Traditional Ethics Research Articles

Bringing Up the Traditional Values, Ethics, Culture, Knowledge, And Local Lives in Relation to The Indian Knowledge System: A Study Through Sample Survey and Data Analysis of Some Local Places of Sikkim, India

The Indian Knowledge System (IKS) encompasses a vast array of traditional wisdom, ethical frameworks, and cultural practices that have guided Indian society for centuries. Despite rapid modernization and globalization, many aspects of IKS continue to influence local communities, shaping their values, customs, and sustainable living practices. This research aims to examine the role of traditional values, ethics, culture, and indigenous knowledge in the everyday lives of people across different regions in India. Using a mixed-methods approach, this study conducts a sample survey and data analysis to assess the level of awareness, adaptation, and transmission of traditional knowledge. Through statistical analysis, we identify key trends in the preservation of cultural heritage and the challenges posed by urbanization and digitalization. Our findings reveal that while there is a decline in direct adherence to traditional customs among younger generations, there is an increasing interest in reviving cultural identity through education and policy initiatives. The study concludes with recommendations for integrating traditional values into contemporary education, governance, and community-driven development projects. Keywords: Indian Knowledge System, traditional values, cultural heritage, ethics, local knowledge, data analysis, sustainability.

Balancing Feudal Legacies and Socialist Aspirations: Vietnam’s Ethical Transformation

This study examines the enduring influence of Confucian ethics on Vietnam’s new morality, shaped by revolutionary and socialist ideals. Confucianism, with its emphasis on moral values, social harmony, and hierarchical relationships, provided the foundation for Vietnam’s traditional morality during the feudal era. However, its remnants, including patriarchal structures and rigid hierarchies, present challenges to modern democratic and socialist aspirations. Employing a qualitative research design, this study analyzes primary texts, including Confucian classics and Hồ Chí Minh’s writings, alongside secondary academic sources. Through thematic content analysis, the research explores the interplay between traditional Confucian values and modern ethical constructs, highlighting their dual role as both a moral cornerstone and a potential barrier to progress. The findings underscore that while Confucian ethics offer valuable guidance for governance, education, and societal cohesion, their feudal origins must be critically reevaluated to align with contemporary goals of equality and social justice. The study concludes by proposing strategies to retain the strengths of Confucian ethics while addressing their limitations, demonstrating how Vietnam can integrate its cultural heritage with revolutionary and modern principles to build a harmonious and progressive society.

The impact of gender diversity on expression - the language of sexuality - how early childhood studies students understand the semantics of gender dysphoria

Gender diversity is a current and much debated topic. Students are entering university with contemporary meanings and beliefs around the use of language in the discussion of gender that can challenge traditional value systems surrounding biological determination. This qualitative research was carried out with Early Childhood Studies students by means of self-directed focus groups. The aims were to investigate students’ views on the language of gender diversity, gender differences, and the extent to which language can reflect and create gender identity. The research finding provides deeper understanding about how a group of traditional and non-traditional students interpret, use, and understand the language of gender. Keywords: Gender dysphoria, gender inclusive language, discourse, semantics, identity

Principlism language in contemporary Chinese bioethics: dissonance and discordance.

The language of principlism seems to have emerged as the predominant guiding framework in teaching, research and even legislation within contemporary Chinese bioethics. This essay reveals the dissonance between the individualistic orientation of this theoretical language and the familist features of Chinese clinical practice by considering the principle of respect for autonomy and its discordance with the Confucian tradition of virtue ethics and medical rituals. Several representative clinical cases in mainland China are presented to illustrate the incongruity between the current state of Confucian medical rituals and the language game of the principle of respect for autonomy. While there is a recognized need in contemporary Chinese medical practice to promote patient involvement in decision-making in the cases of terminal illness, we argue that this approach should be implemented in alignment with Confucian virtue ethics and medical rituals. Resolving the linguistic discordance between Chinese bioethics and principlism should not entail a shift towards principlism.

