Traditional Ponds Research Articles

To study the impact of photovoltaic facilities on the climate of aquaculture areas within the new aquaculture model (photovoltaic fishery mode, PFM), meteorological monitoring instruments were used to measure light intensity, temperature, humidity, and water environment in the PFM aquaculture areas of Dongying City and Taishan City. The experimental results showed that photovoltaic facilities (PFs) significantly affected lighting, causing a substantial decrease in light intensity above the ponds, with an annual average reduction ranging from 24.15% to 67.75%, compared to the traditional pond mode (TPM). The impact of flexible PF on lighting was less pronounced than that of fixed photovoltaic facilities, with decreases of only 24.15% and 65.06%, respectively, compared to TPM. PF influenced temperature within a small range, particularly in the Dongying City aquaculture area, where the temperature difference reached 1.48 °C. The effect of flexible PF on temperature, with a decrease of only 0.071%, was much smaller than that of fixed PF, which showed a decrease of 3.28% compared to TPM. In both Dongying City and Taishan City aquaculture areas, PF reduced environmental humidity by 4.71% to 9.62% compared to TPM. In Dongying City, the water temperature under the PFM-fixed system was 0.39 to 3.78 °C lower than that of TPM. The annual biomass variation patterns of zooplankton and phytoplankton in Dongying City and Taishan City were opposite. This study provides data to support further research on the relationship between PFM and aquaculture.

Traditional pond aquaculture often struggles with declining water quality due to feed waste accumulation and chemical use. Trichoderma, a saprophytic fungus widely known as a biological control agent, offers an environmentally friendly alternative for improving pond conditions. This article reports a community service program in Pao Village, North Luwu, where liquid Trichoderma was applied in traditional ponds and its impact on water quality was evaluated. Activities included training local farmers in fungal propagation and inoculum application for whiteleg shrimp and milkfish culture. Laboratory tests of water quality parameters were conducted before and one month after application. Results showed notable improvements: pH increased from 6.8 to 7.0, ammonia decreased from 0.2322 to 0.2119 mg/L, nitrite dropped from 0.0751 to 0.0174 mg/L, and total phosphate declined by approximately 29%. Water clarity also improved as total suspended solids decreased from 11 to 9 mg/L, while dissolved oxygen remained stable (5.71–5.53 mg/L). These findings demonstrate that Trichoderma effectively stabilizes pond ecosystems by reducing toxic compounds and maintaining favorable conditions for aquaculture. The intervention not only supports sustainable and eco-friendly aquaculture practices but also empowers local farmers to reduce dependency on chemicals and antibiotics, ultimately enhancing productivity and contributing to food security.

Purpose. The article reviews the historical development and current approaches to selective breeding of common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.) in Ukraine and Eastern European countries — Poland, the Czech Republic, and Hungary. Particular attention is given to the assessment of genetic diversity within carp populations using microsatellite markers (SSRs), which are currently considered a leading tool in studies of intra-breed and intra-population genetic structure under conditions of intensive aquaculture. The aim of the study is to justify the necessity of preserving traditional lines and incorporating molecular-genetic methods into breeding programs. Findings. The paper analyzes research results concerning the genetic structure of farmed carp populations. In many cases, reduced heterozygosity was observed due to limited broodstock use, the Wahlund effect, lack of rotational breeding, and selection against heterozygotes. At the same time, certain lines maintain genetic stability and may serve as valuable material for breeding programs. In the Ukrainian context, the Antoninsko-Zozulenetsky carp type was found to exhibit high allelic richness, significant intergroup differentiation, and a predominance of heterozygotes, indicating favourable selection potential. Polish studies demonstrate the genetic isolation of lines and the risks of diversity loss due to the marginalization of traditional pond aquaculture. In Hungary, the effectiveness of measures to preserve genetic heterogeneity has been confirmed, while the Czech experience underscores the importance of tagging and regularly updating broodstock. Practical Value. The integration of microsatellite analyzis into national programs for the conservation and improvement of carp populations is substantiated. Such approaches can enhance the effectiveness of selective breeding, safeguard local genotypes, and ensure genetic resilience under conditions of intensified aquaculture. The experiences of Eastern European countries confirm that the implementation of molecular methods in practice helps reduce the risk of genetic degradation and supports the long-term stability of genetic structures. Keywords: common carp (Cyprinus carpio L.), aquaculture, selective breeding, strains, genetic variation, microsatellites, gene pool.

