Trade In Services Research Articles

Examining the effects of national intellectual capital on economic growth: does digital services trade restrictiveness matter?

Purpose The moderating role of digital services trade restrictiveness to the effects of national intellectual capital on economic growth has been largely ignored in the existing literature. As such, this paper aims to examine how national intellectual capital and digital services trade restrictiveness affect economic growth. In addition, the moderating role of digital services trade restrictiveness in the relationship between national intellectual capital and economic growth is also examined. Design/methodology/approach In this study, a sample comprising 62 countries worldwide is used. The national intellectual capital for each country is computed using the index of national intellectual capital. Data pertaining to digital services trade restrictiveness are extracted from the digital services trade restrictiveness index (OECD Statistics on International Trade in Services database). To ensure the robustness of the findings, the generalized method of moments (GMM) is used in the analysis. Findings The findings of this study confirm that national intellectual capital supports economic growth. Accumulating intellectual capital at the national level plays an essential role in supporting economic growth. The authors also find evidence to confirm that digital services trade restrictiveness negatively affects economic growth, particularly for high-income and lower-middle-income countries. Interestingly, digital services trade restrictiveness deteriorates economic growth across countries globally, except for upper-middle-income countries, with a weak effect. The empirical results also confirm that the joint effects between national intellectual capital and digital services trade restrictiveness are negative and significant. As such, findings from our analysis suggest that digital services trade restrictiveness moderates the relationship between national intellectual capital and economic growth. Practical implications The findings of this study provide valuable implications for policymakers to formulate and implement policies aiming to improve national intellectual capital to support sustainable economic growth. In addition, limiting digital services trade restrictiveness across countries appears to provide both direct and indirect effects in enhancing sustainable economic growth. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first empirical study conducted to examine the moderating role of digital services trade restrictiveness on the national intellectual capital – economic growth nexus.

Pengawasan Pendistribusian Gas Lpg 3 Kg Oleh Dinas Perdagangan, Koperasi, Usaha Kecil dan Menengah Kota Padang Panjang

Lack of supervision carried out by the Padang Panjang City SME Cooperative Trade Service has resulted in several distribution problems such as the scarcity of 3 kg LPG gas, the selling price of 3 kg LPG gas exceeding the HET and the existence of bases that sell 3 kg LPG gas outside the Padang City area. Long. This research aims to find out what causes the scarcity of 3 kg LPG gas in Padang Panjang City, to analyze how supervision has been carried out by the SME Cooperative Trade Service and what are the inhibiting factors in the implementation of supervision using the supervision theory according to Maskan This research uses descriptive qualitative research with data collection methods used, namely interviews, observation and documentation. The results of this research indicate that the supervision of the distribution of 3 kg LPG gas carried out by the SME Cooperative Trade Service has not been carried out well and the factors causing the scarcity of 3 kg LPG gas in Padang Panjang City are the lack of 3 kg LPG gas quota, and the presence of unscrupulous bases who sell the gas out. Padang Panjang City area. The main inhibiting factor in this supervision is the lack of human resources in the Padang Panjang City SME Cooperative Service.

Who should provide a trade-in service under the online agency-selling mode?

In real world practice, trade-in programs are offered by either a manufacturer or an e-commerce platform. Parties that offer a trade-in service are faced with a trade-off between trade-in rebates and the residual income. By adopting the game theory, this paper explored the selection of trade-in provider with respect to a manufacturer and an e-commerce platform. The results show that in some cases, all trade-in models generated higher manufacturing costs than models with no trade-in program. However, in other cases, not all trade-in models can cope with manufacturing costs that are higher than those associated with models that have no trade-in program. Furthermore, both above two firms will offer the trade-ins when profits which they have obtained satisfied a certain condition. We also identified an interesting phenomenon whereby the manufacturer decided whether it wanted to delegate the trade-ins to the e-commerce platform or provide it jointly. The e-commerce platform can decide whether it wants to accept the delegation or jointly offer it. This study also obtain that trade-in models makes customers get more surplus and can produce greater environmental benefits. Moreover, both the customer surplus and the environmental benefits in delegated trade-in model is the same that in jointly trade-in model.

