Trade Movement Research Articles

Growth Prospects and the Trade Balance in Advanced Economies*

Abstract Does an improvement in growth prospects (technological news shock) lead to a fall in the trade balance? We introduce a novel news shock identification scheme and obtain in a panel vector autoregression (VAR) for the G7 countries the following results. Positive news shocks have negative effects on the trade balance in the United States and Japan. However, in other G7 countries, the effects are positive to a great extent. The differences in trade balance dynamics are mainly due to heterogeneous reactions of labour markets and wealth effects. Further, the terms of trade and exchange rate movements play an important role in explaining the results. Therefore, policy recommendations aimed at reducing the trade imbalances through productivity‐enhancing reforms in advanced economies might not entail the targeted effects.

Challenges of Developing a Logistics Hub Case Study: Batu Ampar Port

Batam as a region with leading sectors of marine, tourism, industry, fisheries and Batu Ampar as Main Port has the potential to be developed. One of the main centers of activity is large ports and international airports that have the potential to become national and international-scale economic gateways for logistics hubs. The aim of this research was to determine The Challenges of developing a logstics hub in Batu Ampar Port. This research uses descriptive qualitative approach and secondary data from the Batam port office and the Human Settlements and Spatial Planning Office. The results of this research are there are some challenges from the aspects of Geography, Infrastructure, Connectivity, Transportation costs and time, Trade movement requirements, Shipping dependability, Transport and trade regulations. Poor logistics performance is a major obstacle to trade growth in most cities in Indonesia. In this case there is an international shipping port but does not yet have adequate facilities and infrastructure to become a logistics hub.

Fair Trade: Shortcomings and contemporary challenges

The aim of this paper is presenting the Fair Trade movement in pragmatic categories, disassembling the core components to discuss them more closely, and drawing an image of what Fair Trade really is. This article has also confronted over 60-year-old fundamentals of Fair Trade with modern global problems and new political doctrines, shedding the light onto future prospects of the movement. By collecting the data and analysing the mechanisms of the Fair Trade model, this paper has attempted to discuss the current shape and effects of Fair Trade, exposing the flaws and the assets of the organization to see if its role is significant in the world trade system. The conclusions are mainly negative — Fair Trade has a minimal share in global trade, presents discussable effects on economic well-being of people and outdated agricultural doctrine, putting in question its sustainability. Fair Trade has rarely been subject to analysis from this perspective, and it can prove to be a starting point for future research.

Global imbalances: Causes and consequences of manifestations in the modern economy

Subject. The article addresses imbalances as a characteristic feature of today's global economy. Imbalances restrain the development of national economic systems and impact negatively upon the global economy. Nowadays, there is a tendency towards sustainability of global imbalances. Objectives. The aim is to conduct a comprehensive study of reasons and consequences of global imbalances, elaborate methodological framework for increasing the effectiveness of global imbalances regulation to ensure the sustainability of the global economy. Methods. The study employs methods of scientific abstraction, induction, deduction, synthesis, and comparative analysis. Results. Imbalances in today’s world economy are a result of uneven economic development of certain countries and regions. The countries that lead the new technological mode are able to increase significantly their exports. They have large trade surpluses. On the contrary, importing countries face problems to reduce a trade deficit. Such a situation leads to sharpening the problem of international regulation of balance of trade deficits and surpluses. Conclusions. Uneven economic development is the main reason for imbalances. Its acceleration depends on creation of new technologies and new types of products. This process leads to structural shifts in national economies. Under these conditions, a group of countries exporting new products and technologies is formed. Balance of trade and balance of payments of these countries show a surplus. But imbalances have a negative impact on exchange rate formation mechanism, stability of international trade and capital movement. Such a situation implies policies to correct imbalances.