Comparative study of bacterial pathogen prevalence and antibiotic sensitivity in Nile Tilapia: Traditional ponds vs. in-pond raceway systems in Egypt

Kaur Regency is a high-potential vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) aquaculture area in Bengkulu Province that frequently experiences high mortality rates due to vibriosis caused by pathogenic Vibrio spp. The high shrimp mortality rates resulting in decreased production or crop failure due to attacks or infections of vibriosis disease. Data on these Vibrio spp. in traditional Kaur ponds is required for illness prevention. To identify pathogenic Vibrio spp., this study included purposeful sampling and testing, as well as data analysis. Seven Gram-negative isolates (OALF 1, 2, 3, and 5 from shrimp organs; WALF 7, 8, and 10 from pond water) produced green/yellow colonies on TCBSA medium. Biochemical tests (Gram KOH 3%, catalase, oxidase, fermentation (O/F), TSIA, MIO, lysine decarboxylase, gelatin, Simon citrate, methyl red, urease, glucose, maltose, lactose, mannitol, and sorbitol) revealed that OALF isolates from vannamei shrimp organs have morphological and physiological similarities to the pathogenic species Vibrio parahaemolyticus, whereas WALF isolates from pond water are similar to the pathogenic species V. pluvialis. The study identified Vibrio spp. as the cause of vibriosis in L. vannamei in traditional Kaur ponds, emphasizing the need for improved water and feed management, as well as proper pond environmental practices, potentially including probiotics derived from healthy local shrimp digestive bacteria, to reduce losses in vaname aquaculture in Kaur Regency, Bengkulu. Keywords: Litopenaeus vannamei, pathogen, traditional ponds, Vibrio, vibriosis

ABSTRACTCage fish farming, a recent development in aquaculture, has enhanced fisheries production due to its higher stocking densities than traditional pond and open‐water systems. Although it can enhance production, the system can pose biodiversity threats when there is an unintentional or intentional release of stocked fish into the wild. In this review, we examine the expansion of Nile tilapia (Oreochromis niloticus L.) cage aquaculture in Africa and the potential threats that this may have on congeneric Oreochromis species. Threats such as interspecific competition, disease transmission and hybridisation, which are drivers of genetic diversity loss among native fish populations, have been reported. However, most studies have focused on investigating cage fish production, water quality and the associated economics, but research assessing the genetic and ecological impacts imposed by the escaped fish from cages on native species is still limited across African countries. While direct evidence of hybridisation due to cage fish farming is lacking, genetic mixing of Nile tilapia with native Oreochromis species has been reported in some African water bodies. Further, only Egypt, Kenya and Uganda have functional Fisheries and Aquaculture regulations for guiding the aquaculture activities. Thus, there is an urgent need to institute regulatory frameworks that not only provide clear guidelines on aquaculture production but also balance between environmental conservation and economic sustainability.