Транстихоокеанское партнерство и всестороннее региональное экономическое партнерство как международно-правовая модель экономической интеграции в Азиатско-Тихоокеанском регионе

The article explores international law aspects of the contemporary integration processes in the Asia-Pacific with a specific focus on such relatively new formationsas the Trans-Pacific Partnership (TPP) and the Regional Comprehensive Economic Partnership (RCEP). Based on the WTO law provisions with regard to the free trade areas for goods and services, both Partnerships significantly widen the scope of regulated inter-governmental relationships, which allows considering the TPP and the RCEP as a fundamentally new form of the regional trade agreements. Having a fixed number of participating states and a system of institution with their functions and competencies, the Partnerships do not represent inter-governmental organizations and are vested with no legal capacity or, especially, supranational powers. However, this does not undermine the trade and economic significance of the Partnerships while also making them an attractive model of the soft integration structure between the states having different level of economic development, located in different geographical regions and bound with their own integration obligations under bi- and multilateral (subregional) trade agreements. The founding agreements of the Partnerships are typical “WTO plus” arrangements combining the provisions on liberalization of trade in goods and services with the parties’ mutual obligations in the fields of investments, sustainable development, competition, administrative and legal cooperation. At the same time, applicability of parallel bi- and multilateral trade agreements between the Asia-Pacific states, including those within ASEAN, forms a complex multilayer regulation of foreign trade and entails a risk of legal uncertainty for economic operators.

Inflation in Germany: Energy Prices, Profit Shares, and Market Power in Different Sectors

Countries all over the world experienced exceptional inflation rates since 2021 as a consequence of global supply chain disruptions, a post-Covid-19 demand shock, and rising energy costs after the Russian Federation’s invasion in Ukraine. Germany is one particularly relevant example, given that the European Union’s strongest economy has high anti-inflation sentiments and employs relatively tight fiscal policy but nevertheless suffered the longest from those shocks. This study examines price developments – broken down by various sectors – in Germany and how the additional revenues from these price increases were distributed between capital and labor. Results suggest that the high levels of inflation in 2021-2023 in Germany cannot be explained by the substantial rises in energy prices alone. The analysis of deflators for gross value added indicates that the price increases were heterogeneous across economic sectors with particularly high levels in agriculture, construction, energy supply, as well as services in trade, transport, and hospitality. Profits accounted for 57.6% of nominal gross value added in the most inflation-intensive sectors. This is 32% above the average of the other sectors, indicating that most of the inflation was associated with company profits in the high inflation sectors. The inflation consequently benefited capital owners at the expense of workers who suffered from increased prices without receiving sufficient compensation through higher wages. In terms of policy implications, there is no evidence of a wage-price spiral, but clear evidence that the key contributors of inflation were increased energy prices and corporate profits.

Features of the Development of International Trade in Tourist Services

Introduction. The relevance of studying the peculiarities of the development of international trade in tourist services is determined by the significant role of world tourism in the structure of the global economy. In the conditions of a complex international political situation, which is dynamically changing, it is crucial to identify the vectors of the development of the tourism industry to determine the future structure of the macro-regional distribution of tourist flows. Aim and tasks. The purpose of this study is to identify the dominant factors and prospects for the development of international tourism business in the conditions of modern global economic and political instability to determine the most favourable marketing strategies for interaction in the international market of tourist services by extrapolating the results to the possibilities of post-war recovery of the tourism industry in Ukraine. Results. An analysis of international tourism arrivals showed that the average annual growth rate of the industry from 1995 to 2020 average annual growth of international tourist arrivals was more than 4 per cent. Over the estimated period from 1995 to 2023, the average arrival rate decreased to 2.46 per cent. Macro-regions are considered the most promising for the scaling of international tourism, as well as the factors that will contribute to this and can inhibit economic processes. Special attention is paid to the positioning of Ukraine during the post-war recovery of the tourism industry. Forecast indicators indicate that international tourist arrivals to Ukraine could reach 61 million people in the tenth year of the post-war period. An alternative strategy for promoting national tourist products and brands in the target markets of Central and Eastern Europe, Asia, and the Middle East was proposed, and the feasibility of continuing the promotion of Ukraine as a tourist brand was substantiated. Conclusions. This study confirms the vector of the shift in global tourist flows under the influence of a number of factors that deepen the contradictions between the Global South and the North, revealing key trends in the growth and displacement of international tourist flows among countries belonging to two opposite camps. The directions of institutional and structural changes required to restore international tourism in Ukraine in the post-war period to strengthen Ukraine's position in the global tourism market are proposed.

