Traditional Automatic Repeat Request Research Articles

Maximization of Underwater Sensor Networks Lifetime via Fountain Codes

The severe nature of underwater channel poses a great challenge for prolonging underwater acoustic sensor networks (UASNs) lifetime and achieving a reliable communication performance. Traditional approaches to improve the reliability such as automatic repeat request (ARQ) negatively affect the network lifetime (NL) due to energy dissipation caused by ARQ retransmission. A forward error correction (FEC) technique called fountain codes (FCs) can solve the energy efficiency problem of ARQ by transmitting both the original packet and some redundant packets to ensure a targeted reliability with few or no retransmissions. In this paper, we investigate performances of both traditional ARQ- and FC-based FEC methods in terms of NL, end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and frame error rate (FER) for UASNs. In this context, we abstract energy dissipation characteristics of conventional ARQ- and FC-based FEC method at the link-layer. We propose an integer linear programming (ILP) framework that maximizes the NL, which is operated on top of developed link-layer energy consumption models. Our results reveal that FC-based FEC methods can prolong the NL at a minimum of 16% while end-to-end delay, energy consumption, and FER can be reduced at least by 11%, 14%, and 9% as compared to classical ARQ, respectively.

Efficient cooperative ARQ protocols based on relay selection in underwater acoustic communication sensor networks

The characteristics of the underwater acoustic communication such as large propagation delay, high bit error rate and half-duplex, bring challenges to traditional automatic repeat request (ARQ) schemes. In this paper, we propose cooperative ARQ protocols based on relay selection in wireless sensor networks. These protocols use cooperative relays that provide an alternative path along a specific source-to-destination route. This alternative path has higher channel quality than that of the direct source–destination path. The main advantage of our methods is that we do not need to be aware of the relays locations. In fact, the relays will be organized by creating a time table at the destination. Furthermore, we evaluate the proposed schemes by comparing them with conventional stop and wait (S&W) ARQ and some other works in terms of throughput efficiency. Analytical and computer simulation results show that the proposed cooperative retransmission protocols can significantly improve the throughput even in a network with a few cooperative relay nodes.

Performance of a PPM hard decision-based ARQ-FSO system in a weak turbulence channel

We present an automatic repeat request (ARQ) free space optical (FSO) system, which consists of a pulse position modulation (PPM) hard decision and an ARQ. The new ARQ’s data error detection is based on a PPM hard decision’s results and can eliminate the traditional ARQ information redundancy. The results of the numerical simulation have a good agreement with theoretical analysis and show that the ARQ-FSO system can effectively improve the bit error rate (BER) performance of the direct hard decision PPM system. Additionally, the proposed system significantly improves the average throughput efficiency compared to traditional ARQ systems. These characteristics make the ARQ-FSO system suitable for application in low BER and complexity FSO scenarios.

Energy-efficient mobile data collection adopting node cooperation in an underwater acoustic sensor network

This paper considers an underwater acoustic sensor network with one mobile surface node to collect data from multiple underwater nodes, where the mobile destination requests retransmission from each underwater node individually employing traditional automatic-repeat-request (ARQ) protocol. We propose a practical node cooperation (NC) protocol to enhance the collection efficiency, utilizing the fact that underwater nodes can overhear the transmission of others. To reduce the source level of underwater nodes, the underwater data collection area is divided into several sub-zones, and in each sub-zone, the mobile surface node adopting the NC protocol could switch adaptively between selective relay cooperation (SRC) and dynamic network coded cooperation (DNC). The difference of SRC and DNC lies in whether or not the selected relay node combines the local data and the data overheard from undecoded node(s) to form network coded packets in the retransmission phase. The NC protocol could also be applied across the sub-zones due to the wiretap property. In addition, we investigate the effects of different mobile collection paths, collection area division and cooperative zone design for energy saving. The numerical results show that the proposed NC protocol can effectively save energy compared with the traditional ARQ scheme.

Efficient Sparse Signal Transmission over a Lossy Link Using Compressive Sensing.

