Intermediate Trade Research Articles

PERLINDUNGAN HUKUM TERHADAP PELAKU PEDAGANG PERANTARA DAN PERANTARA PERDAGANGAN MENURUT UNDANG-UNDANG No. 8 TAHUN 1999 TENTANG PERLINDUNGAN KONSUMEN

This article discusses legal protection for intermediary traders and Trade Intermediaries. To discuss legal issues studied using a normative legal research paradigm. The approaches used in this research are the statute approach and the conceptual approach. The legal materials used in this research are primary legal materials which include related laws and regulations and secondary legal materials sourced from books and scientific legal journals. The results of this research are that intermediary traders and trade intermediaries are processes of ordering, granting power of attorney, or agency. The main basis of brokerage activities is a contract or agreement. Legal protection is in the form of an agreement which contains a series or sentences containing promises or undertakings spoken or made in writing by the parties making the agreement. These intermediary traders must of course be given adequate legal protection, while the UUPK does not specifically mention that intermediaries may be involved between business actors and final consumers.

Analisis Pemasaran Beras Organik di Provinsi Sumatera Barat

Rice is one of the leading commodities for organic products, organic rice commodities are one of the widely consumed organic products. West Sumatra Province is one of the regions that have the largest organic rice land in Indonesia. The development of Organic Agriculture has become a policy of the West Sumatra Provincial Government since 2006. There are several problems in marketing organic rice, namely the lack of market access by farmers so that only a small portion of the harvest of organic rice farmers is absorbed as the final product of organic rice and the product is sold at the price of conventional rice. The purpose of this research was to determine and analyze the marketing efficiency and marketing operations (margin, farmer's share, and profit ratio) of organic rice in West Sumatra. The research location is decided by purposive method. To find farmer respondents using purposive sampling and trader respondents using snowball sampling. Qualitative descriptive analysis is used to analyze organic rice marketing channels. Meanwhile, quantitative descriptive is used to measure the marketing efficiency of organic rice using marketing margin analysis, and farmer's share. The results showed that organic rice marketing in West Sumatra consists of 4 marketing channels, which involve five marketing institutions, namely intermediary traders, large traders, city farmers, small-scale retailers, and large-scale retailers (supermarkets). Farmers - intermediary traders - wholesalers - small-scale retailers (channel 2) is the channel pattern chosen by most farmers which are 50%. The most efficient channel pattern is channel 4 because it is the shortest channel with the lowest margin of Rp. 5,500 and the highest farmer's share value of 50%.

The role of intermediate factors in China's energy consumption from the perspective of global production chain

With the fragmentation of global production, the share of intermediate trade in international trade has increased significantly. Nevertheless, more research must be done on how intermediate trade factors influence energy consumption. This paper utilized the multi-regional input-output (MRIO) model to categorize China's energy utilization into six parts based on its position within the global production chain. Additionally, it examined the impact of intermediate factors on China's energy consumption through index decomposition analysis (IDA). The results revealed that: (1) from 2000 to 2014, intermediate factors led to an increase of 1380.96Mtces in China's energy consumption, accounting for around 37% of the national total; (2) the reduction in efficiency is the primary cause of the surge in domestic intermediate energy consumption, while the increase in market proportion is the dominant driver promoting international intermediate energy consumption growth; (3) the international intermediate proportion contributed the most among all intermediate factors. Drawing upon the findings above, this paper proposed policy recommendations to regulate China's rising energy consumption, precisely the escalation of intermediate process energy usage, focusing on the global production chain.

Distribution of Garlic Marketing Margin in Miomafo Barat Sub-District, North Central Timor District, East Nusa Tenggara

Garlic farming is the livelihood of the community in Fatuneno village, North Central Timor Regency, East Nusa Tenggara Province, to meet the needs of children's life and education. The income of garlic farmers is the marketing margin obtained by garlic postharvest actors. The purpose of this study is to find out 1). How much is the marketing margin receipt of postharvest actors? 2). Is there a marketing margin distribution gap between garlic postharvest actors? This research method is a survey, and data collected randomly stratified; respondents consist of 46 farmers, eight collecting traders and three intermediary traders. Analysis tools used:1). To determine the marketing margin received by postharvest actors, the Marketing Margin equation is used. 2) For marketing margin distribution, use Gini Coefficient. There are three postharvest actors in garlic marketing distribution: producer farmers, collecting traders, and intermediary traders. In all three garlic marketing channel models, a short marketing channel benefits all three garlic postharvest actors. The distribution of marketing margins in the first and second marketing channels is at moderate evenness, and the third marketing channel is at high evenness.