Perceived intergenerational mobility and the transmission of conservatism: evidence from Hungary

ABSTRACT This article explores the family transmission of conservatism in the context of perceived intergenerational social mobility in a sample of parents and their young adult children in Hungary. Using a modified 40-item Wilson-Patterson conservatism scale, it analyzes the association of perceived intergenerational mobility, both experienced and expected, to parent–child congruence in issue positions, conservatism and three dimensions of conservatism (economic socialism, cultural liberalism and social conservatism). Results show that young adults who expect to be downwardly mobile are more liberal than their parents, especially on the economic socialism dimension. On the other hand, those who expect to be upwardly mobile are more conservative on both the economic and cultural liberalism dimensions. In the case of the social conservatism dimension, measuring support for traditional sexual morality and Church authority, neither the experience nor the expectation of social mobility significantly decreases young adults’ congruence with their parents. These results suggest that certain facets of ideology are more resistant to the pressure of perceived intergenerational social mobility.

Ethics Challenges in Correctional Mental Health.

Forensic psychiatry has been developing ethics guidelines over the last 50 years. The forensic psychiatry guidelines have taken a somewhat different path from traditional medical ethics based on beneficence and nonmaleficence. In particular, for forensic psychiatrists, the ethics concept of the primacy of striving for an individual's benefit may conflict with duties to the justice system. I posit that correctional psychiatry is a branch of forensic psychiatry that has ethics characteristics of both systems and discuss a way of resolving some of these dilemmas. Even if it is practiced by suitably qualified forensic psychiatrists, correctional psychiatry demands its own variation of ethics principles. This variation involves the additional variable of acknowledgment of the duty to the security of the institution. I develop this theory and apply it to some day-to-day ethics dilemmas with which correctional psychiatrists deal. Developing a code of ethics for correctional psychiatry is important. I apply a theoretical code of ethics to the many daily dilemmas experienced by correctional psychiatrists.

The System Construction of Moral Artificial Intelligence: From the Perspective of Normative Ethical Theories

With the rapid progress of technology, the decision-making and behaviors of artificial intelligence have begun to shift from external settings to internal development. Intelligent agents gradually possess varying degrees of adaptive, decision-making, and behavioral abilities, and their autonomous capabilities are continuously enhanced. For moral considerations, artificial intelligence with autonomous decision-making and behaviors has begun to be regarded as a moral agent. Therefore, how traditional morality can play an autonomous role in intelligent technologies has become a problem that must be faced. The three main theories of normative ethics, consequentialism, deontology, and virtue ethics all have the potential to solve this problem. This article aims to use normative ethical theories to construct an artificial intelligence system capable of making moral decisions, and it is necessary to ensure that the autonomous reasoning of artificial intelligence can be constrained by human social morality and values, remain consistent with human values, and assume the “responsibility” of decision-making.

Statutory and Legal Stipulation of the State Policy on Preservation and Strengthening the Traditional Russian Spiritual and Moral Values

