Trace Mineral Treatments Research Articles

Trace mineral sources influence in vitro fermentation characteristics and trace mineral solubility.

Two experiments were conducted to determine: 1) the impact of strained rumen fluid (SRF) alone or SRF with particle-associated microorganisms (PAO) included and dilution on in vitro dry matter digestibility (DMD) and 2) the impact of trace mineral (TM) source on in vitro fermentation characteristics and TM solubility under simulated abomasal and intestinal conditions. In experiment 1, 3 cannulated steers were adapted to a diet formulated to meet the nutrient requirements for lactating dairy cows. Strained RF was obtained by straining rumen content through 2 layers of cheesecloth. Half of the remaining digesta was washed with McDougall's buffer and filtered through 2 layers of cheesecloth to obtain PAO. Both SRF and PAO were filtered again through 8 layers of cheesecloth. Strained RF was mixed with either McDougall's buffer (SRF) or PAO (SRF+ + PAO) at a ratio of 1:2 or 1:4 and incubated at 39 °C for 12h using the ground basal diet as the substrate. Digestibility of DM was greater in digestion tubes containing SRF and SRF + PAO at a 1:2 ratio. In experiment 2, 8 steers fitted with a ruminal cannula were blocked by body weight and assigned to 1 of the 2 treatment groups. Treatments consisted of 10mg Cu, 40mg Mn, and 60mg Zn/kg DM from either: 1) sulfate (STM) or 2) hydroxychloride (HTM) sources. Steers were housed in individual pens and fed the same diet as described in experiment 1. Dietary TM treatments were mixed with dried distiller grains and mixed in the diet, by hand, immediately after basal diet delivery. Dietary treatments were fed for 14 d. On day 15, SRF + PAO was collected from each steer (STM-RF and HTM-RF) and used in a series of in vitro crossover experiments. In vitro substrates (S) used were the ground diets consumed by the animals on each treatment (STM-S and HTM-S). Incubations containing HTM-S had greater (P < 0.01) total volatile fatty acid (VFA) concentration and propionic acid molar proportions, but lesser (P < 0.01) acetic acid molar proportions than STM-S. Rumen fluid from steers supplemented with HTM had a greater (P < 0.03) total VFA than STM-RF at 24h post incubation. After 12h post incubation, the molar proportion of propionic acid in HTM-RF was lesser (P = 0.04) than in STM-RF. After simulated abomasal digestion, soluble Mn concentration in HTM-S was greater (P < 0.01) than in STM-S. These data indicate that the source of TM can influence in vitro rumen fermentation characteristics and Mn solubility under simulated abomasal conditions.

PSIX-15 The Influence of Trace Mineral Source on Reproductive Performance in Recipient Multiparous Beef Cows

Abstract Fifty cow-calf pairs were used to investigate the influence of trace mineral (TM) source on reproductive performance following embryo transfer. Cows were blocked by BW and breed and sorted into pens containing 5 cow-calf pairs. Each group was randomly assigned to one of the following treatments: 1) Organic TM (OTM): 75 mg of Cu from Cu proteinate, 8 mg of Co from Co proteinate, 105 mg of Mn from Mn proteinate, 3 mg of Se from Sel-Plex, and 220 mg of Zn from Zn proteinate, animal-1∙d-1; and 2) Inorganic TM (ITM): 255 mg of Cu from Cu sulfate, 2.6 mg of Co from Co carbonate, 1018 mg of Mn from Mn sulfate, 3 mg Se from sodium selenate, and 763 mg of Zn from Zn sulfate, animal-1∙d-1. All cows were fed a roughage-based diet with no supplemental Cu, Co, Mn, Se, or Zn. Cows were individually fed 0.9 kg of the appropriate supplement pellets daily to deliver TM treatments for 89-d, starting 5-d after estrous synchronization. Estrous was synchronized in all cows on d 0 of the experiment and cows received embryos 8-d after expressing estrous. Serum and plasma were obtained every 28-d and analyzed for reproductive hormones and TM, respectively. Data were analyzed as a randomized block design in R (version 4.0.5). Reproductive performance and hormone concentrations were similar across treatments. Cows receiving OTM had greater Se (P &amp;lt; 0.05) and Cu (P &amp;lt; 0.05) concentrations when compared to ITM. There was a treatment x time interaction for Cu concentrations (P &amp;lt; 0.03). Copper concentrations decreased over time in ITM supplemented cows and increased over time in OTM supplemented cows. These data suggest that TM source did not impact reproductive performance but did improve Cu and Se status in cows over the 94-d experiment.

