Town Planning Activities Research Articles

FEATURES OF THE ARCHITECTURAL AND PLANNING STRUCTURE OF THE GOLDEN HORDE CITIES OF THE LOWER VOLGA REGION

The Lower Volga region was the center of all trade routes, both economically and politically, until the collapse of the Golden Horde state. Starting from the 40-50s of the 13th century, in the Lower Volga region began the town-planning activities of the Golden Horde khans. Since the cities of the Golden Horde arose not as a result of the long-term development of the settlement network, but with the support of the rule of the Golden Horde khans, the historical features of the cities include the absence of a traceable transition process from settlements to cities. In addition, some “typical” criteria for determining the urban character of a monument, for example the presence of fortifications, do not apply to the cities of the Golden Horde. In many cities of the Golden Horde, even very large ones, fortifications were not found until the civil strife of the 60-70s of the 14th century. The spread of Islam in the Golden Horde Volga region from the beginning of the 14th century influenced the development of Golden Horde architecture and decoration. The ornamental style of the architectural and planning structure of the Golden Horde cities of the lower Volga region was primarily under the strong influence of the masters of Central Asia, Transcaucasia and Iran.

Administrative and legal mechanism for the implementation of the planning function in town planning activities

Administrative and legal mechanism for the implementation of the planning function in town planning activities

Formation and development of sources of legal regulation of urban planning activities in Austria and Austria-Hungary (second half of the 18th – beginning of the 20th century)

The article analyzes the formation and development of sources of legal regulation of urban development in Austria and Austria-Hungary (second half of the 18th - beginning of the 20th century). It is noted that only 12 years after the annexation of Galicia, the Austrian government began to carefully classify settlements. The need for such a classification was determined by the need to add an index to a detailed map of the country. The division of settlements into cities/towns/villages was to be carried out by the circular offices themselves as a result of the order of the court decree dated October 28, 1784. In the new governor’s order on this matter dated December 13, 1784, it was noted at the very beginning that the circular offices, despite clear instructions governorates, qualified settlements as cities, towns and villages only on the basis of their location, size, number of inhabitants, buildings, and therefore not on the basis of proper attributes. The province also ordered that a city (Stadt) should be considered a settlement that has the privilege of being a city. When settlements did not have this privilege, they were to be considered villages (Dörfer). The classification of settlements was to be based solely on their privileges and no other considerations could be taken into account; therefore, only the historical criterion was applied, and as a result, all the privileges from Polish times were accepted in those clauses of their provisions that recognized the settlement as a city or town.
 It has been established that the legal regulation of town planning activities in Austria in the XVIII–XIX centuries. was based mainly on legislative acts of various nature. The general rules of construction were determined by the Civil Code of 1811, the Law on City Rights, the Laws on Construction of 1829 and 1868, separate construction statutes for Galician cities/towns, adopted in the second half of the 19th century. Materials from the Josephine and Franciscan metrics, descriptions of localities and indicating the status of settlements, building regulations established for individual cities/towns of Galicia as part of the Habsburg monarchy play an important role in the study of the subject. The sources of legal regulation of town planning activities in Austria and Austria-Hungary (second half of the 18th - beginning of the 20th century) were the laws and regulations adopted at the level of central and local governments (magistrates, provincial boards). The list of such sources is wide - from the Civil Code to local specialized construction laws. The authorities also adopted provisions on the protection of cultural heritage and architectural monuments. The innovations introduced by the Austrian government were aimed at streamlining construction activities.

An approach of geological mapping and geotechnical investigation: Case study from the Lalitpur Metropolitan City, Nepal

Urbanization is rapidly growing throughout the world, especially in the least developed and developing countries necessitating proper land use planning. However, the lack of sufficient study has created the possibility of unprecedented geohazards. In this study, a detailed geological and engineering geological mapping along with the geotechnical analysis of soils and sediments from the Bhainsepati–Pharsidol area of Lalitpur District has been carried out. Detailed geological maps and geological cross-sections were prepared on the scale of 1:25,000 following the most adopted stratigraphy of central Nepal for both hard rocks and Quaternary deposits. Two mappable geological units like the Tistung Formation and the Chandragiri Limestone of the Phulchauki Group are found within the hard rock succession at the study area’s hill sections. Similarly, the Quaternary succession is mapped into the Lukundol Formation and the Chapagaon Terrace deposits of Kathmandu Valley sediments from older to younger succession respectively. There is a distinct erosional unconformity between the rocks of the Phulchauki Group and the Quaternary Valley sediments. A kinematic analysis of discontinuities developed in the rocks was carried out in the rock slopes found in the area. Both field and laboratory analyses of soil samples were carried out for the representative samples. The laboratory tests include moisture content, specific gravity, particle size distribution, soil consistency, compaction, and consolidation properties. Finally, an engineering geological map was prepared on the same scale as geological mapping showing the details of the distribution of geo-materials. This study is expected to be valuable to make proper land-use decisions for town planning and developmental activities in the rapidly growing city of Nepal.