Reliable data transmission over lossy communication link is expensive due to overheads for error protection. For signals that have inherent sparse structures, compressive sensing (CS) is applied to facilitate efficient sparse signal transmissions over lossy communication links without data compression or error protection. The natural packet loss in the lossy link is modeled as a random sampling process of the transmitted data, and the original signal will be reconstructed from the lossy transmission results using the CS-based reconstruction method at the receiving end. The impacts of packet lengths on transmission efficiency under different channel conditions have been discussed, and interleaving is incorporated to mitigate the impact of burst data loss. Extensive simulations and experiments have been conducted and compared to the traditional automatic repeat request (ARQ) interpolation technique, and very favorable results have been observed in terms of both accuracy of the reconstructed signals and the transmission energy consumption. Furthermore, the packet length effect provides useful insights for using compressed sensing for efficient sparse signal transmission via lossy links.

Joint physical and link layer error control analysis for nanonetworks in the Terahertz band

Nanonetworks consist of nano-sized communicating devices which are able to perform simple tasks at the nanoscale. The limited capabilities of individual nanomachines and the Terahertz (THz) band channel behavior lead to error-prone wireless links. In this paper, a cross-layer analysis of error-control strategies for nanonetworks in the THz band is presented. A mathematical framework is developed and used to analyze the tradeoffs between Bit Error Rate, Packet Error Rate, energy consumption and latency, for five different error-control strategies, namely, Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ), Forward Error Correction (FEC), two types of Error Prevention Codes (EPC) and a hybrid EPC. The cross-layer effects between the physical and the link layers as well as the impact of the nanomachine capabilities in both layers are taken into account. At the physical layer, nanomachines are considered to communicate by following a time-spread on-off keying modulation based on the transmission of femtosecond-long pulses. At the link layer, nanomachines are considered to access the channel in an uncoordinated fashion, by leveraging the possibility to interleave pulse-based transmissions from different nodes. Throughout the analysis, accurate path loss, noise and multi-user interference models, validated by means of electromagnetic simulation, are utilized. In addition, the energy consumption and latency introduced by a hardware implementation of each error control technique, as well as, the additional constraints imposed by the use of energy-harvesting mechanisms to power the nanomachines, are taken into account. The results show that, despite their simplicity, EPCs outperform traditional ARQ and FEC schemes, in terms of error correcting capabilities, which results in further energy savings and reduced latency.

A low-overhead energy-efficient ARQ protocol for wireless sensor networks

Wireless sensor network (WSN) is a typical kind of low-power and lossy network, in where ARQ (Automatic Repeat reQuest) schemes are often used to improve packets reliability. However, the ARQ related packets may incur significant load and consume more energy. This paper proposes a novel energy efficient ARQ protocol called ARQ+, which uses the nearest-first scheme and NAK aggregation scheme to reduce the amount and transmission hops of the ARQ related packets. Consequently, the energy consumption is significantly decreased. Theoretical analyses of ARQ+ on energy consumption, packet arrive ratio and latency are provided. Performance improvement of ARQ+ is validated by extensive simulations. They both show that ARQ+ has satisfactory energy efficiency, good packets arriving ratio and reasonable average packet delay comparing to traditional ARQ schemes.

Cooperative Network Coded ARQ Strategies for Two Way Relay Channels

In this paper, novel cooperative automatic repeat request (ARQ) methods with network coding are proposed for two-way relaying network where two communicating nodes are assisted by a relay node at the cooperative retransmission phase upon failed transmission of a packet. The proposed approach integrates network coding into cooperative ARQ (C-ARQ), aiming to improve the network throughput by reducing the number of retransmissions. For successive retransmission, three different methods for choosing the retransmitting node are considered. The throughputs of the methods are analyzed and compared. The analysis is based on a binary Markov channel, which takes the correlation of the channel coefficients in time into account. Analytical results show that the proposed use of network coding enhances throughput performance up to 15% compared with C-ARQ without network coding and 40% compared with traditional ARQ when the relay channel conditions are better than the direct channel between two communicating nodes. It is also observed that correlation can have a significant effect on the performance of the proposed cooperative network coded ARQ (C-NC-ARQ) approach. In particular, the proposed approach is advantageous for moderately fast to slow fading channels where channel correlation coefficient varies from 0.5 to 1.