Humanitarian crisis in German occupied Vilnius, 1916-1917

ABSTRACT Based on newly published witness accounts, the article gives an insight into the civilian experiences of the humanitarian crisis that took place in the Ober Ost in 1916–1917. Vilnius, a city of 140,000, became an epicentre of famine and an epidemic of typhus that resulted in the death of several thousand civilians between November 1916 and October 1917. The article explores causes and dynamics of the crisis, survival strategies of local population and the emergence of a vast network of local relief agencies among Poles, Jews, Lithuanians and Belarusians. The author argues that the humanitarian disaster in Vilnius was part of the broader home front crisis of Central Powers. The food shortages that hit Germany and Austria-Hungary from mid-1916 led to the tightening of the exploitative occupation policy in the Ober Ost. Increasing requisitions, including confiscations of full harvests, food rationing, restrictions on free trade and population movement produced the famine that German authorities were able to control only with great difficulties. The humanitarian crisis destroyed the political credibility of the occupation regime in the eyes of the city’s population which had to rely for help mostly from their own relief agencies. It was during this crisis that numerous relief societies that have emerged among Poles, Jews, Lithuanians and Belarusians grew and extended their influence among city’s residents. Eventually they also helped to set the stage for nationalist and revolutionary political agendas of the city’s ethnic groups. These relief structures became early vehicles for their political aspirations and provided an early organizational setup for their post-WWI political programmes.

ПРОСТРАНСТВЕННОЕ ИЗМЕРЕНИЕ ЕВРАЗИЙСКОЙ ИНТЕГРАЦИИ

The institutions of Eurasian integration were formed on the basis of the experience of other integration associations, but taking into account the specifi of the participating countries. The article assesses the infl of spatial factors on the EAEU, which has not yet been suffi studied, although it is very noticeable. Among these factors are the sharp dominance of Russia in the EAEU, large social and economic differences at the country and regional level, the predominance of energy and its infrastructure in the interaction of the participating countries, the deep situation in Eurasia. The existing institutions are mainly aimed at ensuring freedom for mutual trade and cross-border movement of the population. This has mainly benefi the capital cities, which are the main part of mutual trade and labor migrations. At the same time, they did not stimulate the development of industrial and technological cooperation of the participating countries. The Eurasian integration does not yet contribute to the weakening of the uneven spatial development in the participating countries, which fuels skepticism about the EAEU and increases internal political instability. The recently adopted “Strategic directions for the development of the Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025” imply the adjustment of integration institutions in the direction of strengthening the elements of coordination and joint design in them. This will make it possible to reduce the negative impact of the intra-continental situation and more actively use the potential of the central position in Eurasia. The system of measures of joint economic policy presented in them creates a new platform for sustainable interaction between states, national communities and business for more effective use of the Eurasian space occupied by them.

An investigation of Fair Trade product knowledge, beliefs, experiences and buying intentions of Generation Z in the US

The Fair Trade movement is an alternative way to conduct international and domestic business by trying to improve trading conditions of disadvantaged producers around the world through consumer actions. Consumers can support the movement by purchasing FT certified products, which confirm that products meet ethical principles and environmental standards that are set in accordance with the requirements. However, FT product sales in the US have been lagging in comparison to the FT product sales in Europe. For instance, per capita consumption of the value of FT products was approximately €3 in the US in comparison to €34 in the UK (Fairtrade International, 2016). This study investigates several variables that can influence Fair Trade consumption, and, specifically, the effects of consumers’ knowledge, beliefs and past experiences on their purchase intentions of Fair Trade products among urban youth consumers in the US. Using the Theory of Reasoned Action as the conceptual framework, data were collected from 154 subjects using an online survey. The results indicate that consumer knowledge about FT has significant positive influence on their purchase intentions, but this relationship is mediated and strengthened by their beliefs and past behaviour. We offer various implications of these findings to FT businesses and organisations.