How does digital technology affect export in services?

Based on the comprehensive measures of digital technology and cross-country services trade database, our study empirically examines the impacts of digital technology on export in services. We find that digital technology significantly promotes services export. However, the impact varies in different modes of supply. Digital technology significantly promotes service export in the mode of cross border delivery, consumption abroad, and commercial presence rather than the mode of the natural person movement. Heterogeneous analysis shows that the trade impact of digital technology is more pronounced in developed countries and the countries with higher levels of digital openness. Based on both the empirical analysis and the case studies, three main channels of the enhancement of tradability, the function of digital platforms, and innovation of new trade models are discussed for the influencing mechanisms of digital technology.

The Applicability of Principal Component Analysis: A Review of the Nigeria Gross Domestic Products (GDP)

In 2014, Nigeria was largest and fastest growing economy in Africa, and this is determine by year on year Gross Domestic Product (GDP), which is the major tools use by the rest of the world to determine the capacity of a country. Furthermore National Bureau of Statistics (NBS) releases both quarterly and yearly growth of Nigeria GDP, while the data source in this project is from NBS, starting from 1980 to 2017. Moreover the Nigeria GDP comprises many components. The major PCs use are Agriculture, Building and Construction, Industry, Wholesale and Retail Trade, and Services. It was observed that there is yearly growth in Nigeria gross domestic products due to increase in all contributors factored components from 1980 to 2017, Agriculture had the highest number activities to this per capital income followed by Industry, Services, wholesale and retail trade, and building and construction. Also the overall accumulated variance for the GDP for the studied period is 10.7 for a 56% coefficient of variation. All the contributors (Agriculture, Industry,......) maintained a positive correlation all through the period of study expect for Services that affect/shirk the GDP along the year. Wholesales experienced the strongest doling of taking care of the GDP with 98%, followed by Building and Construction, industry and agriculture with 86%, 78% and 6% respectively. However for Nigeria to maintain the largest economy in Africa It will strongly advice that the economy team should look properly on agriculture and industry and if this two increases certainly wholesale and retail trade with building and construction will be affected positively while extended to services, therefore the GDP will also be stabilise.

On the opposition to market institutions on moral grounds

From a liberal viewpoint, voluntary trade appears to be something that should meet universal approval. If no one is obliged to trade, establishing a market institution could only make all better off. Nonetheless, specific market institutions meet substantial skepticism and criticism. This paper extends the extant literature by surveying the moral opposition towards trade in multiple dimensions and linking this to policy support measures. We provide survey results on moral opposition to trade in organs, sex services, surrogate mothers, trade in carbon permits, goods produced in poor countries, and food from countries where people suffer from hunger. These cover the potential reasons for opposing trade institutions: moral concerns, paternalism regarding risk-taking, and distributional concerns. Beyond this, we measure support for policies on unemployment benefits, risk prevention, equality goals within society, and redistribution. The survey of Amazon Mechanical Turk workers from the U.S. reveals significant moral opposition to trade in diverse dimensions. About a third of the participants strongly oppose trade in body items, sex services, and food imports from countries where a large proportion of the population suffers from hunger and malnutrition. Fewer participants strongly oppose trading CO2 permits, importing from developing countries, or allowing surrogate mothership. Besides other correlates (e.g., gender, education, being conservative), individuals’ attitudes towards imposing risks on others are identified as an important correlate of the opposition to trade for all the contexts of trade: those who are averse to exposing others to risk for their own advantage are more likely to oppose trading institutions. This measure of social preferences also relates to support for policies on risk prevention, equality goals within society, and redistribution. We discuss potential mechanisms behind this explanatory power of the newly identified measure.