205 Effect of supplemental trace mineral source on performance, health, and carcass characteristics in finishing beef steers

Abstract Crossbred beef steers (n = 2,420; 357 ± 16 kg BW) were used to evaluate the effects of supplemental trace mineral sources on the performance and carcass characteristics on feedlot cattle. Steers were housed in 20 pens (120–125 steers per pen) with 10 pens per treatment. Supplemental trace mineral treatments (100% DM) consisted of: control: 8.3 mg/kg of Cu (100% CuSO4), 83.4 mg/kg of Zn (64.1% ZnSO4/35.9% Zn amino acid complex), and 28.7 mg/kg of Mn (100% MnSO4); hydroxy: 8.3 mg/kg of Cu (100% basic Cu chloride), 82.9 mg/kg of Zn (100% Zn hydroxychloride), and 19.3 mg/kg of Mn (100% Mn hydroxychloride). Steers were fed trace mineral treatments for 158 d and harvested at a commercial abattoir. Data were analyzed as a randomized complete block design with pen as the experimental unit. There were no differences between treatments in DMI, ADG, feed:gain, final BW, or mortality (P ≥ 0.38); however, morbidity tended (P = 0.06) to be greater for hydroxy than control (3.44 or 2.20%, respectively). Hot carcass weight, dressing percentage, marbling score, and longissimus muscle area were unaffected (P ≥ 0.28) by treatment, though backfat tended (P = 0.07) to be greater for hydroxy compared to control (1.55 or 1.51 cm, respectively). Distributions of quality grades were not different (P ≥ 0.14) with the exception of increased (P = 0.01) Prime carcasses in control compared to hydroxy (2.57 or 1.18%, respectively). Distributions of yield grades 2, 3, and 4 were not different (P ≥ 0.17) between treatments, though percentage of carcasses assigned 1 was reduced (P = 0.01) and 5 was increased (P = 0.05) in hydroxy compared to control. These data indicate steers fed 100% hydroxychloride trace minerals perform similiarly to steers fed CuSO4, MnSO4, and a ZnSO4/Zn amino acid complex combination.

Stimulatory effects of nano-selenium and conjugated linoleic acid ‎ on antioxidant activity, trace minerals, and gene expression response of growing male Moghani lambs.

Sheep keepers need suitable strategies to improve animal immunity and the quality of their products. This study was aimed to evaluate the effect of nano-selenium (nano-Se) and conjugated linoleic acid (CLA) on an antioxidant statue, trace minerals, and mRNA expression of glutathione peroxidase 1 (GPX1) and selenoprotein W1 (SEPW1) genes in the liver and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-gamma (PPARγ) and stearoyl COA desaturase 1 (SCD1) genes in fat- tail of male Moghani lambs. Thirty male Moghani lambs, three months old and average weight 30.00 ± 0.25 kg, were assigned to a completely randomized design in a 2×3 factorial arrangement with dietary supplementation of nano-Se (0, 1.00 and 2.00 mg kg-1 dry matter) and CLA (0.00 and 15.00 g kg-1 dry matter). The lambs were slaughtered at the end of the experiment, on day 90 of the experiment. Results showed that dietary inclusion of nano-Se significantly improved antioxidant enzymes glutathione peroxidase and superoxide dismutase in blood, however, did not show any differences in trace mineral treatments. The analysis of qPCR showed that nano-Se inclusion at the highest level (2.00 g kg-1 dry matter) enhanced gene expression of GPX1 (0.64 vs 0.34) and SEPW1 (0.72 vs 0.35) in the liver. Dietary inclusion of CLA increased the expression of PPARγ (0.63 vs 0.38) and decreased SCD1 (0.63 vs 0.33) genes in fat- tail. It could be concluded that selenium inclusion in the growing lamb’s diet could improve antioxidant status, however, no synergistic interaction was observed along with CLA on the mentioned parameters.

348 Effects of supplemental copper, zinc, and manganese source on growth performance and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers

Abstract The objective of this study was to determine if different sources and levels of supplemental copper (Cu), zinc (Zn), and manganese (Mn) affect growth performance, health and carcass characteristics of finishing beef steers. A large pen, commercial feedlot in OK utilized 1,707 crossbred steers (297 ± 5 kg) randomized across 8 pens/treatment. Supplemental trace mineral treatments consisted of: Control (CON) = CuSO4 plus Availa® Cu (10.6 ppm), ZnSO4 plus Availa Zn (37.8 ppm), and MnSO4 plus Availa Mn (25.5 ppm); Combination (COMBO) = basic Cu chloride (IntelliBond® C; 10 ppm), ZnSO4 plus Zn methionine (ZINPRO® 120; 90 ppm), and MnSO4 plus Mn hydroxychloride (IntelliBond M; 20 ppm); or Hydroxy (HYD) = basic Cu chloride (IntelliBond C; 10 ppm), Zn hydroxychloride (IntelliBond Z; 90 ppm), and MnSO4 plus Mn hydroxychloride (IntelliBond M; 20 ppm). Statistical analysis was performed using SAS with pen as the experimental unit and pre-planned orthogonal contrasts to separate means. Contrasts were: CON vs. COMBO and HYD (level) and COMBO vs. HYD (source). Supplemental trace mineral source or level did not affect final BW (P ≥ 0.34), ADG (P ≥ 0.36), DMI (P ≥ 0.36), feed efficiency (P ≥ 0.30), morbidity (P ≥ 0.28), total treatment days (P ≥ 0.43), or mortality (P ≥ 0.33) (Table 1). Additionally, trace mineral source or level did not affect HCW (P ≥ 0.78), DP (P ≥ 0.85), or backfat thickness (P ≥ 0.32) (Table 2). Increased level of trace mineral tended (P = 0.13) to increase marbling score. There was tendency for COMBO to have a larger loin muscle area (P = 0.14) and lower yield grade (P = 0.10) than HYD. Feeding a lower level of sulfates and amino acid complexes resulted in similar performance to higher trace mineral levels. Providing 100% Zn from Zn hydroxychloride resulted in an economic benefit while maintaining similar performance and carcass characteristics as feeding a combination of ZnSO4 and Zn methionine.