Secure Wireless Multicast for Delay-Sensitive Data via Network Coding

Wireless multicast for delay-sensitive data is challenging because of the heterogeneity effect where each receiver may experience different packet losses. Fortunately, network coding, a new advanced routing protocol, offers significant advantages over the traditional Automatic Repeat reQuest (ARQ) protocols in that it mitigates the need for retransmission and has the potential to approach the min-cut capacity. Network-coded multicast would be, however, vulnerable to false packet injection attacks, in which the adversary injects bogus packets to prevent receivers from correctly decoding the original data. Without a right defense in place, even a single bogus packet can completely change the decoding outcome. Existing solutions either incur high computation cost or cannot withstand high packet loss. In this paper, we propose a novel scheme to defend against false packet injection attacks on network-coded multicast for delay-sensitive data. Specifically, we propose an efficient authentication mechanism based on null space properties of coded packets, aiming to enable receivers to detect any bogus packets with high probability. We further design an adaptive scheduling algorithm based on the Markov Decision Processes (MDP) to maximize the number of authenticated packets received within a given time constraint. Both analytical and simulation results have been provided to demonstrate the efficacy and efficiency of our proposed scheme.

A Distributed LT Codes-based Data Transmission Technique for Multicast Services in Vehicular Ad-hoc Networks

In this paper, we consider an infrastructure-vehicle-vehicle (I2V2V) based Vehicle Ad-hoc Networks (VANETs), where one base station multicasts data to d vehicular users with the assistance of r vehicular users. A Distributed Luby Transform (DLT) codes based transmission scheme is proposed over lossy VANETs to reduce transmission latency. Furthermore, focusing on the degree distribution of DLT codes, a Modified Deconvolved Soliton Distribution (MDSD) is designed to further reduce the transmission latency and improve the transmission reliability. We investigate the network behavior of the transmission scheme with MDSD, called MDLT based scheme. Closed-form expressions of the transmission latency of the proposed schemes are derived. Performance simulation results show that DLT based scheme can reduce transmission latency significantly compared with traditional Automatic Repeat Request (ARQ) and Luby Transform (LT) codes based schemes. In contrast to DLT based scheme, the MDLT based scheme can further reduce transmission latency and improve FER performance substantially, when both the source-to-relay and relay-to-sink channels are erasure channels.

Joint Power Control and Scheduling for Two-Cell Energy Efficient Broadcasting with Network Coding

We consider the energy minimization problem for a two-cell broadcasting system, where the focus is devising energy efficient joint power control and scheduling algorithms. To improve the retransmission efficiency, linear network coding is applied to broadcast packets. Combined with network coding, an optimal algorithm is proposed, which is based on dynamic programming. To reduce computational complexity, two sub-optimal algorithms are also proposed for large networks. Simulation results show that the proposed schemes can reduce energy consumption up to 57% compared with the traditional Automatic Repeat-reQuest (ARQ).

Efficient ARQ Retransmission Schemes for Two-Way Relay Networks

In this paper1, we investigate different practical automatic repeat request (ARQ) retransmission protocols for twowaywireless relay networks based on network coding (NC). Theidea of NC is applied to increase the achievable throughput for the exchange of information between two terminals through one relay. Using NC, throughput efficiency is significantly improved due to the reduction of the number of retransmissions. Particularly, two improved NC-based ARQ schemes are designed based on go-back-N and selective-repeat (SR) protocols. The analysis of throughput efficiency is then carried out to find the best retransmission strategy for different scenarios. It is shown that the combination of improved NC-based SR ARQ scheme in the broadcast phase and the traditional SR ARQ scheme in themultiple access phase achieves the highest throughput efficiency compared to the other combinations of ARQ schemes. Finally, simulation results are provided to verify the theoretical analysis.

A New ARQ Scheme for Reliable Broadcasting in Wireless LANs

This paper proposes a new automatic repeat request (ARQ) scheme for reliable broadcasting in distributed wireless LANs. Unlike traditional ARQ schemes for reliable broadcasting, the proposed scheme is highly efficient in its ARQ control information delivery and only introduces light control overhead in the network. Our simulation results show that as compared with traditional ARQ schemes, the proposed scheme improves the LAN throughput by from several tens to more than one hundred percent, depending on the number of nodes in the LAN.