Trading Of Products Research Articles

The Impact of Financial Crises on Financial Markets: Case Studies of Three Historical Crises

Abstract: The recurring occurrences of financial crises have profound impacts on the global economic system. Insights gained from in-depth discussions on financial crises can effectively respond to future shocks, thereby ensuring the steady development of the world economy. This paper uses comparative analysis to examine the similar and different impacts of three financial crises on financial markets: the Dutch Tulip Mania of 1637, the Asian Financial Crisis of 1997, and the Subprime Mortgage Crisis of 2008. The research findings indicate that all three financial crises caused significant volatility in financial product trading markets. At the same time, these crises provided different lessons for the development of financial markets: the 1637 Dutch Tulip Mania underscored the importance of regulating exchanges, the 1997 Asian Financial Crisis highlighted the importance of foreign exchange reserves, and the 2008 Subprime Mortgage Crisis emphasized the necessity of controlling the banking industry, especially lending.

The Impact of Green Trade Openness on Air Quality

Environmental degradation is among the most pressing issues the world faces today. Air pollution is one of the many forms of environmental degradation and can drastically impact human health and ecosystem functioning. Research shows that rapid intervention strategies are required to achieve the environmental targets set out by international agreements. One strategy that has been widely accepted to combat this issue of environmental degradation is the introduction of green products. The adoption of green products can be increased through trade. However, knowledge of the impact of trading these products is limited. This study examines the relationship between the trading of green products and air quality in a case study of 33 Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) member countries from 2003-2016. We employ several panel strategies, such as the Westerlund (2008) Durbin-H method for cointegration and the Method of Moments Quantile Regression (MM-QR). The trading of green products was proxied by the newly developed ‘Green Openness Index.’ Nitrous oxide (NOx) and sulfur oxide (SOx) emissions served as proxies for air pollution. The relationship between the variables was explored in the context of the Environmental Kuznets Curve (EKC). The cointegration analysis reveals that there is a long-run relationship among the series. Long-run estimations prove that the EKC hypothesis is valid for the analyzed series. Additionally, the empirical findings reveal that trading environmentally friendly products increases air quality while energy consumption decreases. We provide several policy suggestions based on the study’s outcomes, such as supporting the trade liberalization of green goods, reducing tariff and non-tariff barriers for environmentally friendly products, and promoting the adoption of environmentally friendly goods by providing subsidies and other tax incentives to consumers.

Lesson from Crude Oil Treasure Failure in 2020

After the 2020 pandemic, the Chicago Mercantile Exchange (CME) changed its trading rules, allowing the negative oil price mechanism in the futures market. That same month, Bank of China's (BOC) "Crude Oil Bao" investment product brought huge losses to investors, exposing the product's risk management flaws. The purpose of this report is to conduct a comprehensive study of the factors that led to the losses suffered by Chinese investors in international crude oil product trading. It delves into the operational dynamics of these financial industry institutions, as well as the perspectives of Chinese banks and retail investors affected by the incident. Finally, recommendations are made to strengthen risk management measures in response to events such as the Crude Oil Treasure, with the aim of helping commercial banks to improve their product design methodologies. The article provides valuable insights into understanding financial product failures and offers guidance on mitigating risk.

Growth of E-Commerce and Rural India

Abstract: E-commerce is the trading of products and services through the medium of the Internet. In this paper, we present factors that are fuelling growth in the e-commerce sector inIndia. The methodology of my study is fromsecondary sources such as articles, journals,reports, papers, blogs, and conference proceedings. E-commerce is one of the fastest-growing businesses, with India having great investment market potential. There has been a huge surge in investment since last year and more is expected in coming years. The rapid growth in the use of mobile and internet users has facilitated e-commerce business in both urban and rural cities. India'se-commerce revenue is expected to jump from $30 billion in 2016 to $ 120 billion in 2020, growing at an annual rate of 51%, the highest in the world, according to a joint ASSOCHAM- Forrester study paper.