Price Volatility of Horticulture Commodity During the Pandemic in East Java, Indonesia

In the past two years, market information and the distribution of agricultural products have been affected by the COVID-19 pandemic, which has limited the distribution of information and the movement of agricultural products. As a result, the COVID-19 pandemic can lead to non-competitive behavior among intermediary traders, especially those operating in concentrated markets. This research aims to analyze the price volatility of horticulture commodity during the pandemic in East Java, Indonesia. The research data was collected through the official website of the Information System for Availability and Price Development of Basic Necessities in East Java (SISKAPERBAPO). The method used to analyze the impact of COVID-19 on horticultural agricultural product prices is ARCH (Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedastic) and GARCH (Generalized Autoregressive Conditional Heteroscedasticity). The volatility results show that the prices of chili and shallots often fluctuate with high and unpredictable variations. However, the fluctuations in the prices of these two commodities are not due to a lack of supply or high demand, but rather due to the characteristics of these commodities, which are perishable and highly dependent on the season of production. The lower the quality, the lower the price will be. The price of shallots is relatively stable compared to chili due to its longer shelf life and less depreciation. The constraint faced by farmers of these two commodities during harvest time is the lack of storage facilities to store their harvest, forcing them to sell all their produce to middlemen or traders, which is one of the causes of the fluctuation of commodity prices.

ANALISIS PEMASARAN DAN STRATEGI PENGEMBANGAN USAHA NILAM (Pogostemon Cablin Bentha) DI KABUPATEN KONAWE SELATAN

The problem often faced by patchouli farmers is in the marketing process of their products. In general, when marketing patchouli in South Konawe Regency, farmers collaborate through marketing institutions or intermediary traders to market their products. Basically, the high marketing costs cause many farmers to depend on marketing institutions that are able to provide facilities such as transportation and the needs that farmers need to market their products. The aim of this research is to determine and analyze marketing channels, differences in share margins, and marketing efficiency of patchouli plants in South Konawe Regency. The research design used was descriptive quantitative. The respondents for this research consisted of patchouli farmers and traders. The sampling technique was carried out using purposive sampling technique. The data analysis used is calculating the share margin, margin and marketing efficiency. Then descriptive qualitative data analysis was used using SWOT analysis. The research results show that the marketing channels for patchouli oil that have been formed are: Patchouli Farmers to Small Traders to Large Traders to Consumers (Industry). The calculation results show that the Share Margin value is 61.03%, meaning that the determination of the selling price made by farmers is included in the efficient category. It is said to be efficient if the farmer's selling price is more than or equal to 40% of the purchase price at the exporter level. The marketing efficiency value is 15.59%. The smaller efficiency value indicates that the use of existing marketing channels in the research area can be said to be more efficient because of the lower ratio of total marketing costs to selling prices to final consumers. The strategies that need to be implemented are maximizing the productivity of patchouli farming, increasing farmers' knowledge and education, production facilities and infrastructure as well as increasing cultivation and post-harvest technology facilities, utilizing the level of productivity of patchouli as an export crop to earn more income, taking advantage of the large number of productive farmers who are still farming. patchouli, controlling prices from the government so that there are no price games, increasing education, knowledge and experience and skills of farmers in applying cultivation technology, and increasing the number of technological facilities for processing products to meet quality standards set by traders/industry and also be able to reduce the risks that arise due to fluctuating price competition.

Trade networks and the productivity of MENA firms in global value chains

Global Value Chain (GVC) participation is typically associated with a productivity premium, yet similar firms can benefit differently depending on the possibility for creating production linkages offered by their countries’ involvement in trade. We show that country-sector intermediate trade network centrality is also positively associated with firms’ productivity, suggesting that the connectivity of the business environment may enhance productivity on top of direct firm-level involvement in GVCs. For a large cross-section of MENA countries included in the World Bank Enterprise Surveys (WBES), we find evidence of productivity premia using several firm-level GVC participation measures and network centrality indicators constructed from the EORA input-output tables. Centrality is also positively associated with firms’ productivity, adding to the direct effect of GVC participation. Our results are confirmed using OLS, multi-level models, Propensity Score Matching techniques, and a Shift-Share instrumental variable approach which help addressing endogeneity issues.