345 Comparison of multiple trace mineral products provided to beef cattle as injectable, oral drench, oral paste, or bolus

Abstract To determine the effect of various trace mineral-containing products on trace mineral status of cattle 56 Angus-cross steers (303 ± 15 kg; n = 8 per treatment) were blocked by BW and administered a trace mineral treatment on d-0: injectable saline (CON), injectable Multimin®90 (ITM), MineralMax drench (MMD), MineralMax paste (MMP), Starting Fluid Drench (SFD), Se365 bolus (Se365), or Reloader250 bolus (Rel250). Steers received a common diet (silage-based d 0–49; corn-based d 50–122) via bunks capable of measuring individual feed disappearance. Plasma (0, 8, 24, and 48-h) and liver (-7, 2, 15, 29, 49, 65, 91, and 120-d) samples were obtained for analysis of Cu, Mn, Se, and Zn. Data were analyzed as repeated measures with effects of treatment, time, and treatment×time, with initial mineral concentration as covariate. Plasma Zn, Mn, and Se concentrations were affected by treatment×time (P = 0.001) where ITM was greater through 8-h for Zn and through 24-h for Mn and Se over all other treatments. Liver Se concentration was greater in ITM vs. other treatments through d-15 and Rel250 was greater than ITM and MMP on d-91 and greater than CON, MMD, MMP, and SFD on d-120 (treatment×time; P ≤ 0.001). Plasma Cu, and liver Cu, Mn, and Zn concentrations were unchanged by treatment (P ≥ 0.05). Liver Mn concentrations were least on d-2 and generally increased over time (P ≤ 0.001), while liver Zn concentrations were greatest on d-2 and least from d-29 onward (time; P ≤ 0.001). Liver Cu concentrations were greatest on d-15 and d-29 vs. other days (time; P ≤ 0.001). Overall, use of injectable trace mineral rapidly increased plasma Mn, Se and Zn, and liver Se concentrations. Oral treatments tested here exerted no effect on plasma or liver concentrations, while the multi-element bolus, Rel250, increased liver Se after 91-d.

The effects of injectable trace minerals on growth performance and mineral status of Angus beef steers raised in a natural feedlot program

To evaluate the effects of an injectable trace mineral (TM) on TM status and growth of feedlot steers raised in a Certified Angus Beef Natural system, 168 certified natural Angus steers (359 ± 36.6 kg), blocked by initial BW into pens of 6 head, received a sterilized saline (SAL, n = 84) or Multimin90 (ITM, n = 84) injection (1.47 mL/100 kg of BW). Steers were grown on a corn silage–based diet for 56 d and transitioned, and on d 84 they began a dry-rolled corn–based finishing diet. On d 84 steers were assigned equally within treatment, SAL or ITM, to receive a second injection, making 4 total treatments: (1) d 0 SAL, d 84 SAL (SAL/SAL, n = 42); (2) d 0 SAL, d 84 ITM (SAL/ITM, n = 40); (3) d 0 ITM, d 84 SAL (ITM/SAL, n = 40); and (4) d 0 ITM, d 84 ITM (ITM/ITM, n = 42). Liver Cu and Se concentrations were greater (P ≤ 0.01), and liver Zn concentrations tended (P = 0.07) to be greater in ITM versus SAL steers on d 14. Liver Zn and Mn were not different on d 98 (P ≥ 0.64). Liver Cu (P = 0.02) and Se (P < 0.001) concentrations were greater in SAL/ITM and ITM/ITM on d 98. Injectable TM had no effect on growing or finishing BW or G:F (P ≥ 0.14). Steers had adequate TM status throughout the trial, likely explaining the lack of performance differences due to TM treatment.

Osteochondrosis prevalence and severity at 12 and 24 weeks of age in commercial pigs with and without organic-complexed trace mineral supplementation.