The International Trade Movement and Container Markets' Competitiveness in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: The Case of Egyptian Ports/Terminals

The International Trade Movement and Container Markets' Competitiveness in the Eastern Mediterranean Region: The Case of Egyptian Ports/Terminals

Spatial Measurement of Eurasian Integration

—The institutions of Eurasian integration were formed from the experience of other integration associations, but taking into account the specifics of the participating countries. The article assesses the impact of spatial factors on the Eurasian Economic Union (EAEU), which has not yet been sufficiently studied, although this is quite significant. Among these factors are Russia’s sharp dominance in the EAEU, large social and economic differences at the country and regional levels, the predominance of energy sector and its infrastructure in the interaction of the participating countries, and the deep-seated position in Eurasia. The existing institutions are mainly aimed at ensuring freedom for mutual trade and cross-border movement of the population. Mainly, capital cities benefited from this, to which the main part of mutual trade and labor migrations is locked. At the same time, they did not stimulate the development of industrial and technological cooperation between the participating countries. Eurasian integration has done nothing to reduce the unevenness of spatial development in the participating countries, which bolsters skepticism towards the EAEU and increases internal political instability. The recently adopted Strategic Directions for Developing the Eurasian Economic Integration until 2025 presuppose correction of integration institutions towards strengthening of the coordination elements and joint design in them. This will make it possible to reduce the negative impact of the intracontinental position and more actively use the potential of a central position in Eurasia. The system of measures for joint economic policy presented in them has created a new platform for stable interaction between states, national communities, and business for more efficient use of the Eurasian space they occupy.

Fair trade governance: revisiting a framework to analyse challenges and opportunities for sustainable development towards a green economy

As a relatively new form of non-state governance, the fair trade movement presents an opportunity to promote sustainable production and consumption and hence social change. Global market demands and consumer engagement denote changes in social practices that have led governments to share decision-making processes with private sector and non-governmental organisations. In this context of change, it is important to consider not only whether new forms of governance weaken or strengthen states’ authority within the marketplace but also the extent to which they may allow for “green washing” instead of the green economy proposed by the United Nations Environmental Program. This study considers the fair trade of food production and consumption as a potential innovative model. In doing so it examines the existing general literature on governance, which highlights that decision-making processes tend to reproduce top-down approaches. While such practices may reproduce conventional hierarchies, it is worth questioning the potential of new forms of governance within global markets. This article builds on a sustainability governance analytical framework to deepen understandings of fair trade governance and its possible responses to the dilemmas of food production for ethical consumption and thus sustainable development in transnational relations. This research aims to contribute to the literature on improving compliance with global sustainability standards and through this, inform practices that allow for cooperation towards a green economy.

Endogenous market development in Indonesia

We use the survey method and turn off the survey results for causality analysis using regression. We take data from 200 local investors in Indonesia in 2021 and as a control variable, employ supplementary data in the form of market volume. The survey was conducted to understand the preferences of local investors or traders of government securities in Indonesia or buyers of government securities on trading volume in the market. Trading movements in the bond market are influenced by various endogenous variables such as investor perspective, G-sec average balance, percentage of average NDS-OM, daily trade average, percentage of average Bid-Ask spread. These things are the attention of investors in predicting the movement of trade in sovereign bonds in Indonesia.

Rewiring cattle trade movements helps to control bovine paratuberculosis at a regional scale