TRADE ANALYSIS OF RED CHILLIES (CAPSICUM ANNUM L) IN RANAH PESISIR DISTRICT, PESISIR SELATAN REGENCY

An efficient agricultural commodity trade system can increase the income of farmers. This study aims to describe the channels and functions of the trading system by each institution as well as to analyze the trading system margin, the share received by farmers, and the efficiency of the red chili marketing channel in Ranah Pesisir District, Pesisir Selatan Regency. The method used is a qualitative and quantitative descriptive method where the data collection uses a survey method. The results showed that the red chili marketing channel pattern uses intermediary traders. That are collectors and retailers. The marketing function performed by farmers and red chili collectors/retailers consists of exchange, physical, and facility functions. The trading system margin on channel one is smaller compared to channel two. The percentage share of the price farmers receive in channel one is higher than in channel two. Channel one is more efficient than channel two. Trading administration institutions must pay attention to the physical function (transportation, storage, and packaging) of distributing red chilies to maintain their quality of red chilies.

Exports, Irreversible Investments and Product Market Uncertainty: The Role of Trade Intermediaries

ABSTRACT This paper uses the theoretical underpinnings of the real options theory framework to investigate whether uncertainty affects a firms’ decision to directly export versus indirectly export and to determine whether indirect exports may offset the negative effects of uncertainty on export intensity. Using firm-level survey data of 40 emerging countries, we find that uncertainty and firms’ export intensity are negatively correlated. We also find that an increase in uncertainty increases a firms’ willingness to export through trade intermediaries. These results when considered holistically imply that trade intermediaries are able to countervail the negative effect of uncertainty on firms’ export intensity.

Intermediated trade and credit constraints: The case of firm’s imports

Intermediated trade and credit constraints: The case of firm’s imports

Traditional and Modern Distribution Channels for Vegetables in Vietnam: A Case Study in Hanoi City

This study aimed to provide a clear overview of the vegetable distribution system in Hanoi city which is dominated by traditional combined with the emergence of modern distribution channels, including supermarkets. The analysis was based on secondary data sources, a primary survey among 60 vegetable farmers, and in-depth interviews with other marketing system stakeholders including two agribusiness farms, four agricultural cooperatives, trade intermediaries (five collectors, three wholesalers, and three trading companies), and three supermarkets. Comparative and descriptive statistics were applied to get the full picture of vegetable distribution system, including traditional and modern channels. While traditional distribution channels involved various intermediaries, supermarket channels tended to be shorter due to direct producer-buyer relationships. In addition, while supermarket distribution channels focused on safe vegetables, including VietGAP and organic certified vegetables, there was no difference between safe and conventional vegetables in traditional channels. Therefore, producers may get 50% higher prices when supplying supermarkets compared to traditional channels. Recommended solutions to strengthen the distribution system of vegetables are to encourage the development of agricultural cooperatives, raise vertical integration, and develop sustainable cooperation among stakeholders in the supply chain.

Food, biofuels or cosmetics? Land-use, deforestation and CO2 emissions embodied in the palm oil consumption of four European countries: a biophysical accounting approach

Around 75% of tropical deforestation in the XXI century has been driven by the expansion of agriculture and forest plantations. Since 1990s, palm oil has been standing for a critical global traded product in terms of embodied deforestation. The European Union (EU) is one of the major players in terms of embodied deforestation linked to palm oil consumption. By adopting a biophysical accounting approach, the study: (1) investigated the palm oil imports between 2000 and 2020 by four EU countries (Germany, France, Italy, and Spain) from Indonesia, Malaysia, and Papua New Guinea, (2) estimated the share of imports driven by the demand from the food, oleochemicals, and energy sectors, and (3) quantified land, deforestation, and CO2 emissions associated with Land-Use Change (LUC) embodied in trade. Different trade profiles have emerged among the four importing countries. Italy and Spain showed a major direct trade link with producing countries, while France and Germany have significant connections with non-producing countries (i.e. intermediate trade partners). Overall, our results show that, following different trends, leading consumption sectors have shifted from the food towards the energy sector. Consequently, the growing demand for palm oil as a feedstock for biofuel production has determined increased environmental impacts in South-East Asia. Since 2000, the total embodied land footprint has increased four-fold, while, over the period considered, according to our second and the third attribution approaches (i.e. historical and rapid-conversion), between 5–78 m2 of deforestation and 28–445 kg CO2 emissions associated with LUC activities have been incorporated in the per-capita consumption of palm oil and its co-products in the leading European economies. Moreover, according to the first attribution approach (i.e. concession-level) and the allocation by sector, we concluded that, between 2004 and 2016, the German food sector is the one that embodied the larger deforestation footprint, followed by the Italian and Spanish energy sectors.