Agricultural Service Trade and Green Development: A Perspective Based on China’s Agricultural Total Factor Productivity

Agricultural service trade is closely related to the promotion of the sustainable development of China’s agriculture and is necessary for comprehensive rural revitalization. To clarify the relationship between trade in agricultural services and agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP) from a macroscopic perspective and then analyze the acting path and threshold effect, can provide an important reference for improving agriculture’s green level and realizing the sustainable development of agriculture. This paper uses the provincial panel data of China from 2007 to 2022 to measure agricultural green total factor productivity (AGTFP) using the SBM-GML model and explores the impact of agricultural service trade on AGTFP with the help of the fixed effect model, the mediation effect model, and the threshold model. According to this study: (1) Trade in agricultural services can significantly increase AGTFP. (2) Mechanism analysis shows that trade in agricultural services can promote AGTFP through promoting industrial agglomeration, enhancing technological innovation, and improving factor allocation. (3) Heterogeneity analysis shows that trade in agricultural services has a more obvious role in promoting AGTFP in the eastern region and the main grain marketing area. (4) The threshold effect finds that the promotion of agricultural services trade on AGTFP will gradually increase as the level of government support rises. Therefore, China should actively promote the development of agricultural service trade, implement the concept of sustainable development, improve the level of government support, and promote the improvement in agricultural total factor productivity and sustainable development.

Model of the “Economic Cross” of the Digital Platform: Opportunities and Conditions for Interindustry Technological Convergence

The platform economy is an objective stage in the evolution of the digital economy, whose development is carried out under the influence of the trend of involving a large number of SMEs and individuals in economic relations as their direct participants. Unlike the pre-digital era, when operational commercial direct interaction between small participants in economic relations turned out to be impossible, communication technologies of the second decade of the 21st century have created favorable opportunities for the development of independent businesses of individuals and small professional teams. The process of commercialization of household resources is actively taking place in the form of the development of private blogs as platforms for commercial advertising and mutual trade of goods and services by individuals online, which creates a direct competitive threat to traditional trading companies. The current stage in the development of online participation of SMEs and individuals in commercial relations is the development of outsourcing relationships, within which part of the processes implemented by large businesses independently using hired personnel and their own infrastructure will be delegated to independent network structures on a competitive basis. At the same time, in proportion to the growing popularity of e-commerce, public demands for the security of such transactions are increasing, which is especially important in conditions of sanctions uncertainty and high risks of supply chain collapse. This circumstance determines the business request for systematization of the digital space and its centralization, the terminal stage of which is an inter-industry digital platform. The purpose of the scientific article is to develop a system of proposals for the formation of a national intersectoral outsourcing platform based on the “economic cross” model. A system of innovative solutions has been developed regarding the organization of economic interaction between subjects, the procedure for financing the activities of the platform by its participants, and the distribution of indirect industry income arising from the functioning of the platform.

The Impact of Trade in Goods Versus Trade in Services on Economic Growth in Egypt (1995-2022)

The Impact of Trade in Goods Versus Trade in Services on Economic Growth in Egypt (1995-2022)

Analysis of Administration of Regional Property Based on Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 47 of 2021 at the North Sulawesi Province Industry And Trade Service

Analysis of Administration of Regional Property Based on Minister of Home Affairs Regulation No. 47 of 2021 at the North Sulawesi Province Industry And Trade Service

Analyzing developmental strategies and the role of ICT in underdeveloped economies: implications for North Korea

We analyze developmental strategies in various sectors in countries with underdeveloped economies and their implications for North Korea. We investigate the development plans of four underdeveloped transitional economies during the 1990s using the World Bank’s engagement reports. We find an emphasis on energy, transportation, and agriculture in those countries, while development strategies in North Korea focused on ICT in addition to energy, transportation, and agriculture during the same period. Statistical regression analysis reveals that ICT has the greatest potential impact on economic growth. Historically, domestic and external constraints have limited the performance of North Korea’s ICT policy. However, we recommend that ICT should have high priority in North Korea’s strategic development plan for the following reasons: the socio-economic environment is changing; ICT service trade across borders has been increasing; the population is aging; and our analysis identifies disruptive