Detection of genetically modified organisms using highly multiplexed amplicon sequencing

The circulation of products based on genetically modified (GM) organisms is highly regulated by some governments with strict implementation rules for the breeding, planting, marketing, labelling, and trading of such products. To ensure compliance, accurate detection methods for GM events are necessary, along with assurance that GM material falls within relevant threshold levels. The increasing complexity and potential of undocumented GM are a growing challenge for genetic screening. Here, we developed and assessed a highly multiplexed amplicon sequencing assay for the detection of GM events based on a microfluidics platform and next-generation sequencing (NGS). To probe GM events comprehensively, we designed a total of 230 new amplicons to cover flanking, promoter, junction, and coding sequences of GM sequences. In addition, we designed and implemented parallel amplification of ribosomal and chloroplast markers to define crop species identity from potentially mixed samples. Using reference GM material of 11 crop species and multiple amplicons, we successfully detected the presence of 10 known modifications per GM event. We also find that reported flanking sequences of GM events may not be all useful for diagnostic. We assessed the assay's potential to detect GM events in mixed samples as well as in highly diluted DNA. Finally, we performed a prospective search of potentially undocumented GM events in plant material. Our microfluidics-based amplicon GM detection approach fills important gaps in detecting potentially undocumented and complex GM events by recovering a wide range of specific amplicon sequences for evaluation. Integrating highly parallel amplicon assays in GM screening efforts should be an effective complement to aid post-market monitoring and regulatory compliance efforts.

Status of Sino–Russian Trade in Agricultural Products: Dual Consideration Based on Characteristics and Growth

The security of agricultural product supply is crucial for social development. For populous and resource-rich countries like China and Russia, strengthening their bilateral trade in agricultural products is essential to ensure stability and security in the global food market. However, current research on their agricultural product trade lacks sufficient detail. This article aims to analyze the overall trend of agricultural product trading between China and Russia based on trade data from 2007 to 2021. Different trade indexes will be used to examine the four aspects of the agricultural product trade characteristics of both countries. The constant market share model will be employed to analyze the growth factors of agricultural product trade between the two nations, providing insights into the driving force behind changes in agricultural exports. The findings of this study demonstrate that bilateral agricultural trade between China and Russia shows complementarity and high trade intensity. Intra-industry trade represents the primary form of agricultural product exchange, while inter-industry trade serves as a supplemental form of trade. In terms of trade growth impact, the bilateral agricultural trade between China and Russia is primarily influenced by the effect of product structure, followed by competitiveness. Therefore, in the face of uncertain situations, such as counter-globalization and localized trade frictions, specific recommendations will be provided to optimize the trade structure of agricultural products between the two nations.

Green trading and ecological sustainability under macroeconomic policy framework

When confronted with ecological challenges, trading ecologically friendly products involvingrenewable technologies, green management practices, and effluent treatment methods could alleviate ecological degradation on a global scale while considering the macroeconomic policy framework. Therefore, this study determines the effectiveness of fiscal and monetary policy instruments in moderating the relationship between green trade openness (i.e., trade in environmentally related products) and ecological sustainability. Applying panel quantile regression on data from 20 OECD members from 2003 to 2016, we found that green trade openness supports ecological sustainability through a gains-from-trade approach. Concerning moderation effects, expenditure-driven fiscal expansion reinforces the favorable influence of green trade openness on ecological sustainability across ecologically less/moderately efficient economies, while it does the reverse for ecologically more efficient members. Taxation-driven fiscal contraction promotes ecological sustainability amelioration impact of green trade openness for economies with below-average ecological quality and remains neutral for those with average/above-average ecological quality. Besides, interest rate-driven monetary contraction proliferates the ecological sustainability enhancement effect of green openness. We suggest that the fiscal and monetary policies demand unambiguous coordination with the OECD’s trade policy structure for optimal environmental outcomes of trading in environmental products. These insights would help OECD’s green trade policies gain momentum to facilitate the attainment of the Climate Action agenda of the United Nations’ Sustainable Development Goals.