Export market relatedness, geographical diversification and regional export growth in China

Existing literature found both positive and negative relationship between geographical diversification and economic performance. Our research helps reconcile such contradictory results, and stresses that such conflict is associated with relatedness between export markets. Using China's custom data, we show that having diverse related export markets facilitates regional export growth due to knowledge spillovers among manufacturers and economies of scope for trade intermediaries. Having many unrelated export markets, however, has a negative impact on regional export growth, as it dilutes valuable resources. Furthermore, we highlight the role of trade intermediaries, which have been less studied than manufacturers in literature on export market diversification.

Revisiting international knowledge spillovers: the role of GVCs

Abstract The diffusion of knowledge is an important determinant of economic development. International trade has been established as a key mechanism in facilitating diffusion. The rise of global value chains (GVCs) has transformed trade in recent years. Yet the role of GVCs in giving rise to knowledge spillovers remains under-explored. In this paper, we study the elasticity of industry-level total factor productivity (TFP) to technology that is imported through intermediate trade in GVCs. To do so, we combine novel input–output decomposition methods with recent insights from the literature on the factor content of trade. We focus on a panel of 32 countries and 39 sectors over the 2000–2014 period using WIOD and OECD data. We find that domestic TFP is elastic to knowledge flows arising from GVCs and that the magnitude of this effect is larger relative to all other knowledge flows. We also find that GVC participation is particularly conducive to technology upgrading in countries that are far away from the technology frontier, and that GVC-related spillovers persist over large geographical distances.

Optimal Trading Mechanism Based on Differential Privacy Protection and Stackelberg Game in Big Data Market

Big data has become a fundamental resource and a commodity in economic activities, thus, it is necessary to build a market model capable of supporting efficient data trading. However, two major challenges remain. Firstly, researches have considered constructing data trading mechanisms, while few of them are based on the method of measuring data value in multiple dimensions. Secondly, a data market involved an intermediary trading platform (i.e., a third party) which is honest but curious, results may be obtained due the the leakage of private information. In this paper, we design TM-OUE, a data trading mechanism based on Optimized Unary Encoding that enables reasonable trading mechanism and protects the privacy of data trading. First of all, we combine qualitative and quantitative methods to measure the value of data in multiple dimensions and formulate data trading model between the data provider and data users. Then, we utilize an Optimized Unary Encoding (OUE) protocol to protect the privacy of the data trading mechanism. Based on the above steps, we develop a two-stage single leader multi-follower Stackelberg game to jointly maximize profits of the data provider and data users. Experimental results demonstrate that TM-OUE can offer appropriate price for data and maximize benefits both for data providers and data users, which guarantees fair data trades while protecting privacy.

Analisis Pemasaran Kopra di Desa Jiko Kecamatan Motongkad Kabupaten Bolaang Mongondow Timur

This study aims to analyze marketing channels, analyze marketing margins, and analyze farmer's share in each copra marketing channel in Jiko Village. Data collection using purposive sampling method, namely the determination of respondents intentionally for a sample of farmers who want to be interviewed, in this study the sample taken was 15 respondents, consisting of a sample of farmers 10 respondents, a sample of village intermediary traders 3 respondents, and sub-district intermediary traders 2 respondents using the snowball sampling method. The results of this study show that the copra marketing channel in Jiko Village, Motongkad District, East Bolaang Mongondow Regency has 2 marketing channels. It can be concluded that marketing channel 1 consists of: farmers - intermediary traders - factories. And marketing costs are transportation costs, packaging, labor, and retribution with a total cost of Rp.823.2 Marketing channel 2 consists of farmers - district intermediaries - factories. And marketing costs are transportation costs, packaging, labor, and retribution, with an overall total cost of Rp.1,449.8 copra marketing efficiency can be seen from the marketing margins of channels I and II of Rp.3000. for farmer share channel 1 with II Rp.62.5 with a percentage of 50% in each channel. And we can see these two channels are very efficient because for village traders and pecamatan traders have the same purchase price and selling price in each channel.

Global trade networks bring targeted opportunity for energy-related CH4 emission mitigation.