Paratuberculosis is a worldwide disease mainly introduced through trade. Due to the low sensitivity of diagnostic tests, it is difficult to protect herds from purchasing infected animals. Our objective was to assess if rewiring trade networks to promote risk-based movements could reduce the spread of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) between dairy cattle herds at a regional scale. Two levels of control strategies were assessed. At the between-herd scale, trade rewiring aimed to prevent animals from high-risk herds moving into low-risk herds. At the within-herd scale, complementary additional measures were considered based on the herd infection status, aiming to limit the within-herd spread by reducing calf exposure to adult faeces and culling more rapidly after positive test results. We used a stochastic individual-based and between-herd mechanistic epidemiological model adapted to the 12,857 dairy cattle herds located in Brittany, western France. We compared the regional spread of MAP using observed trade movements against a rewiring algorithm rendering trade movements risk-based. All females over two years old were tested. Based on the results, and taking into account the low test sensitivity, herds were annually assigned one of three statuses: A if the estimated true prevalence was below 7%, B if it ranged from 7 to 21 %, C otherwise. We also identified herds with a high probability of being MAP-free (AAA herds that had obtained an A status over three consecutive years) to assess the effect of decreasing their risk of purchasing infected animals on MAP regional spread. We showed that movement rewiring to prevent the sale of animals from high to low-prevalence herds reduces MAP regional spread. Targeting AAA herds made it possible to minimize the control effort to decrease MAP regional spread. However, animals purchased by AAA herds should have a moderate to high probability of being MAP-free, especially if the risk of purchasing animals from herds of unknown status cannot be managed. Improved hygiene and early culling of positive animals were relevant complementary on-farm control options to further decrease MAP spread. Future studies should identify how to define herd statuses to target optimal control measure combinations that could reduce the spread of MAP on a regional scale most effectively.

The Role of Cloud Computing Fashionable the Strategic Growth of Business Enterprises in India

In this 21st Century technology extent of time and worldwide integration, various narrow and medium enterprises exist adopting cloud calculate for their trade operations. Cloud calculate exist an increasing information in visible form Centre technology in accordance with the becoming more intense traffic connected to the internet fashionable the period of the Internet of Things (IoT). These electronics outwit the defect of conventional servers for speed, scalability and effectiveness. However, skilled exist still narrow enterprises that exist undecided of the appropriate of cloud computing time in military operation fashionable trade movement. Thus, this paper is inscribed to survey the views of person who is very involved in education and learning about the benefits of cloud computing rite of a fashionable trade movement that motivate bureaucracy to legally care for business enterprise. The aims of the study include to ascertain the benefits of cloud to small-scale enterprises in India, to determine the challenges facing cloud users and to unravel the strategies that can improve the strategic growth of cloud users in India enterprises. The researcher used a case study design and a qualitative research approach. The place of the study is Chandigarh University of India and Busy Network company in India.

The Role Of Human Resources In Strengthening The Creative Industry During The Covid-19 Pandemic

The creative industry is a central part of the global trade movement in the creative economy, thus creating a network of collaborations and talents around the world. However, during the COVID-19 pandemic, many industries experienced setbacks and were affected. This study aims to understand and explore information related to the role of human resources in strengthening the creative industry during the COVID-19 pandemic. The unit of analysis in this study is the business actor of the Batik fashion creative industry group located in Pekalongan which was appointed as a Creative City by UNESCO. This research uses a qualitative approach with a case study method, both in the process of data collection and analysis. Observations and semi-structured interviews were used to obtain information. The results of the study found that the Pekalongan batik business actors who are known as creative cities have not lost their creativity to continue to produce works and survive without losing the elements of local culture. © 2021, SRAC - Romanian Society for Quality. All rights reserved.

Consumption-based carbon emission and foreign direct investment in oil-producing Sub-Sahara African countries: the role of natural resources and urbanization

The intensification of international trade movements and economic interconnectivity has far-reaching implications for many macroeconomic indicators, not to mention ecological consequences. To this end, this analysis examines the dynamic interaction between foreign direct investment (FDI), natural resources, economic advancement, and urbanization on consumption-based carbon emission which is adjusted to global trade for oil-producing Sub-Saharan Africa countries. The time frame for this analysis is from 1990 to 2018. To examine the nature of relationship between the outlined variables, a balanced panel econometric analysis alongside augmented mean group (AMG), common correlated effect mean group (CCEMG), and the Driscoll-Kraay(DK) OLS techniques while the system-GMM was utilized for robustness purposes. The outcomes reveal that income increases consumption-based carbon emission within the range of 0.668 to 1.1333%; natural resources also increase consumption-based carbon emission within the range of 0.0159 to 0.2304%; FDI on the other hand increases consumption-based carbon emission around 0.0156 to 0.186%, while urbanization increases consumption-based carbon emission within the range of 0.0231 to 0.6176% in the long run. Thus, there is a positive relationship between consumption-based carbon emission and all the understudied variables within the oil-producing Sub-Sahara Africa countries thereby affirming the pollutant haven hypothesis for the countries on the premises that foreign direct investment inflow has a detrimental influence on the receiving economies alongside natural resource. Hence, the outcomes suggest the need to pursue low-carbon strategies for a cleaner and friendly environment.