Resident's Attitudes Toward Tourism Development in Simanindo Subsdistrict Samosir Regency

Tourism development especially in rural areas has changed residents’ economic, sociocultural, and environmental life. It’s important to analyze residents’ attitudes toward tourism development in their area. This study aimed to analyze the attitudes of the Batak Toba Ethnic as residents toward tourism development in Simanindo Subdistrict. This research was a quantitative study with a cross-sectional survey. A survey with 115 residents as representatives of Batak Ethnic was conducted in June 2022. The findings revealed that several challenges of tourism development had been stated by residents including conflict over resources ownership, less involvement of residents, inadequate financial support, insufficient facilities, low quality of service and product, poor marketing, and unskilled human resources. The Batak Toba Ethnic as residents also obtained positive and negative impacts of tourism development in their area. Positive impacts included conserving culture and heritage, preserving nature, supporting trading of local products, upgrading public facilities, encouraging economic growth, increasing employment opportunities, enhancing additional income, improving the quality of life, increasing foreign investors, improving the standard of living and personal benefit for residents. However, negative impacts were inconsiderable. The main suggestions toward tourism development were enhance local people involvement and participation, increase attractions, accessibilities and amenities. The economic benefits has high correlation toward communities involvement and participation in tourism development.
 Keywords: attitudes, challenges, impacts, participation, tourism development

Green Financing for Sustainable Development in Infrastructure Projects in Kenya

Transitioning into a decarbonized economy requires an unprecedented level of new capital investment, particularly in the form of green finance. Market and regulatory trends indicate that there is an increased interest in green and sustainable finance among investors and policymakers. However, capital mobilization for green investments has been constrained by microeconomic obstacles including maturity mismatches between long-term green investments; the typically short-term time horizons of investors and disintegrated financial and environmental policy approaches. It’s against this backdrop that the study intended to assess the green finance trends, green finance instruments and the challenges on green finance adoption.The study adopted desk review also known as Meta-analysis method to extract information concerning green finance trends, instruments and adoption challenges. The study established that to achieve sustainable development goals (SDGs), its necessary to open-up green projects and scale up the financing of investments that provide environmental benefits through innovative financial instruments and new policies such as green bonds, green banks, carbon market instruments, fiscal policy, green central banking, financial technologies and community-based green funds. However, Financial institutions show more interest in fossil fuel projects than green projects because of the low returns and risks associated with green investment compared to brown investment. To reduce the risk of green investment and increase the rate of return to the investors, the creation of green credit guarantee schemes and tax return on revenue generated from the green energy spillover effect is necessary. In conclusion green finance market is well structured in developed economies unlike developing economies due to underdeveloped capital markets, regulatory gaps and unstandardized green taxonomy.Thus the study recommends the development of green finance database and incorporation of green agenda in public policy institutions’ mandates and procurement;Standardization and information disclosure regarding Green investment risks, green taxonomy and commoditization of environmental factors into tradable assets; Raising awareness; Offering tax incentive on green projects; Developing Carbon Capital Markets; Stock Trading of Green finance products; Strengthen the social responsibilities of investors and Technology adoption.

Using NFTs for Product Management, Digital Certification, Trading, and Delivery in the Healthcare Supply Chain

The COVID-19 pandemic caused disruption in the healthcare market, which resulted in shortages of essential healthcare products. The pandemic exacerbated the problems that already existed in the healthcare supply chain, such as poor data availability, transparency, and accessibility. Such problems necessitate the introduction of a solution that is capable of managing products, maintaining ownership, facilitating trading, and delivering products in a traceable, auditable, and trustworthy manner. In this article, we propose a nonfungible-token-based solution for the management of healthcare products, where the ownership of a product is maintained by using digital certification, the trade and delivery of healthcare products is facilitated by a smart contract, and disputes are settled by an arbitrator while keeping all related information on-chain for auditing purposes. We utilize the Interplanetary File System to store the metadata of healthcare products to avoid storing large-sized data on the blockchain. We present system diagrams and algorithms along with the implementation details. We conduct security testing to demonstrate that our solution is resilient and secure against common vulnerabilities and exploits. We compare our solution with the existing solutions to show its distinctive features and novelty. The smart contracts code is made publicly available on GitHub.