Maternal and progeny diets supplemented with 2 sources of trace mineral (TM) were evaluated for effects on the size and severity of osteochondrosis (OC) lesions in progeny produced by 64 Landrace × Large White sows. At breeding, sows were randomly assigned to maternal diets (gestation and lactation) consisting 1 of 2 TM treatments. One treatment consisted of inorganic TM (ITM) with ZnO, MnSO, and CuSO at concentrations to provide 150, 50, and 16.5 mg/kg diet of Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively. The other treatment consisted of the same ITM concentrations plus an additional 50, 20, and 10 mg/kg diet of Zn, Mn, and Cu, respectively, supplied by a blend of AA-complexed TM (CTM) using Availa Sow. Within maternal dietary treatment groups, selected progeny ( = 280) were fed either ITM- or CTM-supplemented diets. The humerus and femur (1 each) from progeny euthanized at 12 ( = 80) or 24 wk ( = 200) were collected for microscopic (12 wk) or gross (24 wk) assessment of OC lesions. Microscopic OC lesions were present in all pigs at 12 wk. Dietary treatments had limited effects on OC prevalence or severity. A maternal × progeny diet interaction ( = 0.044) revealed femoral OC latens lesions that were approximately twice the size in progeny fed CTM that were produced by sows fed CTM compared with those found in pigs in the other 3 dietary treatment groups. At 24 wk, the sum of gross OC scores at predilection sites of the thoracic (elbow joint) and pelvic (stifle and hock joints) limbs remained similar among treatments, despite greater ( = 0.004) gross OC scores of the medial femoral condyle in progeny from sows fed CTM diets than in progeny from sows fed ITM diets, regardless of progeny diet. Progeny produced by sows fed CTM vs. ITM had increased ADG (0.71 vs. 0.68 ± 0.01 kg/d), regardless of the diet fed to progeny during the growth phases. Covariant analysis using ADG did not alter inferences about maternal or progeny diet effects on OC responses. Although 100% of progeny at 12 wk had histologically apparent OC lesions, only 3 of the 200 pigs examined at 24 wk had gross lesions of sufficient severity to potentially result in clinically apparent disease. Therefore, although some results imply that maternal and progeny CTM diets increased the size (12 wk) and severity (24 wk) of OC in 1 site (the femur), on the whole animal level, no evidence of lameness was noted.

Effect of supplemental tracemineral source on bull semen quality

This study evaluated the effect of tracemineral supplementation on bull semen quality, as measured by computer-assisted sperm analysis. Angus and Gelbvieh × Angus bulls assigned to inorganic (n = 9) and organic (n = 10) trace-mineral treatments were maintained in drylot pens and fed mixed grass hay. Three times weekly bulls were individually fed rations containing either inorganic or a mixture of inorganic and organic Zn, Cu, Co, and Mn trace mineral for 123 d (mid-May to early September). Starting on d 60, semen was collected by electroejaculation weekly for a 9-wk period (mid-July until early September) and evaluated by computer-assisted sperm analysis for motility parameters within 5 min of collection. Data were analyzed by treatment, week, and their interaction using SAS PROC Mixed for repeated measures. Bulls supplemented with organic trace minerals had a greater (P = 0.02) percentage of motile sperm than those supplemented with inorganic trace minerals (65.5 vs. 56.1%, respectively). Likewise, percentage of progressive sperm was greater (P = 0.01) for bulls receiving organic (47.0%) versus only inorganic (38.4%) trace mineral. Sperm with rapid motility (path velocity >50 μm/s) was also greater (P = 0.03) for bulls supplemented with organic compared with bulls receiving inorganic trace mineral (62.3 vs. 52.8%, respectively). Sperm motility is the single most important semen quality parameter influencing bull fertility. Results suggest organic trace-mineral supplementation may improve bull semen quality. Additional studies are needed to determine whether this improvement in semen quality translates into improved pregnancy rates.

Effect of trace mineral source on reproduction and milk production in Holstein cows

<h2>ABSTRACT</h2> A lactation study was conducted to evaluate the effect of increasing the proportion of inorganic versus organic trace minerals (polysaccharides and amino-acid chelates) on reproductive performance and milk production of multiparous and primiparous Holstein cows. Trace minerals evaluated were copper (Cu), manganese (Mn), and zinc (Zn). All minerals were supplemented to meet the NRC (1989) recommended level (10, 40, and 40 mg/kg of Cu, Mn, and Zn, respectively) in diet DM. A total of 101 cows were randomly assigned by expected calving date to 1 of 4 trace mineral treatments: 1) 100% from inorganic sulfate (SULF); 2) 67% SULF:33% polysaccharide complex (SULF-POLY); 3) 67% SULF:33% specific amino-acid complex (SULF-AA); and 4) 100% polysaccharide complex (POLY). Treatments were implemented the day of calving. Number of days open was reduced (P < 0.05) for all cows receiving the POLY versus SULF treatments. Cows receiving the POLY treatment were also more likely (P = 0.008) to become pregnant from the first service than were cows receiving the other treatments. Milk production and composition were not affected by supplements fed. Under the conditions of this study, reproductive performance of cows fed a trace-mineral supplement composed of 100% polysaccharide complexed trace minerals was enhanced versus sulfate, sulfate and polysaccharide, or sulfate and amino acid complexed supplements.