THE ROLE OF STATE CONSTRUCTION SUPERVISION AND CONSTRUCTION CONTROL IN ENSURING THE QUALITY AND SAFETY OF CONSTRUCTION

The article emphasizes the importance of the construction industry in the economy, its significant contribution to the development of urban infrastructure and the creation of a comfortable living environment, the conjunction of activities in the field of construction with the risks associated with the safety and quality of built objects. To ensure the safety and quality of construction, there is a system of State Construction Supervision (SCS) and Construction Control (CC). The necessity of knowledge about the role of these procedures, which will allow the builders to monitor compliance with the rules and requirements during the construction process, ensuring its quality and safety, is noted. The work is devoted to determining the role of state construction supervision and construction control in ensuring the quality and safety of construction. The analysis of complementary control and supervisory procedures which are carried out within the framework of construction and reconstruction works has been carried out. The attention is focused on the main differences and organizational peculiarities of carrying out of the state supervision and construction control on the basis of the normative documentation regulating town-planning activity in the Russian Federation in the field of control and supervision. The conclusion about the differences of goals, tasks, methods of carrying out and organization of the state construction supervision and construction control on the basis of the relevant normative-legal base is made.

ПРИНЦИПИ ФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНО-ПЛАНУВАЛЬНОЇ ОРГАНІЗАЦІЇ БАГАТОФУНКЦІОНАЛЬНИХ КОМПЛЕКСІВ

The article deals with issues related to the occurrence of renovation (late 90s of the 20th century). World practice shows that depressed industrial areas should be considered as territorial capital. Also, the law «On Regulation of Town Planning Activities» (2011) and the Resolution of the Verkhovna Rada of Ukraine «On the Concept of Sustainable Development of Settlements of Ukraine» (1999) demand more efficient use of urban areas and the creation of a favorable ecology. The formation of multifunctional complexes in the conditions of renovation of industrial facilities allows to effectively solve the problems of the modern city at all levels of the urban planning hierarchy - from large districts to a separate building; as an urban development attractor, the multifunctional complexes is one of the catalysts capable of contributing to the improvement of the structure of the urban fabric. Identifying the main principles of the formation of multifunctional complexes based on the renovation of the industrial facilities is an important task for taking further actions to solve this problem. The main principles of the architectural and planning organization of the multifunctional complexes under the conditions of renovation are formulated. These principles are: the principle of «adaptability», which consists in creating urban planning accessibility of the object and ensuring integrability, solving energy security and energy efficiency issues, creating a flexible planning structure and universality of its individual elements; the principle of «inheritance of cultural codes» aimed at preserving industrial artifacts (material level) and creating a legend of the object (intangible level), as well as carrying out museification of individual areas of the renovation object; the principle of «cooperation of the functions of the information and distribution space» aimed at the organization of a barrier-free architectural environment, the availability of additional services, ensuring the possibility of transformation for exhibition, communication and other functions.

ТЕОРЕТИКО-ПРАВОВІ ЗАСАДИ АДМІНІСТРАТИВНОГО РЕГУЛЮВАННЯ ДОЗВІЛЬНИХ ПРОЦЕДУР У СФЕРІ УРБАНІЗАЦІЇ

The article is devoted to a comprehensive study of the definition, content and features of the application of permitting procedures in the field of urbanization. Attention is paid to the very concept of urban planning, urbanization and urban planning. An attempt has been made to link the concepts of urban planning and urbanization at the level of theory. Attention is paid to urban planning objects. The presence of the corresponding specialization called to study the basic provisions of the theory of town-planning activity, possibilities of its realization in practice is specified. The theoretical understanding of the concept of permitting procedures in the field of urbanization is investigated and generalized, which allowed to identify and generalize the problems of their design and issuance. The concept of the permitting procedures in the field of urbanization is revealed in detail, the shortcomings of their application in practice and their legislative regulation are highlighted, changes are proposed to improve this situation. The range of subjects of legal relations on permitting procedures in the field of urbanization, their responsibility, control over their activity is defined. The case law of the European Court of Human Rights shows the key aspects of the functioning of permitting procedures in the field of urbanization, as well as the problems and shortcomings of their functioning, offers to address the relevant shortcomings. The practice of foreign countries, especially European ones, in the field of regulation and application of such permitting procedures was also applied. The domestic practice of legislative regulation of provisions on permitting procedures in the field of urbanization is taken into account. The content and application of permitting procedures in the practical activities of the subjects of legal relations on permitting procedures in the field of urbanization are characterized. They are shown to be different depending on the type and complexity of construction of a particular urban development object. Examples of practical experience of other countries in the application of permitting procedures and the issue of providing them to certain business and community entities are given. Taking into account the additional domestic experience, the result of solving the problematic aspects of permitting procedures in the field of urbanization was summed up.