Game changer to become a market leader in agricultural product trading with MarTech

Game changer to become a market leader in agricultural product trading with MarTech

公众环境认知与绿色产品贸易的关系——政策法律文本的调节作用

In today's increasingly accelerating globalization, environmental protection and sustainable development have become the focus of common concern for all countries. Public environmental awareness, that is, the public's understanding and attitude towards environmental issues, has a significant impact on environmental protection work. Meanwhile, with the rise of green product trade, the market trading of green products is becoming increasingly active. As one of the means to regulate the relationship between public environmental awareness and green product trade, the role of policies and legal texts is increasingly prominent. This article will explore the relationship between public environmental awareness and green product trade and analyze the regulatory role of policies and legal texts in it. This article explores the impact of trade and environmental policies on the financial system through computer software. It constructs a theoretical hypothesis model to explore the moderating effect of policy and legal texts on the relationship between public emotional perception of environmental policies and green product trade. After empirical testing, all research hypotheses in this study have been supported. The results showed that at a test level of 0.01, consumers' perception of green efficacy, perceived green responsibility, green purchasing behavior, emotional arousal, and moderate values were significantly positively correlated. Among them, the R-value of perceived green efficiency and green purchasing behavior is 0.701, and the R-value of perceived green responsibility and green purchasing behavior is 0.638, indicating the degree of correlation between perceived green efficiency, perceived green responsibility, and green purchasing behavior. Green purchasing behavior is highly correlated. The conclusion indicates that the government has further increased export subsidies for the clean industry, implemented differentiated environmental tax policies, and emphasized the coordinated use of procedures, promoting the development of the clean industry and the upgrading of industrial structure.

Molecular characterization of Listeria monocytogenes strains isolated from imported food in China from 14 countries/regions, 2003-2018.

Listeria monocytogenes (Lm) is associated with severe foodborne infections and ubiquitous in the nature. Identification of characteristics of Lm transmission through trading of food products is essential for rapidly tracking Lm sources and controlling dissemination of listeriosis. In this study, a total of 44 Lm strains were isolated from food products originating from 14 countries/regions during 2003-2018 at the Shanghai port. The genomes of these Lm strains were sequenced by high-throughput sequencing. Multilocus sequence typing (MLST) analysis showed that 43 isolates were divided into 17 sequence types (STs). The distribution of STs was decentralized, with the dominant ST2 accounting for only 18.18% of the strains. The LM63 strain did not match with any of the existing STs. Core-genome MLST (cgMLST) analysis based on 1748 core genes categorized the 44 strains into 30 cgMLST types (CTs), with CT10153 and CT7892 as the most predominant CTs. Notably, LM63 and LM67 shared the same CT in the cgMLST analysis. The phylogenetic analysis based on single-copy homologous genes revealed that the 44 Lm strains were primarily classified into two lineages. The SNP analysis also indicated that these strains were roughly divided into two clades, with strains in the first clade mainly collected earlier than those in the second clade, which were predominantly collected from 2010 onwards. The analysis using the virulence factor database (VFDB) indicated that the virulence gene inlJ was the most prevalent among these 44 strains. Notably, ddrA, msbA, and sugC were enriched in this dataset, requiring further clarification of their roles in Listeria through future studies. These results might provide a clue for understanding of the global epidemiology and surveillance of Lm and present insights for implementing effective measures to reduce or prevent Listeria contamination outbreaks in imported food products.

Beyond Protection, toward Respect: Struggle for Environmental Justice in the Kendeng Mountains