Recent literature highlights the contributions the global energy sector has made to anthropogenic CH4 emissions, calling for immediate action. However, extant studies have failed to reveal the energy-related CH4 emissions induced by global trades of intermediate and final commodities or services. This paper traces fugitive CH4 emissions via global trade networks using the multi-regional input-output and complex network models. Results show that approximately four-fifths of global fugitive CH4 emissions in 2014 were associated with international trade, of which 83.07% and 16.93% were embodied in the intermediate and final trades, respectively. Japan, India, the USA, South Korea, and Germany were the world's five largest net importers of embodied fugitive CH4 emissions, while Indonesia, Russia, Nigeria, Qatar, and Iran were the five largest net exporters. Gas-related embodied emission transfers were the largest in both the intermediate and the final trade networks. The fugitive CH4 emissions embodied within the intermediate and final trade networks were all characterized by five trading communities. The virtual fugitive CH4 emission transfers via intermediate trade were largely determined by global energy trade patterns, especially the trade in regionally integrated crude oil and natural gas. Significant heterogeneity was revealed by the coexistence of numerous loosely linked economies and several hub economies (e.g., China, Germany, the USA, and South Africa). Interventions on the demand side of interregional and intraregional trade partners in different communities and hub economies will bring targeted opportunities for global energy-related CH4 emission reduction.

Efisiensi Saluran Pemasaran Sapi Potong Peternakan Rakyat di Kecamatan Soko Kabupaten Tuban

Beef cattle farmers in Soko District are still based on prices from intermediary traders because there is no benchmark price from the government, so farmers have a weak bargaining position. The purpose of this research was to determine the level of marketing efficiency of beef cattle in the marketing channel. The study was conducted in Soko District, Tuban Regency, with 60 respondents consisting of 43 breeders, 14 collectors, and three slaughters. The research was conducted from March to June 2022. A sampling of breeders was carried out by purposive sampling, and snowball sampling was carried out to identify the marketing channels. The analysis was done by identifying marketing channels and functions, analyzing marketing margin, farmer's share, marketing efficiency, and profitability index on each marketing channel. The study results showed that there are two models of marketing channels. The first model is called model A, a marketing channel for cattle, and model B, a marketing channel for beef. The marketing channel for the cattle, channel I Model A, is the most efficient. In contrast, the marketing channel for the meat, channel I Model B, is more efficient than Channel II Model B. Based on farmer's share calculations and marketing efficiency, the four marketing channels are efficient because has a farmer's share value of >50% and marketing efficiency of <5%. Breeders are advised to choose the shortest channel in marketing beef cattle. Beef cattle at a young age can be sold through channels I model A and II model A because these channels are already efficient according to margin analysis, farmer's share, marketing efficiency, and profitability index. For beef cattle with mature ages, breeders can sell directly to slaughters such as channel I model B so that breeders can get maximum profits.

Uncovering the features of global antimony resource trade network

Antimony is a scarce strategic metal and plays an extremely important role in the modern societies. Due to the increasing demands for various antimony-containing products, it is critical to identify the key supply risk of antimony industrial chain. This study aims to uncover the key features of antimony-related trade flows from a global value chain perspective and assess the trade network linkage and features of global antimony resource by using a complex network model and a stochastic block model. Also, the trade network evolution of global antimony resources is investigated by using an exponential random graph expansion method so that valuable policy insights can be obtained for preparing appropriate policies to facilitate sustainable antimony resource management. Results show that the network structure of the global antimony resource presents a significant center-periphery feature. China, India, Vietnam and Tajikistan have always acted as trade intermediaries and bridges of global antimony resources. Also, the evolution of global antimony resources trade network was driven by trade network autonomy and exogenous network embeddedness. In addition, geopolitics is the biggest obstacle to maintain the operation of this global antimony trade network. Finally, policy recommendations are proposed to help ensure sustainable supply of antimony resources.

RCEP, global value chains and welfare effects: a quantitative analysis based on the distinction between intermediates and final goods

ABSTRACT We quantify the trade and welfare effects of RCEP. Using a quantitative multi-country and multi-sector trade model that distinguishes key characteristics between intermediates and final goods, we illustrate the heterogeneous impacts of RCEP on trade and welfare. RCEP has trade creation effects within members but has trade diversion effects for non-members. There are substantial welfare gains within RCEP, but the decomposition results indicate that the sources of welfare gains differ, with China and ASEAN countries mainly originating from growth in the volume of trade, but at the cost of the deterioration in terms of trade. Trade liberalization in service also contributes to welfare gains, mainly from intermediates trade. India’s accession to RCEP improves the welfare of itself and its members, while its terms of trade deteriorate. We also find that with distinctions between intermediates and final goods, the heterogeneous effects of the two can be captured. Moreover, our model predicts more significant welfare gains than a model without input-output networks and sectoral linkages.