Is COVID-19 a turning point in stopping global sourcing? Differentiating between declining continental and increasing transcontinental sourcing

PurposeThis research aims to investigate the impact of the current COVID-19 pandemic (C19, Corona) on trends of transcontinental sourcing as an extreme form of global sourcing. This study starts by observing that the sideward movement of international trade in the past decade can be differentiated into an increase in transcontinental sourcing and a relative decline of intra-EU sourcing. By differentiating between continental and transcontinental sourcing, this study gains insights into global sourcing trends and conducts a fine-grained analysis of the impact of COVID-19.Design/methodology/approachAfter analysing Eurostat statistics, the authors conducted 21 semi-structured interviews with companies from multiple industry sectors affected by a high share of transcontinental suppliers. Using the Gioia method, data from the interviews were structured. By examining the identified motives, challenges and solutions, the authors analyse the impact of COVID-19 on transcontinental sourcing.FindingsThe COVID-19 pandemic seems not to represent a turning point stopping global sourcing. The authors did not find evidence for a trend reversal. Most of the interviewed companies share the opinion that transcontinental sourcing will remain important or slightly increase in the future. Based on the analysis of their specific motives for transcontinental sourcing, it became clear that factors supportive as well as detrimental to transcontinental sourcing are levelling each other out.Originality/valueTo the best of the authors’ knowledge, this is the first study explicitly differentiating between continental and transcontinental sourcing as different types of global sourcing. While in European sourcing, a decreasing trend is already evident, as shown by our data analysis, there is a lack of investigations addressing transcontinental sourcing. In this study, the authors concentrated on motives, challenges and solutions of transcontinental sourcing. Extending beyond the immediate COVID-19 impact assessment, findings suggest that purchasing would benefit from treating transcontinental, remote sourcing as a distinct process from continental sourcing, particularly intra-EU-sourcing.

Financial Technology: Development of Innovative Fintech Start-Ups and Its Application in Banking System of Uzbekistan

In the context of globalization, labor migration, trade and capital movements, tourism, foreign investment, IT are affected by the economic growth rates of countries. Periodic disclosure of reforms in the new Uzbekistan, the beginning of socio-economic relations provided opportunities for modernization, technical and technological re-equipment of the industrial sector. In particular, the need for financial technology in commercial banks is important to conduct research in this area. The influence of fintech is beginning to be felt in the banking sector and capital markets. This article surveys its development and its impact on efficiency, banking market structure, strategies of incumbents and entrants, and financial stability.

How Fair Trade can stay strong as companies scale up their social and environmental programmes

The last five years have seen an increased scale of investment by companies in social and environmental initiatives. They are responding to new international agreements designed to eliminate poverty and conserve the natural environment to combat climate change and to a stronger citizen voice pointing out how commodity production and trade impact people and the planet and calling out companies that have damaging impacts. In this context of being more rigorously held to account, companies are changing the way they interact with their supply chains and making public commitments to deliver positive social and environmental results from their operations, or at least to remove negative ones. The civil society and certification organisations that advocate for poor people and nature now operate in a more supportive but also more competitive environment, in which large companies that control most commodity trade have developed their own programmes to deliver their commitments. The article considers whether such programmes are meeting Fair Trade's mission and how the Fair Trade movement is adapting to the change. It concludes that, despite the challenge to Fairtrade certification from company programmes, Fair Trade remains as relevant as ever and can demonstrate that by focusing on the impact of its achievements.