The conflict between shrimp productivity and mangrove conservation should not occur. One of the solutions is the "silvofishery" pond method, which integrates both through the intercropping of mangroves and shrimp, particularly for traditional pond farmers who are the most aquaculture practitioners in Indonesia. Unfortunately, silvofishery is not yet widespread. Therefore, this research is proposed to map the understanding and acceptance of pond farmers in Bireuen Regency towards mangroves and their intercropping with shrimp and identify the barriers and challenges farmers face in its future implementation. The research was conducted in three sub-districts, Kuala, Peusangan, and Jangka, using in-depth interviews with ten farmer respondents selected through the snowball method. Quantitative interview data were analyzed using basic statistics, while qualitative data were analyzed using the interactive model approach of Miles and Huberman. The research findings indicate that mangrove reforestation in Bireuen Regency is still threatened by conversion back to other uses by farmers. Meanwhile, silvofishery remains challenging due to at least three issues: (1) latent issues such as the per capita land area shrinking, making it increasingly difficult for farmers to allocate land for mangrove planting in ponds; (2) not all farmers readily accept the explanation of silvofishery, that's why it needs to be initiated and proven first by the government, and (3) there must be the anticipation for the return of bird and crab pests to the ponds due to the attraction of mangroves. Overall, the prospect of mangrove reforestation using the silvofishery method at the farmer level in Bireuen Regency is still low. Therefore, earnest efforts are needed to change farmers' paradigms towards mangroves and solve current aquaculture problems.

Aquatic environmental management is needed to carry out aquaculture in traditional ponds.The purpose of this study was to reveal and explain the composition of phytoplankton intraditional milkfish (Chanos chanos) ponds in Sidoarjo, East Java. The study was conducted inAugust - September 2024 in traditional ponds in Sidoarjo, East Java. The results showed thatthe plankton community structure found 37 phytoplankton genera in 3 divisions Chrysophyta,Chlorophyta, and Cyanophyta. The values ranged from 2179-27620 Ind / ml which includedmesotrophic waters, the diversity index ranged from 1.92 - 2.72 in the moderate category, andthe dominance index ranged from 0.27 - 0.45 which was classified as low. Air qualityparameters include temperature 30-31,8oC, brightness 38-41,5 cm, pH 9, dissolved oxygen6,87-8,4 mg/L, salinity 7-9 ppt, alkalinity 141-169 ppm, nitrate 0,87-2,35 mg/L, andorthophosphate 0,02-0,089 mg/L. As aquaculture in traditional ponds, air and soil qualitymanagement should be carried out during the preparation and maintenance of milkfish (Chanoschanos) ponds so that aquaculture management is maintained

Thus far, various aquaculture modes have been developed to facilitate the rapid growth of the aquaculture industry and thus meet the heavy demand for aquatic products for human consumption. However, the effects of different culture modes on fish muscular nutritional content and volatile flavor are rarely reported. In the present study, we evaluated the differences in muscular nutrition content and dietary flavor between Chinese longsnout catfish (Leiocassis longirostris) groups cultured in two different modes, i.e., flow-through water tanks (CWWL) and traditional ponds (CWWC). Our statistical results showed that a significantly higher crude protein content and lower crude fat levels were observed in the CWWL group than in the CWWC group (p < 0.05). Similarly, the contents of total aromatic amino acids (Total ∑TAA) and total dicarboxylic amino acids (Total ∑DAA) were also significantly higher in the CWWL group. Among the fatty acids, long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LC-PUFAs), including eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA), docosahexaenoic acid (DHA), and arachidonic acid (ARA), were recorded at 1.44%, 2.5%, and 9.09%, respectively, in the CWWL group, which were dramatically higher than in the CWWC group. Conversely, the contents of volatile compounds, including 2-tridecanone, dimethyl trisulfide, and isophorone, in the CWWC group were also significant higher, which, however, may contribute to an unpleasant sensory experience. Conversely, other compounds like 2-methylbutanal and 2,3-butanedione were prevalent in the CWWL group, which can induce rich nutty and buttery flavors and thus enhance the freshness of flavor profiles. In conclusion, Chinese longsnout catfish cultured in flow-through tanks show higher nutritional value and better sensory flavor in comparison with those raised in ponds. These findings not only provide novel insights into the potential effects of aquaculture modes on muscular nutrition content and dietary flavor for Chinese longsnout catfish but also lay a solid foundation for optimizing practical culture modes to improve the global aquaculture industry.