Effect of dietary calcium and phosphorus levels on the total tract digestibility of innate and supplemental organic and inorganic microminerals in a corn-soybean meal based diet of grower pigs1,2

The effects of Ca and P (CaP) levels and micromineral sources on mineral digestibility were evaluated in growing pigs. Treatments consisted of 2 levels of CaP and 3 trace mineral (TM) treatments arranged as a 2 × 3 factorial in a randomized complete block design with 8 replicates. The CaP levels evaluated were: 1) 0.65% Ca and 0.55% P [standard CaP (Std CaP)], and 2) 1.00% Ca and 0.85% P (High CaP). The TM treatments were: 1) Basal, without supplemental TM, 2) Basal supplemented with organic TM, and 3) Basal supplemented with inorganic TM. Both organic and inorganic TM premixes added 15 mg Cu, 150 mg Fe, 10 mg Mn, 0.3 mg Se, and 140 mg Zn/kg diet. Diets were formulated using corn soybean meal with a Ca to P ratio of 1.18 in both CaP treatments. Barrows with an initial BW of 45 kg were acclimated to stainless steel metabolism crates where diets were fed for 14 d before a 10-d collection period. Pigs within replicates were fed equivalent amounts of feed at 0800 and 1600 h each day with water provided free choice. Total feces, urine, and feed orts were collected daily. Essential macro- and microminerals were analyzed by inductively coupled plasma analysis. Increasing dietary CaP decreased the digestibility of Ca and Zn. Phosphorus digestibility did not change when the P inclusion level increased from 0.55 to 0.85% Ptotal. The High CaP level resulted in a lower urinary excretion of most minerals, particularly Cu (P < 0.05) and Mn (P < 0.05), as dietary CaP level increased but the others were not statistically significant. A summary of the ATTD for each of the experimental variables was statistically analyzed and averaged for the experiment. Although there were few statistical differences with individual minerals, they generally demonstrated a decline in digestibility when the High CaP was fed, averaging a 3% lower digestibility consistently than when the Std CaP level was fed. Organic TM averaged an approximately 5% greater digestibility than the average inorganic microminerals with the difference between minerals within each source relatively consistent. These results indicate that CaP level had the greatest effect on mineral digestibility, organic microminerals had a greater digestibility than inorganic minerals, and the innate microminerals had an average apparent digestibility of 45%.

Effect of supplemental trace minerals from injection on health and performance of highly stressed, newly received beef heifers

Injectable trace minerals administered on arrival to highly stressed beef calves may improve health and performance during the critical receiving period. Crossbred beef heifers (n = 90; initial BW = 199 ± 6.4 kg) were obtained from auction markets, blocked by BW, and assigned randomly to 1 of 3 treatments: 1) s.c. injection of trace mineral solution containing Zn (20 mg/mL), Mn (20 mg/mL), Cu (10 mg/mL), and Se (5 mg/mL) (TM1; 1 mL/45.5 kg); 2) s.c. injection of trace mineral solution containing Zn (48 mg/mL), Mn (10 mg/ mL), Cu (16 mg/mL), and Se (5 mg/ mL) (TM2; 1 mL/45.5 kg); or 3) negative control (CON). Calves were offered ad libitum access to a common diet and were evaluated daily for clinical signs of bovine respiratory disease. Overall ADG was greater (P < 0.01) for calves receiving either trace mineral injection compared with CON; however, ADG did not differ (P = 0.59) between the 2 mineral treatments. Total DMI was greater (P = 0.01) for TM1 and TM2 than for CON. Total G:F was also improved (P = 0.02) for the 2 trace mineral treatments. Calves receiving TM1 and TM2 gained 0.18 and 0.19 kg, respectively, per kilogram of feed consumed; CON gained 0.16 kg per kilogram of feed consumed. Calves administered TM1 had reduced (P = 0.02) bovine respiratory disease morbidity rates compared with CON, with TM2 being intermediate. Antibiotic treatment cost was greater (P = 0.03) for CON than for TM1 or TM2. Administration of a trace mineral injection during initial processing of highly stressed, newly received heifers improved ADG, feed efficiency, bovine respiratory disease morbidity, and antibiotic treatment cost.

