guide for AI's ethical evaluation. Defining maṣlaḥa as an ethical state of affairs in harmony with divine will, the paper highlights the coexistence of two interpretations of maṣlaḥa: welfarist/utility-based and duty-based. Islamic jurisprudence allows for arguments supporting ethical choices that prioritize building the technical infrastructure for AI to maximize utility. Conversely, it also supports choices that reject consequential utility calculations as the sole measure of value in determining ethical responses to AI advancements.

RENEWAL CONCEPT OF ISLAM AND ITS URGENCY IN ADVANCING ISLAMIC CIVILIZATION IN INDONESIA ACCORDING TO HARUN NASUTION

This article intends to examine the concept of rational theological concepts in Islam with a focus on the thoughts of Harun Nasution. Harun Nasution is a controversial Islamic reformer. His idea was born as a response to and against the traditional ideas that developed at that time; even Harun Nasution dared to go against the flow of traditional ethics that according to him had long been rusty and difficult to remove. The emphasis of this paper is on the presentation of Harun Nasution's progressive thinking in the Islamic theological concept and tts importance in advancing Indonesian Islamic civilization. Thus, the qualitative method will be employed in this work, along with a historical study approach gleaned from books, journals, and related publications. The essence of Harun Nasution’s theory is the realization that Islam is a universal rational religion, and that via rational theology, people can fully comprehend the meaning of revelation in both the Qur'an and the Hadith. To build the Islamic Ummah such that it always exists exclusively through forming a rational society, a renewal movement through education is required.

Gambling on unknown unknowns: Risk ethics for a climate change technofix

In this article, we critically engage with the risk ethics of attempting to mitigate climate change via a technofix, namely Negative Emissions Technologies (NETs) utilizing Synthetic Biology. Now that the IPCC has (belatedly) acknowledged climate overshoot as being inevitable, our dependency on NETs to avert runaway climate change has become critical. Given the scale of unknown unknowns at play when utilizing any such technofix, we present gambling as the most apt analogy to communicate the unprecedented realms of risk and uncertainty occasioned by any such action. Hence, we critique traditional normative ethics in order to illustrate how a germane climate ethics must face the largely uncertain and unpredictable risk that any climate change technofix would inevitably represent instead of advocating for outdated risk-averse positions. We conclude by showing that this approach is fundamental to developing impactful future ethics research on climate mitigation, and is required to mark a much-needed new direction for risk ethics in the Anthropocene.

Teaching the Russian literary language to foreign master and postgraduate students within the special course “Modern Russian literature”: key problems and prospects

The article puts insight into current issues of teaching the Russian literary language to foreign under-graduates and postgraduates, specializing in “Linguistics and Intercultural Communication”, in the course of studying “Modern Russian Literature”. We use a broad historical and cultural context to substantiate the fundamental role of Russian literature in the formation of world culture and the global literary canon, and highlight the great influence that such Russian classical writers as Pushkin, Dostoevsky, Tolstoy, Turgenev and Chekhov had on the development of foreign literature in the East and West. We observe and trace continuity in classical and modern literary eras and the best long-lasting spiritual, moral and linguistic traditions of the Russian people. We assume that the key problems the teacher should focus on are: Russian literature as a significant phenomenon of world culture, the development of classical traditions in the history of Russian literature at present, the dialogue among cultures and the translation of modern writers’ works into foreign languages, historical and philosophical problems in literature, and historical heritage of the Russian language. The article comprehensively studies the Russian language value dimensions and linguistic axiological directions. The data show the presence, stability and preservation of the fundamental values (life, love, truth, good, beauty, hope, grace, honour, etc.) in the Russian literary language. These values form the spiritual conceptual sphere in Russian culture and constitute its main moral foundations. Serious attention is paid to the aesthetics of the language. We show the aesthetic potential, artistic expressiveness and stylistic richness of the modern Russian literary language, based on the works of E. Vodolazkin, L. Ulitskaya, M. Shishkin, M. Kucherskaya, M. Stepnova, D. Rubina and others. We focus on the problem of preserving the Russian literary language and the high status of Russian in general, revealing complex realities of modern multinational and multicultural world. We recommend such modern masterpieces as “Laurel” by E. Vodolazkin, “The God of Rain” by M. Kucherskaya, “The Garden” by M. Stepnova, “The Writer” by M. Shishkin, “Yakov’s Staircase” by L. Ulitskaya as sources to improve literacy and general cultural competence of foreign students.