The cement industry is responsible for more greenhouse gas emissions than international air traffic, it takes up massive amounts of water and energy in the production process and creates highly destructive stone pit mines. The case we are presenting here stands for a complex transnational struggle for environmental justice involving the indigenous Sedelur Sikep community and a subsidiary of the German HeidelbergCement AG linking the Javanese lime stone landscapes of the Kendeng mountains with nodes of decision-making in Jakarta and Germany. The Kendeng mountains on the island of Java are important sites of social and cultural reproduction for the Sedelur Sikep, providing important ecosystem services. The community rejects the market economy and in particular the trading of products they have not produced themselves. Their practices have contributed to the conservation of this biodiversity rich landscapes for centuries. The plans of the HeidelbergCement AG to construct a cement factory raises concerns among the Sedelur Sikep. The group worries that the factory and the stone pit mine alter the hydrological cycle affecting their wet-rice fields and ultimately their lifestyles. Despite protests by Sedelur Sikep and allied conservation and human-rights organizations, the subsidiary of Heidelberg Cement AG hold son to its plans, referring to a completed environmental impact assessment and related permits.Building on the concepts of environmental justice and epistemic justice, we investigate how the Sedelur Sikep, together with conservation and human-rights organizations have (so far) successfully prevented the construction of the cement factory by challenging the procedural aspects of the permit process, stressing their role as indigenous communities and by challenging dominant forms of knowledge production used in environmental impact assessments. We show how successful resistance is organized employing the mainstream nature conservation narrative. We also show that the employment of different knowledge system is part of a strategy, while the groups own understanding of respecting and living with the mountain goes beyond this mainstream narrative.

Identification of tropical wood species in paper: a new chemotaxonomic method based on extractives

Abstract The European Deforestation Regulation 2023/1115 (EUDR) prohibits trading of wood and wood products obtained from illegal logging on the EU market. While the identification of solid wood via anatomy, chemistry and genetics has already been established, there is a lack of identification methods for pulp and paper that complement anatomy. This publication presents a newly developed chemotaxonomic method for identifying mixed tropical hardwood (MTH) species in pulp and paper products based on their extractives analyzed with thermal desorption-gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (TD-GC-MS). The measured data was processed and compared to identify marker substances and was then merged into a fingerprint database for identifying MTH species in paper of unknown composition. As database references, fully bleached kraft pulps were produced from 38 anatomically identified wood samples and then cryo-ball milled and extracted successively with n-hexane and acetone. The results show that the remaining wood extractives generated from bleached pulps are specific enough to find chemical relevant marker substances to detect MTH species. As chemical composition and anatomy are independent characteristics of wood, this paper makes a completely independent method available, which potentially improves the screening for Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora (CITES) protected species.

Building Trust and Honouring Agreements in the Supply of Protected Wildlife Products

Abstract This paper draws on interview data and published court judgment reports to reveal first-hand accounts of illegal transactions involving protected wildlife and how criminals collaborate with one another. This research finds that wildlife supply is controlled by a small number of key suppliers. Further, trust is embedded in the criminals’ relationship based on kinship and friendship ties, while individuals’ ethnicity and reputation also facilitate collaboration. These arrangements shape the criminal networks that exploit protected wildlife. This paper suggests further research into online trading of protected wildlife products, the presence of women in the illegal wildlife trade and the impact of COVID-19 on the criminal networks supplying wildlife.

Risk Management Case Analysis of ICBC's "Crude Oil Treasure" Incident

Driven by the marketization of interest rates and technological innovation, commercial banks in China continue to innovate various financial services businesses and devote more attention to attracting customers to purchase various investment and wealth management products in order to expand sources of bank performance and gain more benefits. In 2018, paper crude oil-linked wealth management products emerged. Paper crude oil products are linked to the prices of international crude oil futures contracts. The products feature controllable risks and relatively high returns, which are very popular among large numbers of customers. However, despite the continuous expansion of China's financial derivatives trading volume, the categories of derivative products and regulation still have many limitations. The development of innovative paper crude oil-linked products is not perfect and has many potential risks, which are highly susceptible to market fluctuations. Taking China Bank's "Crude Oil Treasure" product as the research focus, this paper analyzes the massive loss incident that occurred in late April 2020 through case study analysis and qualitative analysis methods. It is divided into four parts. The introduction part explains the research background, significance, content, methods and innovations and inadequacies of this paper. The first part sorts out the background and process of the "Crude Oil Treasure" case at China Bank and elaborates on the operating principles of this product. The second part analyzes the "Crude Oil Treasure" case in detail. It first focuses on the problems in the product's trading liquidity, domestic and international time differences and product promotion. Then it focuses on the internal and external causes of the case, discussing external factors such as international crude oil market turmoil and futures trading characteristics, and internal factors such as product design, risk control and lack of experience. It also evaluates the hedging strategy, contract design and compliance of the "Crude Oil Treasure" product. The third part mainly analyzes the impacts of the "Crude Oil Treasure" rollover incident and China Bank's subsequent response measures. The fourth part puts forward certain countermeasures and suggestions from the perspectives of bank management, investors and regulatory agencies to prevent such incidents from recurring based on the case analysis.