Uncovering Key Economic Drivers in MSMEs through Economic Base Model

The importance of leading sectors can contribute to the development of the national economy. The economic advantages of a region serve as a mobilized tool for economic growth and are crucial in creating new business opportunities that can absorb labor. The objective of this research is to determine the leading sector for micro small and medium enterprises as well as the effects of the multiplier effect in Surakarta City in 2022. The method used Location Quotient, Base Employment, and Base Multiplier as a combination of the Economic Base Model. The findings of this study indicate that in the city of Surakarta, there are three leading sectors, namely the service sector, trade, and non-agricultural production. The highest base multiplier and base employment are in the trade sector. Both are likely to be concentrated in the southeast of Surakarta City. These findings imply that the development of leading sectors in Surakarta, such as services, trade, and non-agricultural production, should be focused on increasing efficiency and innovation, not just on increasing the number of workers. In addition, economic policy must consider that, despite the high number of workers, the economic impact may be limited if it is not accompanied by a significant multiplier effect.

Penilaian Keberhasilan Usaha Industri Mikro Kecil Menengah Makanan Ringan Kota Sukabumi dengan Importance Performance Analysis (IPA)

This research aims to determine the assessment of the success of small and medium-sized snack food industry businesses in Sukabumi City. The samples were taken from 50 Snack Food UMKM/IMKM registered with the Sukabumi City Cooperatives, Industry and Trade Service. The method used in this research is descriptive qualitative methods. The research results show that based on Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), two attributes have been identified that must be prioritized, such as having the ability to grow the business (management, financial, administrative, sales skills, creating competitive products), and being oriented towards the future (Vision and Mission, business goals). In addition, the sub variable of business success based on Importance Performance Analysis (IPA), that must be prioritized is the Education sub variable.

Revisiting Indonesia halal tourism policy in light of GATS

PurposeAs a growth industry in the international tourism segment market, halal tourism domestic policy should align with General Agreement on Trade in Services (GATS) as an international trade in services regulation. This paper aims to examine Indonesia’s halal tourism policy and its intersection with obligations as a member state of the World Trade Organization (WTO). Particularly in balancing Indonesia’s international obligation and the right to regulate.Design/methodology/approachThe present study uses normative legal research by analysing legal materials, primarily GATS and Indonesia’s halal tourism policy. By using this methodology, this paper seeks the normative ideal domestic approach that aligns with Indonesia’s international obligations within GATS.FindingsRegional regulations primarily govern the halal tourism policy in Indonesia. The critical substance of the regulation is the mandatory halal certification for the implementation of halal tourism. This obligation may be incompatible with Indonesia’s commitment to liberalise the tourism sector under the GATS. The current legal framework gives rise to a lack of consistency in its application despite its adherence to the halal tourism standards established by the MUI. At the same time, the provincial and regent authorities lacked the authority to do so. The authors argue that halal tourism policy shall be promulgated in the national-level policy to settle this issue. This measure is necessary to mitigate conflicts between prevailing norms and Indonesia’s international commitments within GATS. Therefore, Indonesia can uphold both its international obligations and national interests.Originality/valueThis paper presents a novelty contribution by highlighting the absence of prior research examining Indonesia’s adherence to its international commitments under the GATS in formulating domestic legislation on halal tourism. To close this gap, this study suggests that national legislation governing halal tourism should consider international obligations in the tourism sector under the GATS.

APPLICATION OF NANOSENSOR BASED SCREEN PRINTED ELECTRODE FOR ANALYSIS OF ARTIFICIAL SWEETENER FOR PHARMACISTS AND ANALYST IN PONTIANAK

The development of nanotechnology in the world is very rapid, and the applications of nanotechnology can be felt in various fields in everyday life. For instance, to control food, nanotechnology plays a role in creating early detection tools for food additives, which are known to be dangerous if consumed by humans in excess, such as the presence of colorants that are not permitted or food additives that exceed tolerance limits. Nanosensors based on screen print electrodes (SPE) are devices that can be used for detection with various notable properties such as fast, sensitive and portable. Seeing the importance of developing and down streaming nanotechnology to society, education regarding the role of nanotechnology needs to be carried out. In this activity, nanotechnology applied in the manufacture of nanosensor devices was introduced, especially to analysts at the drug and food control center and the health service. Apart from that, through this activity, sustainable collaboration can be established between the community service team who are researchers in the field of nanosensors and users in the field who are drug and food regulatory bodies, to develop nanosensor technology according to needs in the field. This activity will be carried out in Pontianak, West Kalimantan, specifically aimed at pharmacists and analysts in the drug and food control center, health service, and industry and trade service (Disperindag). This activity will include education about nanotechnology applications in various fields as well as a demonstration on the use of SPE-based naosensor devices. From this event, in future the analyst may do the analysis in field without waiting long time analysis in laboratory. From this community service activities, scientific articles and publications can be produced in print/electronic media, as well as videos of community service activities, in accordance with the main performance indicators determined nationally.