This study explores the potential of squid oil in folding trap bait in an effort to increase catches and standard of living for traditional pond farmers who have a livelihood catching crabs as additional income and need alternative methods of catching crabs that are more effective. This study aims to determine the composition of the results, the effect of folding trap catches with the addition of squid oil extract and identify the types of catches that have economic value. The method used in this study is quantitative descriptive through direct observation and experimental with a quasi-experimental design involving 2 treatments, namely experiment and control and data analysis using the ANOVA test factorial design method with a basic design of RAK for differences in bait concentration. The results of the study stated that the composition of the catch showed variations in terms of both weight and number caught. There is a composition with 5% squid oil extract producing a catch of 13 (1800 grams), 10% squid oil extract as many as 10 (1,350 grams) and 15% squid oil extract as many as 9 (1300 grams). The addition of squid oil extract has been proven to have a positive impact on increasing fishermen's income, previously 2-3 crabs per day and the catch can also increase the economic value for fishermen because the average weight of the catch is 100 grams - 300 grams with distribution to collectors for 40 thousand per kg.

This study compares pikeperch (Sander lucioperca) production in three systems: a recirculating aquaculture system (RAS), an in-pond raceway system (IPRS), and a traditional pond polyculture (POND). Each system was stocked with 1500 juveniles and cultured for 24 weeks. The RAS fish exhibited the most intensive growth, achieving the highest final total length, final body weight, condition factor and specific growth rate, alongside the lowest food conversion ratio (FCR). However, the increased hepatosomatic index, intraperitoneal fat and ammonia levels suggested an increased metabolism. Notably, RAS fish displayed the highest frequency of fin erosion, particularly in the caudal and first and second dorsal fins. The IPRS group exhibited slower growth, higher FCR and higher plasma glucose levels than the other groups. IPRS fish also showed fin erosion in caudal and both pectoral fins. RAS and IPRS fish demonstrated similar survival rates. Conversely, the POND group exhibited significantly lower survival, likely because of adaptability and water quality issues. Blood plasma analysis of POND fish indicated starvation, marked by elevated alanine aminotransferase and lipase levels, supported by non-existing fat reserves. In summary, RAS yielded the best growth and feed efficiency, although it was associated with increased metabolic stress and fin erosion. IPRS showed slower growth but proved cost-effective during the growing season. Traditional pond culture was unsuccessful owing to adaptability in and the water quality of ponds. An economic evaluation revealed that production costs per pikeperch juvenile were significantly lower in the IPRS compared with that in the RAS, thereby compensating for slower growth.

Comparison of testicular development of hybrid crucian carp (Japanese white crucian carp ♀ × red crucian carp ♂) in traditional pond, lotus pond and rice paddy

Efficacy of plant extracts in enhancing growth and molting of crab (Scylla serrata) in a traditional pond system

This study investigated the prevalence, diversity, and intensity of ectoparasitic protozoa infecting Litopenaeus vannamei in traditional and intensive shrimp ponds. A total of 25 shrimp from each pond type were examined for the presence of ectoparasitic protozoa. Four parasite species were identified in traditional ponds: Zoothamnium sp., Epistylis sp., Vorticella sp., and Trichodina sp. In contrast, three species (Zoothamnium sp., Epistylis sp., and Vorticella sp.) were found in intensive ponds, with Trichodina sp. absent in the latter. The prevalence of ectoparasitic protozoa was higher in intensive ponds, with 44% of shrimp infected, compared to 8% in traditional ponds. The intensity of infection was also higher in intensive ponds, with an average intensity of 10.27, categorized as medium, compared to an intensity of 5.2 in traditional ponds, categorized as low. These findings suggest that intensive farming conditions may contribute to increased susceptibility to ectoparasitic infections in shrimp. The study emphasizes the importance of monitoring and managing parasite infestations to reduce health risks in shrimp aquaculture systems.