Effects of covid-19 on the livelihoods of rural women in Ethiopia

BackgroundThe COVID-19 pandemic has had an impact on people’s lives and economic activities. Women are expected to bear the impact of the impact because they are over-represented in affected sectors on the front lines of the pandemic’s response. However, no empirical evidence exists to support the effect of COVID-19 on women’s economic activities in the Ethiopian context.MethodsThis study investigated effects of COVID-19 on economic activities of rural women in Ethiopia. Thereby, a multistage sampling procedure was employed to randomly draw 263 rural women as study participants. Data were collected through interview schedules and key informant interviews. Finally, the data were analyzed qualitatively and quantitatively. A binary logistic regression model is used to examine factors determining the effect of COVID-19 on economic activities of women.ResultsAccording to the findings, the most affected economic activities were remittances (94.28%), small business trade (94.06%), livestock and livestock product trading (91.30%), daily labor wages (84.82%), handcraft (72.73%), and crop production (61.32%). The logit regression result shows that irrigation use reduced the impact of the pandemic, whereas relying on remittances, market distance, and being a female-headed household exacerbated the impact of the pandemic on the economic activities of rural women.ConclusionThe pandemic had significant impact on rural women’s economic activities. Therefore, governmental and nongovernmental organizations should support rural women’s income-generating activities by providing revolving funds with training. Using remittances for income-generating activities would also improve the income of rural women.

Fish and Seafood Markets in Central and Eastern Europe

The fish and seafood industry, which includes the production, processing, distribution and consumption of fish and seafood products, is an important part of the European blue economy. Europe is one of the largest consumers of fish and seafood in the world and, because of its diverse seafood preferences, it imports a considerable amount of seafood from other parts of the world. At the same time, there are significant differences between EU member states in terms of fish consumption and production levels. This study focuses on a group of six Central and Eastern European countries with the lowest levels of seafood consumption. The article reveals unique combinations of factors that determine demand for fisheries and aquaculture products, despite the presumed levelling effects of the single market and global supply chains. In this fragmented market, the main players are small and medium-sized enterprises that specialise in trading and processing broad groups of products and are able to integrate into complex supply chains. The overview of the seafood markets of Bulgaria, Czechia, Hungary, Romania, Slovakia and Slovenia serves as a step towards a better understanding of the interplay between global and local market forces

EMPIRICAL ANALYSIS FOR REGULATORY FRAMEWORK OF E-COMMERCE

World is changing at a remarkable pace and so does the world of marketing. The limited options to communicate with the target audience have been widening. Even the technology has profoundly changed the way consumer process communication. In the last few years the internet has played a major role in many fields of economy as it is commonly defined as a global media. The internet has been largely used in commerce and management. Electronic commerce, commonly written as e-commerce or E-Commerce, is the trading or facilitation of trading in products or services using computer networks, such as the Internet. The rapid adoption of the Internet as a commercial medium has caused firms to experiment with the innovative ways of commerce thus changing the pattern of commerce strategies.
 The primarily motive of the study was to investigate the awareness level of respondents regarding the regulatory framework of E-Commerce. The present study was exploratory research by the means of primary data analysis wherein an attempt was made to identify the awareness level of respondents regarding regulatory framework of e-commerce with the help of self structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was based on the five point Likert scale ranging from not at all aware to completely aware and the convenience sampling was used to collect the data from respondents (250) residence of Punjab and Union Territory of Chandigarh. Further, chi square technique was used to test the null hypothesis as whether there was significant relationship between regulatory framework, gender and monthly income attributes. It was observed that female respondents were more aware as compared to male respondents regarding the regulatory framework of e-commerce. On the basis of monthly income attribute, 15000-30000 income group’s respondents were not aware regarding the regulatory framework of e-commerce but in the next income group ranging from 50000-75000 were aware about the regulatory framework of the e-commerce.