Cost-effectiveness analysis of first-line sintilimab plus chemotherapy vs. chemotherapy alone for unresectable advanced or metastatic gastric or gastroesophageal junction cancer in China.

The Chinese Society of Clinical Oncology (CSCO) has recommended sintilimab plus chemotherapy (SINT + Chemo) as a standard first-line therapy for advanced gastric cancer or gastroesophageal junction cancer (GC/GEJC), based on the proven effectiveness and safety in the ORINT-16 trail. Its cost-effectiveness, however, remains to be evaluated. We established a partitioned survival approach (PartSA) model with a 10-year time horizon to determine whether SINT + Chemo (vs. chemotherapy) was more cost-effective as a first-line treatment for unresectable advanced or metastatic GC/GEJC. Survival data was generated from the ORIENT-16 trail. Cost calculation was limited to direct medical costs. Database of Hunan Public Resources Trading Service Platform was used as the source for obtaining drug prices. Other cost and utility values were gathered from established literature. Incremental cost-effectiveness ratio (ICER) was the primary output. Additionally, we conducted sensitivity analysis, subgroup analysis, and scenario analysis. In the base-case analysis, group SINT + Chemo showed an increase in utility value by 0.32 quality-adjusted life-years (QALYs) at an extra cost of $7988.43, resulting in an ICER of $25239.29/QALY, below the Chinese cost-effective willingness-to-pay (WTP) threshold of $38223.34. Upon further subgroup analysis according to patients' programmed death 1 ligand (PD-L1) combined positive score (CPS), the ICERs were $26341.01/QALY for patients highly expressing PD-L1 (CPS ≥5) and $17658.26/QALY for patients lowly expressing PD-L1 (CPS <5). Based on the sensitivity analysis, we found the PFS utility was the parameter that had the most significant impact on the model's outcomes. Moreover, in scenario analysis, the results remained consistent despite variations in the model's time frame. In China, SINT + Chemo is a more cost-effective option (vs. chemotherapy) as a first-line therapy for unresectable advanced or metastatic GC/GEJC, irrespective of PD-L1 expression levels.

Unveiling the drivers of satisfaction in mobile trading: Contextual mining of retail investor experience through BERTopic and generative AI

The proliferation of mobile stock trading has introduced various apps with distinct features, emphasizing the need to understand users’ evaluations after adopting the service. This study explores the determinants of retail investors’ satisfaction with mobile stock trading services by employing an advanced textual analysis of customer reviews for four leading trading applications. We utilized Bidirectional Encoder Representations from Transformers (BERT) based Topic modeling (BERTopic modeling) to identify key topics within customer reviews and used the results as input for generative AI to discern the theme and sentiment of each topic. Based on Service Quality (SERVQUAL) theory, topics are categorized into key quality dimensions: functionality, usability, information quality, customer service, and system quality. Regression models were employed to assess the impact of the quality dimensions on investor satisfaction, revealing positive feedback on usability, information quality, and service quality as primary enhancers of satisfaction. In contrast, negative feedback on service quality, system quality, and functionality was identified as the primary inhibitor of satisfaction. This study explores how the influence of each quality dimension varies among different types of brokers (full-service vs. online-only brokerages). Finally, we propose a visualization tool called Topic Rating Impact and Frequency Analysis (TRIFA), which is designed to categorize topics based on their frequency of occurrence and impact on satisfaction. This tool aids in identifying the strengths and areas for improvement in services by effectively visualizing the results of text review analysis. This research not only deepens our understanding of the quality dimensions of mobile financial services but also offers valuable insights for service providers by suggesting predictive models that could help increase customer retention.