Introduction. Stipulation of the national spiritual and moral values in the laws and regulations as the benchmarks for the multinational people of Russia is one of the most important conditions for ensuring the national security of the Russian Federation and strengthening the political sovereignty of the state. At present, the national ideological security is in a vulnerable position, because the Constitution of the Russian Federation contains a prohibition of the state or other mandatory ideology, instead of which the legislators are currently using a term “traditional Russian spiritual and moral values”. The Constitution of the Russian Federation adopted in 1993 was created in conditions when the national humanitarian science found itself in a conceptual impasse due to the fact that for a long time it had been built on the basis of the materialistic concepts, but after the disintegration of the USSR, the liberalism in its Western interpretation became a natural replacement for the Marxism-Leninism. Therefore, for a long time, Russia was assimilating the foreign humanitarian knowledge in anticipation of forming the “global world order” and finalising construction of the “consumer society”. Later, when it became evident that there was no place for a sovereign Russia in the unipolar world, the revival of the national humanitarian knowledge turned out to be a way out of that situation and the only opportunity to adapt the new political reality to the conditions of the Russian legal reality. It is necessary to eliminate the gaps in the juridical knowledge referring to the state policy in the field of national ideology based on the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values. The aim of the research is to study the current conditions for the juridical stipulation of the all-Russian identity and national unity having been formed on the basis of the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values.Materials and Methods. The authors have used the formal-logical and historical-legal methods for preparing the article. The general analysis and comparison of regulatory legal acts on the relevant topic have been carried out, where appropriate.Results. A scientific understanding of the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values has been formed on the basis of that enshrined in the Constitution of the Russian Federation and in the Executive Order of the President of the Russian Federation No. 809 of November 9, 2022. The authors have proved that, upon the constitutional and legal prohibition of state or other mandatory ideology, the historical type of legal understanding based on the reproduction of the traditional values and national legal culture, which are necessary for the intellectual opposition to the liberal trends of the unfriendly states, becomes particularly relevant in the present day theoretical and legal doctrine. Moreover, the availability of a range of the normative legal acts regulating the state policy on the preservation and strengthening of the traditional Russian spiritual and moral values has been clarified.Discussion and Conclusion. It is evident that the role of the historical culture and legal traditions of the multinational people of the Russian Federation with the Russian people as a vanguard, is strengthening within the national legal framework. Preservation and strengthening of the traditional spiritual and moral values allows us to form a cohesive society as a guarantee of a strong state and is a constitutional goal of the Russian Federation for the forthcoming years. The scientific ideas put forward by the authors have a proven, solid character and can be used as a theoretical basis for ensuring the national ideological security of the Russian Federation.

Who Deserves to Die? The Moral Logic of Mau Mau Killings in Colonial Kenya, 1952–56

Abstract This article seeks to explain how Mau Mau combatants selected and killed their civilian targets. The central argument is that Mau Mau members shared a moral logic that informed whom they killed, how, and why they did it. This moral logic was partly based on traditional Kikuyu ethics of violence, which were widely held and traceable to the late nineteenth century. Yet it was also a logic born out of novel, albeit contested, ethical convictions that developed in the context of an asymmetrical anticolonial war in 1950s-Kenya. Using captured guerrilla documents and oral history interviews with Mau Mau veterans, the article analyzes the perceived offenses that civilians committed against Mau Mau, the motives of Mau Mau assailants, and the internal conflicts that arose regarding the killings of some civilians. Ultimately, this article demonstrates that the moral logic of Mau Mau killings was firmly rooted in a dialectical tension between longstanding Kikuyu ethics of violence and the harsh realities of waging an asymmetrical anticolonial war. It also shows that Mau Mau debates over who to kill formed part of a larger process of sacralization, whereby members of the movement reimagined what they deemed sacred, moral, and just measures for conducting the war.

Execute Justice and Charity for Your People: Jewish Divorce Mediation as a Model for Intrareligious Peacekeeping

This article explores the complex issue of disharmony within religious marriages, focusing on Jewish approaches to divorce. Contrasting Jewish divorce mediation with other religions’ approaches to marital conflict, this article examines two Judaic models: one viewing divorce as a severe remedy permissible only under certain circumstances, and the other allowing for divorce when a marriage is irreparably broken. The author highlights the positive Jewish commandment to peacefully divorce, discussing how mediation integrates compassion and justice, in line with Jewish legal and ethical traditions. This work emphasizes the benefits of community-based divorce mediation, including lower costs, shorter timelines, and increased communal acceptance. Jewish divorce mediation, the author argues, is particularly effective in maintaining child-centeredness and co-parenting relationships post-divorce. This article calls for a broader adoption of Jewish divorce mediation through charitable organizations to effectuate Jewish family values and provide amicable resolutions within the Jewish community.