Conceptual approaches to state regulation of the construction industry: the experience of Ukraine and EU states

Ensuring sustainable development of the construction industry is one of the priorities of state policy, and in conditions of socio-economic and socio-political instability the relevance of this issue is particularly exacerbated. The purpose of the study is to substantiate the main conceptual approaches to the state regulation of the construction industry in Ukraine and the European Union. The study uses such methods of economic analysis as analysis, synthesis, abstraction, comparison, analogy, observation, monitoring, systematization, generalization, graphic and tabular analysis. As a result of the study it was established found that the state regulation of the construction industry consists of a complex of legislative and regulatory acts, through which the state has a regulatory influence and determines the main strategic priorities of the construction industry. Among the main problems of state regulation of the building branch weakness of institutional and legal provision, discrepancy of normative-legal and legislative acts to the norms of international and European law in the building sphere, imperfection of technical regulation of town-planning activity, process of licensing and technical supervision, and also insurance of building activity has been determined. It has been cleared out, that in European Union countries the state regulation of the building branch is more perfect and effective than in Ukraine.

Творчество городского архитектора Нахичевани-На-Дону Н. Н. Дурбаха

The oeuvre of the city architect of Nakhichevan-on-Don Nikolay Durbakh (Nikoghos Durbakhyan), who worked at the turn of the 19th-20th centuries, is a vivid example of how graduates of the Saint-Petersburg Imperial Academy of Arts contributed to the architectural and town-planning activity and improvement of provincial cities of the Russian Empire. He was a Nakhichevan-on-Don native, hence he had a refined feeling and clear understanding of the customers’ wishes and preferences, their architectural and artistic requirements to the city environment. Owing to his efforts, a holistic appearance of Nakhichevan-on-Don was formed: the buildings of City Market and City Theater, the Mariinsky City Hospital, several educational institutions, mansions for well-to-do citizens were built, as well as the central squares of the city redesigned, the municipal park in honor of Alexander the Second founded, a number of other projects accomplished. The article considers N. Durbakh’s contribution to the architecture of Nakhichevan-on-Don and analyzes the architect’s creative method.

COMPARATIVE ANALYSIS OF REGULATORY DOCUMENTS IN THE DESIGN AND OPERATION OF DAMS

The design parameters and characteristics of dams were estimated during the design of dams in the 40–60th of the last century, and require updating, as well as changing the existing methodological approach to their determination. In the article the data of the current state, regulatory, technical and literary sources used at designing, construction and operation of hydraulic structures (HS) are collected, the comparative analysis of normative and technical documentation of the Republic of Kazakhstan, European countries, the USA, China, etc. used at designing and operation of dams is carried out. Examples of world practices in the application of legislation and regulating in terms of dam safety have been considered. A number of normative documents of the Republic of Kazakhstan on the main directions of activity of hydraulic structures, applied at all stages of their existence, from design and construction to operation and liquidation, are determined. The state regulations in the field of architecture, town planning and construction are reviewed, the main purpose of which is to ensure the legally protected needs of citizens and society in creating a favorable and environmentally safe living environment and life, in implementation of architectural, town planning and construction activities, protection of consumer rights of design and construction products, ensuring reliability and safety of construction, sustainable operation of the constructed facilities during operation and maintenance of hydraulic structures. Names and brief contents of standards for dam design in a number of developed countries are given.

The use of web technologies in urban planning management in Russian cities

The emergence of web technologies has created new conditions for the improvement of town planning activity by municipal authorities in cities. There are more opportunities to receive and process increasing amounts of information for new forms of interaction with the urban community, and for the more cost-effective and efficient use of management systems. The improvement of urban planning management in cities increases both their investment attractiveness and their appeal to citizens. Official websites provide a basic source of information about a city and have become especially relevant in the context of high population migration and increasing competition between cities as centres of settlement. This study reviews the use of web technologies in the field of urban management adopted by the 50 largest cities in Russia; cities of federal importance, such as Moscow and St Petersburg, were excluded from this study. The study recommends measures that cities should take to improve and develop their technology assets. The technologies used in urban management and the effectiveness of cities to meet the needs of residents, property owners, business owners and investors were evaluated in this study.