ABSTRACT Objective The objective of these two studies was to quantify the comparative performances of yearling and 2-year-old reciprocal cross hybrid Striped Bass (White Bass Morone chrysops ♀ × Striped Bass M. saxatilis ♂), also called sunshine bass, and water quality in traditional and split ponds and an outdoor mixotrophic biofloc technology production system. Methods In study 1, two-year-old fish (247.9 g/fish) were stocked at 7,410 fish/ha (0.86 fish/m3) in ponds and 6.3 fish/m2 (7.1 fish/m3) in biofloc system tanks and grown for 151–153 d. In study 2, yearling fish (147.0 g/fish) were stocked at 7,904 fish/ha (0.91 fish/m3) in ponds and 5.4 fish/m2 (6.1 fish/m3) in the biofloc system and grown for 153–157 d. All fish were fed a commercially formulated 40% protein, 12% lipid floating extruded feed to apparent satiation 6 d/week. Water samples were collected weekly from all production units and analyzed. Results The metrics for hybrid Striped Bass performance in traditional and split ponds did not differ significantly (P &amp;gt; 0.05) in either study. However, the biofloc system yield (kg/m3) was significantly greater than that in traditional ponds in both studies. However, fish in the biofloc system were significantly smaller (P ≤ 0.05) and skewed toward the smaller market size-classes. The elevated concentration of total suspended solids in the study 1 biofloc system appeared to negatively affect weight gain and yield. Mean total ammonia-nitrogen concentration was significantly lower (P ≤ 0.05) in split ponds (0.54–0.85 mg/L NH3-N) than in traditional ponds (0.97–1.26 mg/L NH3-N). The measured water quality variables in the biofloc system differed significantly (P ≤ 0.05) from that in the traditional ponds. Conclusions Hybrid Striped Bass can be grown in split ponds, and baseline performance of yearling and 2-year-old fish was established for the split-pond system at traditional pond stocking rates for this species. However, stocking rate in split ponds must be optimized to increase the yield of market size fish, followed by an economic analysis to determine the feasibility of using the split-pond system to produce market size hybrid Striped Bass. Yearling and 2-year-old hybrid Striped Bass can be grown in the biofloc system, but the results suggest that they are not a viable candidate species for grow out in the outdoor biofloc system.

The identification of Vibrio sp. bacteria in the water of intensive and traditional ponds for vannamei shrimp in Teluk Pambang Village was conducted from March to June 2023. The aim of this research was to calculate the quantity of Vibrio sp. bacteria, understand the morphological characteristics, and identify the various types of Vibrio sp. bacteria in the water of intensive and traditional ponds for vannamei shrimp. The sampling involved collecting water from 2 bottles each from intensive and traditional ponds. Subsequently, Vibrio isolation from the water was cultured on selective TCBS media through three dilution steps. The bacterial count was then determined. Further, bacterial cultures from different colonies were streaked on TSA media, followed by identification through a series of morphological observations and biochemical tests. The research results indicate that the presence of Vibrio bacteria in intensive ponds complies with the maximum threshold and quality standards for a favorable environment for both the pond and shrimp. However, for traditional ponds, there is an abundance of Vibrio bacteria exceeding the threshold, where the maximum limit or good quality standard for Vibrio in the environment and shrimp is 103 CFU/ml. The morphological characteristics found include a round shape, green and yellow color, and a flat edge with emerging elevations. Furthermore, infections of Vibrio hollisae, Vibrio anguillarum, and Vibrio damsela were identified in the water of intensive and traditional ponds for vannamei shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei) in Teluk Pambang Village, Bengkalis Regency.

ABSTRACTIndia continues to face a clear and escalating “water crises” marked by scarcity of water. There is now an emphasis on revitalizing historical water catchments and rainwater harvesting structures, which would leverage low‐cost, decentralized and community centered interventions drawing on traditional knowledge and technology. However, there exists a policy vacuum with respect to revival of the smaller water bodies such as ponds. Through a comparative study of traditional ponds in two districts of two different states, the paper argues that firstly, the state's attempts to revive water bodies has been inadequate and its response has largely been shaped by citizen led litigation. Secondly, third party interventions such as that of corporates under the rubric of Corporate Social Responsibility (CSR) have shown initial success but are not sustainable. Thirdly, instances of successful rejuvenation of water bodies have been those led by enterprising individuals who have done so by mobilizing the local community.