The Impact of Trace Mineral Source, Water Quality, and Short-Term Choline Supplementation on Performance and Carcass Characteristics of Finishing Steers

ABSTRACT A total of 288 yearling steers (315.2 ± 3.7 kg) were used to determine the effects of trace mineral source, water quality, and short-term choline supplementation on feedlot performance and carcass characteristics. Trace mineral treatments consisted of 1) a control, namely, 15 mg Cu/kg DM, 20 mg Mn/kg DM, and 45 mg Zn/kg DM supplemental trace minerals in inorganic form; and 2) organic (proteinate form) iso-concentrations to the inorganic trace minerals composed of 50% organic and 50% inorganic trace minerals. Water treatments consisted of 1) a blend of reverse-osmosis (RO) water and well water (1,072.4 mg sulfate/L) and 2) well water (2,377.5 mg sulfate/L). At 29 d before slaughter, 4 pens of steers per trace mineral × water treatment combination were supplemented with choline at a rate of 20 g of rumen-protected choline/steer daily, and the remaining 4 pens served as the controls (no supplemental rumenprotected choline). There were no effects of trace mineral source, water quality, or interactions with feeding period for BW, ADG, DMI, or G:F. Initial and final BW, ADG, DMI, and G:F were similar across trace mineral and water treatments. Choline supplementation for only the last 29 d on feed did not affect performance. Morbidity, mortality, and percentage of retreated cattle were similar across trace mineral and water treatments. There was a trace mineral × water quality interaction (P

Effect of graded levels of iron, zinc, and copper supplementation in diets with low-phytate or normal barley on growth performance, bone characteristics, hematocrit volume, and zinc and copper balance of young swine1

Fifty crossbred barrows with an average initial age of 31 d and BW of 9.94 kg were used in a 28-d experiment to evaluate the effect of a low-phytic acid (LPA) barley mutant (M) M955, a near-isogenic progeny of the normal barley (NB) cultivar Harrington with about 90% less phytate than NB, to increase the utilization of Fe, Zn, and Cu compared with diets containing NB. The response criteria were growth performance, hematocrit volume, metacarpal bone characteristics, and the apparent absorption, retention, and excretion of Zn and Cu. The 2 barley cultivars (NB and M955) and the 5 trace mineral (TM) treatment concentrations of Fe and Zn (0, 25, 50, 75, and 100% of the requirement as FeSO(4) and ZnSO(4)) and Cu (0, 40, 80, 120, and 160% of the requirement as CuSO(4)) made 10 treatments in a factorial arrangement. Available P was equalized at 0.33% in all diets by adding monosodium phosphate to the basal diet containing NB, and all diets contained 0.65% Ca. Diets were adequate in all other nutrients. Barley and soybean meal were the only sources of phytate in the practical diets that also contained spray-dried whey. The barrows were fed the diets to appetite in meal form twice daily in individual metabolism crates. There were no barley cultivar x TM treatment interactions, and there were no differences between the NB and M955 barley cultivars for any of the response criteria measured. However, for the TM treatments, there were linear increases (P < or = 0.05) in ADFI, ADG, hematocrit volume, metacarpal bone breaking strength and ash weight, and the apparent absorption, retention, and excretion (mg/d) of Zn and Cu. In conclusion, the LPA barley had no effect on the response criteria in this experiment, apparently because of the small increase in the availability of the endogenous trace minerals in the practical diets containing M955 compared with NB. However, increasing the supplementation of Fe and Zn from 0 to 100% (160% for Cu) of the requirement resulted in linear increases in growth performance, hematocrit volume, metacarpal bone strength and ash weight, and the apparent absorption, retention, and excretion of Zn and Cu. Therefore, these results indicate that the inorganic trace mineral supplementation of practical diets for young pigs should not be less than the National Research Council requirements for swine.

Effects of Trace Mineral Supplementation, Source, and Growth Implants on Immune Response of Growing and Finishing Feedlot Steers

<h2>ABSTRACT</h2> To determine the effects of growth implants and trace mineral (TM) supplementation and source on immune response, 375 steers (approximately 7 mo of age and 250.0 ± 11.0 kg), stratified by initial body weight, were randomly assigned to 1 of 36 pens that were then randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of 1) control (no supplemental Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co), 2) inorganic TM (CuSO₄, ZnSO₄, MnSO₄, and CoCO₃), and 3) organic TM (iso-amounts of organic Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co). On d 28 post-arrival to the feedlot, steers from 6 pens per treatment received a growth implant containing 200mg progesterone and 20mg estradiol benzoate, whereas the other half of the steers within the same treatment (6 pens) did not receive a growth implant. Steers were fed a corn silage-based growing diet for 56 d and were then gradually switched toa high-concentrate finishing diet. At the beginning of the finishing phase, only steers receiving growth implants during the growing phase were reimplanted with 80mg of trenbolone acetate and 16mg of estradiol. During the finishing phase, all minerals excluding Zn were fed at NRC recommended concentrations in inorganic form. Treatments during the finishing phase consisted of 1) control (no supplemental Zn), 2) inorganic Zn (30mg Zn/kg DM from ZnSO₄), and 3) organic Zn (iso-amounts of organic Zn). At the end of the growing phase, steers receiving organic TM had greater (P < 0.02) total IgM concentrations than inorganic-supplemented steers, and implanted steers tended (P < 0.07) to have greater IgG antibody titer concentrations specific for pig red blood cells than nonimplanted steers. During the finishing phase, steers supplemented with organic Zn had greater (P = 0.04) ovalbumin antibody titer concentrations than steers supplemented with inorganic TM.Superoxide dismutase activity, interferon gamma concentrations, and antibody titers specific to pig red blood cells and infectious bovine rhinotracheitis virus were unaffectedby TM treatment or growth implants.