Iran and the Philippines: In the Pursuit of Constructive Engagement

The importance of maritime silk route which connects the ancient Persian Gulf waterways to the Indian Ocean and leads towards the Pacific has made this fluidity of trade and missionary movements reach the southern Philippine shores. This early century interaction offered an opportunity to synthesise and acculturate Persian and Arab ideas and cultural values and practices into the construction of the pre-colonial Filipino identity, culture and traditions as expressed in religious, commercial, linguistic and socio-cultural dynamics which until the present time have still remained visible yet ‘underappreciated’ in Philippine society. This article will look at how colonisation and decolonisation theories shape modern Filipino identity by marginalising pre-colonial foreign influences of Persians, Arabs and Indians including other early indigenous values in favour of ‘superior values’ as introduced by colonisers: the Spaniards and the Americans. In advancing the arguments, the article explains how ‘imagined community’ as an alternative discourse aided in constructing modern Filipino culture and identity today. To give emphasis on the formation of the Philippine-Iran relations, this paper also focuses on the historical and contemporary variables that help shape the cordial bilateral relations, along with a presentation of issues, challenges and opportunities on how the two countries – the Philippines and Iran – could advance more in their relations. Finally, the research suggests that constant but salient variables presented in the relations such as the presence of new generation of Iranian-Filipinos living both in the Philippines and Iran, Iranian businessmen, and the larger pool of Iranian students in the Philippines could be utilised by both governments to help in advancing Philippine-Iran relations in various fronts including but not limited to cultural and community engagements but also in educational cooperation, trade transactions and political engagements.

AN ANALYTICAL STUDY FOR EGYPTIAN AGRICULTURAL FOREIGN TRADE UNDER BILATERAL AGREEMENT AND INTERNATIONAL ECONOMIC BLOCS

Foreign trade is one of the most vital sectors in any society because of its importance in linking countries and societies with each other, in addition to considering it a fundamental indicator of the country's productive capacity and competitiveness in the international market. The problem of the study is that the emergence and spread of international economic blocs and bilateral agreements may lead to the creation of trade movements with some blocs or countries at the expense of economic blocs or other countries. This study came in five chapters, where the first chapter dealt with the study problem, its objective, the results of the study, the data sources and the research method used, as well as the reference review of the most important studies, research and scientific messages related to the subject of the study. The theoretical framework of the research was covered inthe second chapter, where the concept of economic integration, its foundations and conditions, its advantages and problems related to it was addressed, as well as the emergence of economic blocs and the stages of economic integration, in addition to a review of some models of blocs and bilateral agreements with which Egypt is linked. The third chapter deals with the current situation of the total Egyptian foreign trade by studying the time evolution of both exports and imports of the Egyptian college as well as the Egyptian trade balance during the period 2000-2016. The chapter also dealt with the temporal development of both Egyptian agricultural exports and imports as well as the Egyptian agricultural balance. This chapter also deals with some indicators of the efficiency of total and agricultural foreign trade, such as the rate of import coverage of exports, the average degree of economic exposure, and the average degree of economic participation in total foreign trade. As for the fourth and fifth chapter, it dealt with the evaluation of the effects of the Egyptian partnership on economic blocs and bilateral agreements on Egyptian agricultural foreign trade, especially the four most important export crops and the three most important import crops, and through this evaluation that economic blocs and bilateral agreements led to an increase in the volume of trade exchange between Egypt and Egypt. Countries that share economic blocs or bilateral agreements with Egypt, and the study recommended the need to pay attention to Egypt's participation in economic blocs such as the ASEAN bloc in Southeast Asia, and the study also recommends establishing new bilateral agreements with some countries such as the Russian Federation due to the huge volume of trade exchange between the two countries.