To support the sustainable development of rice and aquaculture industries, various rice-animal coculture systems have been developed. One such system, the rice-crab coculture system (RCC), has been practiced for decades in northern China. However, studies on the crab physiological status in RCC remain limited. Microorganisms play a crucial role in aquaculture by influencing animal nutrition, health, nutrient cycling, water quality, and environmental impact. Research on the gut and environmental microbiota in RCC is scarce. This study compared the growth performance, immune and digestive enzyme activities of crabs between RCC and traditional pond farming system (PF). In addition, the microbiota in crab guts, water, and sediment from both systems was investigated using 16S rRNA gene sequencing. Crabs in RCC exhibited superior growth performance and higher enzymatic activities, including acid phosphatase (ACP), alkaline phosphatase (AKP), lipase (LPS), and trypsin (TRY). Significant differences were observed in microbiota composition across crab gut, water, and sediment samples, respectively. RCC crabs had a lower abundance of Bacteroidota and a higher abundance of Firmicutes in their gut microbiota. The RCC environment was enriched with beneficial bacteria such as Rhizobiales, Methylococcales, KD4-96, C39, Xanthomonadales, and Nitrosomonadaceae. Microbial function predictions confirmed enhanced methanotrophy and nitrogen fixation in the RCC. The RCC enhances the growth rate and immune capability of crabs. Crabs from RCC consume more animal-based nutrition, which results in distinct differences in gut microbiota composition and higher levels of LPS and TRY compared to those in PF. Additionally, RCC supports environmentally beneficial bacteria that contribute to greenhouse gas reduction, carbon and nitrogen fixation, organic matter decomposition, and ammonia oxidation, benefiting both the crabs and their ecosystem. These findings enhance our understanding of crab physiology and microbial communities in RCC and PF systems.

Plankton is an important component of aquatic ecosystems that acts as natural food and water quality indicators, with distribution influenced by environmental factors such as nutrients, temperature, and dissolved oxygen. This study evaluated the spatial and temporal dynamics of plankton in supra-intensive, intensive, and traditional ponds, and their relationship to water quality and the health of whiteleg shrimp (Litopenaeus vannamei). The results showed that supra-intensive ponds had the highest plankton abundance reflecting better ecosystem stability.

Aims: Green mussels (Perna viridis) are filter-feeding organisms known for accumulating heavy metals, including lead (Pb), in their tissues, making them valuable bioindicators of water quality. Study Design: This study aimed to assess the impact of different stocking densities on the growth and lead accumulation in Perna viridis. Place and Duration of study: This study was conducted at a traditional pond in Ujungpangkah Subdistrict, Gresik, East Java, over a period of 21 days, from June 27 to July 18, 2024. Methodology: A Completely Randomized Design (CRD) was employed with three treatment groups: Treatment A (10 mussels/m²), Treatment B (20 mussels/m²), and Treatment C (30 mussels/m²). The parameters measured included the absolute flesh width, daily growth rate, and lead content in the mussels. Result: Statistical analysis using Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) revealed no significant differences in the daily growth rate among the treatments (p &gt; 0.05), suggesting that stocking density did not significantly influence growth. However, significant differences in the absolute flesh width were observed, with Treatment C showing the largest absolute flesh width at higher density. Additionally, lead accumulation increased with stocking density, with mussels in Treatment C accumulating the highest levels of lead (1.14 mg/L). This suggests that, while the growth rate was unaffected by density, the absolute flesh width are influenced by stocking density. The bioaccumulation of lead in mussels was also interpreted descriptively, considering the mussels' need for a suitable environment to mitigate environmental stressors. The findings underline the importance of considering both the growth and environmental health of the mussels, especially in relation to density management to prevent heavy metal accumulation.