Effects of Trace Mineral Supplementation and Source, 30 Days Post-weaning and 28 Days Post Receiving, on Performance and Health of Feeder Cattle

Three hundred and seventy-five steers (approximately 7 mo of age and 239.0±10.4 kg) were utilized to determine the effects of trace mineral (TM) supplementation and source on performance during the on-farm backgrounding and feedlot receiving phases of beef cattle production. At their respective ranches, steers were stratified by body weight into six groups. Groups were then assigned to one of six pens and pens were randomly assigned to treatments. Treatments consisted of: 1) control (no supplemental Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co), 2) inorganic trace mineral (CuSO 4 , ZnSO 4 , MnSO 4 , and CoCO 3 ), and 3) organic trace mineral (iso-amounts of organic Cu, Zn, Mn, and Co). Mineral treatments were fed in alfalfa pellets formulated to supply 360 mg of Zn, 200 mg of Mn, 125 mg of Cu, and 12.5 mg of Co per head per day from either organic or inorganic trace mineral sources. Control steers received alfalfa pellets with no additional Cu, Zn, Mn, or Co. Steers were allowed free access to harvested alfalfa-grass hay throughout the 30-d on-farm backgrounding phase. On day 30 post-weaning, steers were weighed and transported to the feedlot. Steers were blocked by treatment within ranch, stratified by initial body weight, and randomly assigned to one of 36 pens (9-12 head per pen; 12 pens per treatment). Steers remained on the same on-farm backgrounding trace mineral treatments, however, trace mineral treatments were included in the total mixed growing ration. Steers were fed a corn silage-based growing diet throughout the 28 d feedlot receiving period. There was no effect of TM supplementation on performance of steers during the on-farm backgrounding phase. By the end of the 28-d feedlot receiving phase, ADG was similar between control and trace mineral supplemented steers. Steers supplemented with organic TM had greater (p<0.05) ADG than steers supplemented with inorganic TM by the end of the 28-d feedlot receiving phase. Morbidity and mortality rates were similar across treatments.

Effects of Lifetime Copper, Zinc, and Manganese Supplementation and Source on Performance, Mineral Status, Immunity, and Carcass Characteristics of Feedlot Cattle

Two calf crops (n = 140, yr 1; n = 130, yr 2) from the same cowherd were used to evaluate the effects of lifetime Cu, Zn, and Mn supplementation and source on performance, status, immunity, and carcass traits of feedlot cattle. Dams were supplemented with trace mineral treatments from approximately 80 d pre-calving through 120 d post-calving. Treatments included 1) control (no supplemental Cu, Zn, or Mn), 2) organic (ORG; 50% organic and 50% inorganic Cu, Zn, and Mn), or 3) inorganic (ING; 100% inorganic CuSO4, ZnSO4, and MnSO4) trace minerals. In the feedlot, calves were maintained on the same treatments, except that ORG contained 33% organic and 67% inorganic Cu, Zn, and Mn. Cattle received a growing diet for 56 d and a finishing diet for 140 d (yr 1) and 145 or 181 d (yr 2) prior to harvest. There was a tendency for a growing-phase year × treatment interaction (P=0.10), and a finishing-phase year × treatment interaction was present (P<0.04) for BW gain to feed ratio (G:F). In yr 1, G:F was greater (P<0.05) in ORG cattle than in ING cattle during both feeding phases; non-supplemented controls had a greater (P<0.01) finishing phase G:F than did supplemented cattle. Supplemented cattle had greater (P<0.01) liver Cu concentrations than non-supplemented controls throughout both feeding phases, and liver Mn concentrations were greater (P<0.02) in supplemented cattle than in non-supplemented controls at the end of the finishing phase.

Effect of dietary trace mineral concentration and source (inorganic vs. chelated) on performance, mineral status, and fecal mineral excretion in pigs from weaning through finishing.