How Black Lives Matter: Alice Walker, Alasdair Macintyre, and the Moral Significance of Enacted Narrative

Abstract: What does it mean to claim that "lives" should be the cornerstone of ethical analysis and reflection? This question has been raised by the Black Lives Matter movement. However, public discussions of the movement have often devolved into rhetorical battles that elide the movement's central moral claims. This paper investigates the question by examining the role of "lives" in the Black womanist ethical tradition and in neo-Aristotelian virtue ethics. I argue that these two traditions, despite their differences, can illuminate one another, and I explain and defend my position through a reading of Alice Walker's The Color Purple .

Effects of TV Dramas on Pakistani Culture: A Case Study of Bahria University Islamabad

The study was conducted to explore the influencing role of media in Pakistan because if the media of any nation is fascinated by the evolution of the multinational media, then the watchers are willing to embrace those transformations. The main goals of the analysis were to investigate the effects of TV dramas on clothing, food, language and living style, customs, traditions, social norms and values of Pakistani society by applying cultivation theory as a model for this research. For this purpose, a survey method was utilized. The sample population of the analysis consisted of 190 members including students and faculty members from Bahria University Islamabad. A questionnaire consisting of closed ended questions was utilized as a research tool. The outcomes show that Multinational media deeply affect youths in a negative direction. The expected results of the investigation prove a negative impact on Pakistani lifestyle and individuality. Some recommendations are being mentioned to highlight and deliver the TV media that nurture our moral values, customs, and traditions in civilization.

THE INNOVATION OF IVAN FRANK'S NOVEL "JAY’S WING": GENDER-PSYCHOLOGICAL ASPECT

The article reveals the modernism of the prominent Ukrainian writer Ivan Yakovych Franko regarding the depiction of gender-psychological aspects of the interpersonal relationships of the characters of the novel "Jay’s Wing", which are organically connected with the national features of the social life of Ukrainians. The goal was achieved thanks to the solution of the main tasks regarding the features of the genre and the essence of the title of the novel, highlighting the difficult life circumstances that the heroes of the work had to overcome in order to find their own purpose. The genre features of the work are reflected, its innovative character due to the pronounced conflict between the feelings of a man and a woman. The paper analyses the actions determined by life circumstances and peculiarities of the inner world of the main characters. The article focuses on stereotypical ideas about the role of representatives of different sexes in society, where the leading role in various situations was assigned to men. The article claims that the culture of a person's personal life is closely related to the mentality of a particular people, moral and ethical traditions and customs. It has been proven that a woman can be biologically and emotionally stronger than a man in solving complex life problems. Deep psychologism is traced in the disclosure of the motives that prompted the heroine of the work to seek to punish Khoma for his arrogance, insincerity in relationships, and flamboyance in behavior. The reasons that led to the complete renunciation of the public life of the once active public figure have been clarified. The deep mental experiences of the characters on the way to realizing the impossibility of artificially directing life in accordance with established stereotypes, the need to be in harmony with one's own nature, are revealed. The aptness of the author's artistic techniques is analyzed – he interweaving of a letter and a diary, dramatic situations and tender, lyrical and at the same time skeptical memories of them; the role of artistic detail as one of the components of revealing the inner world of the characters is reflected. Characteristic signs of early Ukrainian modernism were revealed, which refers to the unusual form of presentation of the combination of everyday real life and romantic relationships.

Гражданственность будущего учителя: сущность и структурные компоненты

The article is intended to raise the issue of the development of civic consciousness among the students of ped-agogical universities. The patterns of civic behavior offered by the Internet contradict the traditional system of values and civic guidelines. The aim of the article is to clarify the concept of pedagogical university student's civic consciousness, its component composition as a quality of personality. The authors ascertain that civic consciousness, as a quality of a future teacher, consists in a respectful attitude to the Fatherland, society and its culture, manifested in pedagogical interaction in the process of pedagogical activity on the basis of reproduc-tion of civic qualities. Therefore, the study allowed to characterize the components of civic consciousness. The results of the study can be used in the process of professional training of future foreign language teachers in higher education.