The Realization and Limitations of “Filial Piety Ethics” in Robotic Caregiving

The three levels of “shallow care,” “deep care,” and “good care” in robotic caregiving largely correspond to the concepts of “supporting parents,” “pleasing parents,” and “respecting parents” in traditional Chinese filial piety ethics, enabling the application of caregiving robots within the context of Chinese filial culture. However, in the practical application of caregiving robots, there are issues such as ambiguity in defining the moral responsibility of the caregiving subject, the illusory nature of the emotional relationship between humans and robots, objectification of the elderly, and challenges faced by traditional Chinese parent-child relationships. Therefore, the role of caregiving robots should be carefully evaluated. They should not be seen as replacements for children but as tools to assist children in fulfilling their filial duties when caring for elderly parents.

Transnational Familial Business and Inter-generational Conflicts within Vietnamese Diaspora in the Urban Spaces of the Czechia

Background and objective: In the contemporary globalized world, with migration and mobility occurring at an unprecedented scale, it is crucial to understand the lives of various diasporas and their integration challenges within host societies, particularly those diasporas that are culturally very different from the host society. This article analyzes the socio-economic and cultural sources of intergenerational conflicts within Vietnamese diasporic families living in the Czech Republic.Methods: The research adopted an ethnographic approach, the analytical data based on three years of participant observations and in-depth, semi-structured interviews with 43 first-generation and 35 individuals from 1.5 and second-generation Vietnamese Czechs in Brno, Prague, and Olomouc.Results: Through the lens of acculturation, the article demonstrates that first-generation Vietnamese migrants come to the Czech Republic as part of a broader family network to improve their family/kin's financial situation and secure a better future for their children. In the host country, they establish transnational family business networks, which provide socio-economic security and upward mobility for the entire family/kin. However, the uncertainties embedded in the migrant’s temporary status, and their social networks are founded on traditional Vietnamese family values, morality, and ethics, which shared not common by the second generation.Conclusion: The social positions, the transnational family networks, and the differing cultural values between the two generations generate intergenerational conflicts, particularly concerning the second generation's life strategies, such as forming romantic or marital partnerships with members of the host society.

Дуламын Дашжамцын боловсрол, сурган хүмүүжүүлэх, ёс суртахууны чиглэлээр хийсэн судалгааны тухайд өгүүлэх нь

Professor Dulamiin Dashajmats was one of the 20th century's most prominent figures in Mongolian philosophy, morality, and education. His groundbreaking work significantly advanced the understanding and development of philosophical and ethical thought in Mongolia, seamlessly integrating traditional Mongolian perspectives with broader intellectual movements of his time. During the socialist era in Mongolia, Professor Dashajmats taught philosophy, ethics, and history, educating four generations of students and profoundly shaping the intellectual and moral landscape of the nation. His teachings laid a robust foundation for critical thinking and ethical reasoning, helping to define Mongolia's academic and moral traditions. Thus, this presentation delves into his profound works on education and morality, which remain deeply relevant today. They offer insightful perspectives on the dynamic interplay between ethics, education, and cultural heritage. As a scholar, Professor Dashajmats's legacy continues to endure in the realms of education and moral philosophy. His contributions serve as a timeless reminder of the transformative power of intellectual and ethical inquiry in shaping both individual character and societal progress.

公共健康倫理學何以被視為一種新倫理學

LANGUAGE NOTE | Document text in Chinese; abstract also in English. Public health ethics is a new field relative to bioethics, but its novelty does not lie in its use of the group as the core value, as proposed by Professor Cong Yali in the article “Reflections on Public Health Ethics”, because that value is clearly reflected in both traditional bioethics and medical ethics. The novelty of public health ethics lies in its distinct research objectives, research fields and research objects.

Drama’s potential for moral education in Chinese junior high schools: an argument and an example

ABSTRACT This article reviews recent articles and explains current teaching of moral education China, presents a qualitative study to examine student responses to a drama project whose moral theory is drawn from modern interpretations of the Aristotelian tradition of virtue ethics. The analysis concentrates on four areas that emerged as important in data gathered from a drama project exploring the topic Justice and Revenge. The use of drama processes: to establish a non-didactic agenda; to engage students' empathy and compassion; to develop the practice of social and moral virtues; and to explore in depth the concepts of justice and revenge.