Two hundred and sixteen weanling gilts (6.65+/-0.08 kg) were used to determine the effects of decreasing supplemental concentrations of Zn, Cu, Fe, and Mn, and trace mineral source (inorganic vs. chelated) on growth performance, mineral status, and fecal mineral concentrations from weaning through development. The study was conducted over three trials with 72 pigs in each trial. Gilts were blocked by weight and randomly assigned to either 1) control, 2) reduced inorganic, or 3) reduced chelated trace minerals. The control diet was supplemented with 25, 150, 180, and 60 mg/kg of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn (in sulfate forms), respectively, during the nursery phase and 15, 100, 100, and 40 mg/kg of supplemental Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn, respectively, during the growing and gilt-developer phases. Reduced inorganic and reduced chelated treatments were supplemented during all phases with 5, 25, 25, and 10 mg/kg of Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn, respectively. The reduced chelated treatment supplied 50% of the supplemental Cu, Zn, Fe, and Mn in the form of metal proteinates, with the remainder from sulfate forms. Performance by control pigs did not differ from pigs fed the reduced trace mineral treatments during the nursery and grower-development periods. Gain:feed was lower (P < 0.05) for pigs fed the reduced inorganic compared with those fed the reduced chelated treatment during the nursery period. Trace mineral source did not affect performance during the growing or gilt-developer phase. Plasma Zn concentration and alkaline phosphatase activity were higher (P < 0.01) in control pigs than in those receiving reduced trace minerals during the nursery and growing phases. Plasma Cu concentration and ceruloplasmin activity were generally not affected by treatment. Hemoglobin concentrations were lower (P < 0.05) for the reduced inorganic compared with the reduced chelated treatment in the nursery phase. Fecal concentrations of Cu, Zn, and Mn were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed reduced trace minerals than in controls during all production phases. Fecal Zn concentration during the nursery and fecal Cu concentrations during the growing and gilt-developer phases were lower (P < 0.05) in pigs fed the reduced chelated compared with the reduced inorganic treatment. Results indicate that reducing the concentrations of Zn, Cu, Mn, and Fe typically supplemented to pig diets will greatly decrease fecal mineral excretion without negatively affecting pig performance from weaning through development.

Inorganic Versus Complexed Trace Mineral Supplements on Performance of Dairy Cows

To determine the effects of chemical form of trace mineral supplements on performance of dairy cows, Holstein cows (n = 36) were assigned to dietary treatments of inorganic trace minerals or a combination of inorganic and complexed trace minerals (CTM). Starting at 21 d prepartum, dry cows were fed hay and a grain supplement that contained one of the trace mineral supplements. Cows continued to receive their respective trace mineral treatment from parturition until 150 d in milk (DIM). Cows fed the CTM lost less BW prepartum (P<0.05); however, there was no difference between treatments in postpartum BW change or body condition score (BCS). The DMI of lactating cows were similar between treatments. Actual milk yield (42.2 vs 41.7 kg/d), 3.5% fat-corrected milk (FCM) (42.3 vs 42.3 kg/d), and measures of production efficiency also were similar between treatments. There was a week × treatment interaction (P<0.05) for yield of milk, energy-corrected milk, and 3.5% FCM; the response to CTM was greatest from wk 5 through wk 10 postpartum. Colostrum of cows fed the CTM prepartum had greater IgG (P<0.05) and lesser Zn concentrations. There was no difference between treatments in concentrations of IgM, Co, Mn, or Cu in colostrum. Although there were period effects on serum concentrations of IgG, IgM, nonesterified fatty acids (NEFA), Zn, Co, and Ca, there were no treatment effects. These results indicate that CTM may benefit cows at peak production.

Effect of chelated trace minerals on nursery pig growth performance (1994)

A total of 442 weanling pigs (initial age and wt of 22 d and 14.4 lb, respectively) was used on a commercial farm in northeast Kansas to evaluate growth performance with diets containing a chelated trace mineral premix or an inorganic trace mineral premix. Minerals evaluated in the premixes provided 16.5 ppm Cu, 165 ppm Fe, 40 ppm Mn, and 165 ppm Zn. For the inorganic trace mineral treatment, the mineral sources were copper sulfate, ferrous sulfate, manganous oxide, and zinc oxide. The chelated trace mineral premix had the following fractions of these minerals provided as amino acid chelates: 109.7% of Cu, 75.8% of Fe, 78.1% of Mn, and 47.0% of Zn with the balance coming from the previous inorganic sources to make diets similar in added trace mineral content. All diets also contained copper sulfate, providing an additional 188 ppm Cu. Pigs fed the chelated trace mineral had increased average daily gain (ADG), average daily feed intake (ADFI) , and lower feed efficiency (F/G) from d 0 to 7 postweaning. No differences occurred between treatments in ADG or ADFI from d 7 to 14. For this same period, pigs fed the inorganic trace minerals had lower F/G than pigs fed the chelated trace minerals. For the entire Phase I period (d 0 to 14), pigs fed the chelated trace minerals had greater ADFI with no difference in ADG or F/G. No differences occurred in ADG or FIG for the Phase II period (d 14 to 28). However, pigs fed the inorganic trace minerals had increased ADFI (P> .02). For the entire nursery period (d 0 to 28), no differences occurred in ADG, ADFI, and F/G between pigs fed either chelated or inorganic trace minerals. Based on the improved performance observed, chelated trace minerals may have been more available, which benefitted the weanling pig during the stressful first week postweaning. However, for the entire nursery period, based on this single study, no significant differences occurred in growth performance for pigs fed either trace mineral source.; Swine Day, Manhattan, KS, November 17, 1994