Toward Consent in Molecular HIV Surveillance?: Perspectives of Critical Stakeholders

Background The emergence of molecular HIV surveillance (MHS) and cluster detection and response (CDR) programs as key features of the United States (US) HIV strategy since 2018 has caused major controversies. HIV surveillance programs that re-use individuals’ routinely collected clinical HIV data do not require consent on the basis that the public benefit of these programs outweighs individuals’ rights to opt out. However, criticisms of MHS/CDR have questioned whether expanded uses of HIV genetic sequence data for prevention reach beyond traditional public health ethics frameworks. This study aimed to explore views on consent within MHS/CDR among critical stakeholders. Methods In 2021 we interviewed 26 US HIV stakeholders who identified as being critical or concerned about the rollout of MHS/CDR. Stakeholders included participants belonging to networks of people living with HIV, other advocates, academics, and public health professionals. This analysis focused on identifying the range of positions among critical and concerned stakeholders on consent affordances, opt-outs, how to best inform people living with HIV about how data about them are used in public health programs, and related ethical issues. Results Participants were broadly supportive of introducing some forms of consent into MHS/CDR. However, they differed on the specifics of implementing consent. While some participants did not support introducing consent affordances, all supported the idea that people living with HIV should be informed about how HIV surveillance and prevention is conducted and how individuals’ data are used. Conclusions MHS/CDR has caused sustained controversy. Among critical stakeholders, consent is generally desirable but contested, although the right for people living with HIV to be informed was centrally supported. In an era of big data-driven public health interventions and routine uses of HIV genetic sequence data in surveillance and prevention, CDC and other agencies should revisit public health ethics frameworks and consider the possibility of consent processes.

Value-Ethical System in Sub-Saharan Africa. From the Past to the Future

The article is devoted to the analysis of the value-ethical system in Sub-Saharan Africa in historical retrospect with the transition to modernity. The concept of “value-ethical system” reflects the specifics of the African worldview, in which all values have a moral meaning. The article analyzes the value foundation on which Africans want to build “the Africa they dream of” (as stated in the program document of the African Union “Agenda 2063”). The author examines African traditional values based on the research of modern African scientists, on her own African archives, on memories and personal impressions collected by the author during her stay in the countries of the African continent. In traditional Africa, there exist value-ethical complexes in which ancient folk wisdom is concentrated. This is, for example, Ubuntu of the Bantu peoples – humanity, equality of people, regardless of race, nationality, religion. It is also a community solidarity associated with the importance of family ties. The author proves that the culture of Sub-Saharan Africa belongs to the collectivist type. Collectivism in combination with Ubuntu serves as a barrier to the adoption by Africans of a Protestant work ethic that welcomes individual success, competition, and profit orientation (outside of the principle of fairness). “Western” values are the opposite of traditional African ethics and values. Currently, the countries of sub-Saharan Africa are looking for their own way of development within the framework of capitalism. African scientists want to develop a system of economic philosophy that includes traditional African values in order to make capitalism relevant to African countries and acceptable to the African mentality. Special attention is paid to the issues of dialogue, traditional democracy and African organizational and managerial principles.

Individualization, self-actualization of a personality and appeal to religious and moral values as a response of society to the challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic

The article analyzes the main issues of individualization, self-actualization of personality and return to moral and religious foundations. The process of self-awareness and return to moral traditions in the key of basic beliefs is considered as a way out of a difficult situation caused by a pandemic. The transition from individualization through self-actualization of the personality to the basic basic moral principles and to religion, which historically acts as one of the main guardians of traditional human values. Particular attention is paid to the external challenges of the COVID-19 pandemic and the processes of isolation, disunity of society, increased fears, anxiety, growing distrust and negative thinking associated with it. The response to such realities was the increased interest of a certain part of society in religious topics. At the same time, religious life and practice itself has also undergone significant changes under the influence of covid restrictions and global political, economic and psy­chological transformations of society. Such an experience of turning to the religious sphere in difficult periods of life is of great importance for us to preserve the basic foundations of historical, cultural and ethnic identity.

Hmong Spirituality, Nature, and Place

In this article, I show how the Hmong religion can provide the basis of a novel version of non-human-centered environmentalism. I do this by outlining some of the core doctrines in the Hmong religion and showing what they imply about the value of nature. I then situate the view that is implied by these doctrines into the traditional Western environmental ethics literature on the value of nature. In particular, I argue that the Hmong religion provides a view in environmental ethics that is non-anthropocentric, individualistic, non-egalitarian, and non-biocentric.