Lexeme “Creativity” Syntagmatics as the Embodiment of Ethical Ideas and Moral Traditions in Modern Media Discourse

Lexeme “Creativity” Syntagmatics as the Embodiment of Ethical Ideas and Moral Traditions in Modern Media Discourse

Confucianism as the Basis of the Buddhist Catechism in Its Assimilation into Japanese Thought—Focusing on the Synthesis of Benevolence 仁 and Compassion 慈悲 in the Nihon-ryōiki

This paper examines the intersection of Confucianism and Buddhism as presented in the Nihon-ryōiki (NIH), focusing on the catechetical efforts of its Buddhist author to fuse these ethical traditions. A central concern of the text is the introduction of karmic law and rebirth, concepts that Buddhism imported from ancient India that were not fully accepted in Japanese society at the time of its composition. This study explains how many of the miracles described in the NIH are consistent with Confucian values, particularly in their emphasis on benevolence, compassion, and social duty. In this paper, I argue for synthesizing Confucian and Buddhist ethics in the NIH as universal values that underscore the importance of social harmony based on filial duty—the Confucian worldview underlying the NIH’s linking of personal conduct to the cosmic law of karmic retribution.

The Ontology of Power: An Institutional and Axiological Aspect

The article contains the author’s reflections on the essence of political power. Its manifestations are considered in three phases: con- quest, realization and retention of power. The complex issue of combining domination (in fact, violence) with conscience and morality is analyzed. The author’s approach is characterized by a combination of a scientific paradigm based on positivism and a theological paradigm. According to the author, for a long time the moral traditions formed with the inherent moral divine imperative of people certainly influenced the behavior of government representatives. But conscience really came to power along with faith, when the attitude towards people became a relationship with God. The article defines such concepts as “power”, “conscience”, “mentality”, “ideology”. It is argued that the combination of these concepts in the practice of political management is possible if the government takes into account the mental fields of the population and has a conscience – a complex sense of anticipating the possible consequences (including God’s punishment) of its actions.

RESEARCH ON CONFUCIANISM REFLECTED IN CHINESE MARRIAGE PROVERBS

This research delves into the significant social institution of marriage in Chinese culture, as encapsulated by traditional Chinese proverbs. Chinese proverbs, passed down from generation to generation, reflect the cultural, moral, and philosophical traditions that have shaped Chinese society for centuries. One of the most notable traditions in China was Confucianism, which had a significant impact on Chinese thought and behavior for over two millennia. Chinese marriage proverbs were often colloquial phrases created by folklore and widely circulated; they were vivid, expressive, and sometimes humorous, reflecting Chinese views and attitudes towards marriage. They often contained wisdom and experience that could guide or advise people on how to deal with marriage, and also reflected the phenomenon of marriage in real life. Literature and qualitative analysis were used to study Chinese marriage proverbs. We find that Chinese marriage proverbs reflect the fact that the Chinese people attach great importance to marriage and advocate early marriages, emphasize the character of the spouse, believe that the husband and wife have different responsibilities and duties, and advocate harmonious and stable marriages. The aim was to reveal the influence of Confucianism on Chinese marriage proverbs and the shaping of Chinese concepts of marriage by researching marriage proverbs and analyzing the philosophical principles embedded in them. This study is important for gaining a better understanding of the concept of marriage in Chinese society and how Confucianism influences other aspects of Chinese society. We have tried to provide a new perspective on the formation and evolution of the concept of marriage in Chinese society, and this study can serve as a reference for constructing a corpus of proverbs and contribute to cross-cultural studies comparing the differences in marriage concepts between China and the West.

Effect of electroacupuncture on discomfort in patients undergoing colonoscopy: protocol for a multicentre, randomised, controlled clinical trial

IntroductionColonoscopy is currently the most commonly used and effective method for early detection, diagnosis and treatment of tumours of the colon and rectum. However, similar to other invasive procedures, it...