The proceedings connected with legal town-planning relations

In the article specifi cities of lawyer’s work during the proceedings arising from violation of citizens’ rights and rights of legal entities in the course of various town-planning activity are considered. Vigorously developing of town-planning activity in the Russian Federation gives rise to real estate, environmental and natural resource use disputes, settlement of the which is difficult in the case law. The situation is resulted from either insufficient knowledge and lack of features of the legal regulation of town-planning relations, the legal nature of town-planning documentation, its legal significance, or the complexity of the existing town-planning legislation, the permanent amendment of the legislation, the availability of outstanding issues. In the article the specific nature of spatial planning and town planning zoning documentation and their influence on land and property and adjacent legal relationship are shown, types of potential violations of lawful rights and interests of citizens and legal entities are considered. Based on the analysis of the case law, the most salient category of cases related to town-planning activity are devote and main mistakes of lawyer’s work on such cases are reviewed by the author.

THE ALGORITHMS OF CONSTRUCTION OF INFORMATION SYSTEMS IN THE CONDITIONS OF SUBUBRANIZATION DEVELOPMENT

The article is devoted to the pressing issue of information support of territorial development processes. In the modern world, processes of information support of operational processes are of great relevance. Information and analytical support is the basis for making effective management decisions. In systems of urban development, urban and territorial development, the information component aims at ensuring the realization of three factors of development: economy, ecology and social development. In the conditions of sustainable development of society all three directions are balanced. However, due to certain imbalances in the system, humanity is searching for new forms of providing a comfortable life, work and leisure. Suburbanization has become one of these forms. Suburbanization is a trend of modern development of cities and territories in developed countries, which have high rates of socio-economic security. Suburbanisation is the process of centering the flow of people from large centers of economic gravity to the suburban area, which has the best environmental performance, which is possible in the case of ensuring the social component of human life. The relevance of suburbanization processes has necessitated the need for research on information and analytical support for these processes. In particular, the basic elements of the model of the structure of the urban planning system were identified and the dual connections of information support of decision-making for the development of urban planning systems were analyzed. On the basis of this analysis the task of information support of town-planning systems was determined. Based on the analysis of problems of special theory of urban planning information systems, it is proposed to develop an algorithm for information and analytical support of urban planning systems in the context of suburbanization processes. It has been determined that the automation of information support processes for urban planning systems management in today's digital society is the basis for the formation of effective urban development activities. In a three-prong urban development model that integrates issues of economy, ecology and social protection, suburbanization issues play a crucial role. The processing, analysis and evaluation of information on the development of town-planning systems make it possible to determine the leading trends and tendencies of development, as well as to predict the design of processes of town-planning activity. Keywords: urban planning, management of urban planning systems, suburbanization, information systems

Subjects and Objects of Town-Planning Legal Relations

The article substantiates the relevance of scientific analysis of the composition of town-planning relations for further development of legal regulation of town-planning and increase in efficiency of law enforcement activities in the field of urban planning. Based on the study of scientific sources, the author concludes that there is insufficient legal research in the field of legal regulation of urban planning. The paper shows the legal and scientific significance of studying the composition and specifics of town-planning relations for the further development of town-planning legislation and the formation of town-planning law. On the basis of the system analysis of the current town-planning and related legislation, the author provides for the legal characteristics of subjects and objects of town-planning legal relations taking into account the specifics of urban planning activity depending on their particular type, their features, problems of definition and identification, differentiation from related legal relations. The author proposes a possible classification of subjects and objects of town-planning relations depending on the type of town-planning activity and their nature.

Theoretical and Methodological Problems of Improvement of Design and Town-Planning Activity

The multiplicity of subjects of urban development, which are characterized by different, sometimes conflicting interests, leaves its mark on the effectiveness of design solutions and the possibility of their implementation in the planned time. However, the duration of conciliation procedures of project documents, which distinguishes the modern stage of development of design and urban development activities and includes the processes of linking design decisions with regulatory requirements controlled by Supervisory authorities, Executive state bodies and local governments, as well as the process of public analysis of proposals by interested parties-all this reduces the overall efficiency of urban development. The solution of this problem is associated with the completeness and reliability of the initial data, their digital spatial "binding" and the distribution in the hierarchical structure of functionally different spatial cells that make up all types of objects of urban development, which objectively leads to the need to improve the methodological base of urban design activities in terms of the formation of an automated system of integration of documents of territorial planning, urban zoning and planning of territories. An approach to the definition of any urban object as a spatial cell of the corresponding size and the corresponding spatial and functional content is proposed. An important consequence of the considered approach will be the possibility of turning quite formal documents of territorial planning, urban zoning and planning of territories into justifying and calculating materials of income and expenditure parts of budgets of various levels.

Civil law regulation of town planning

The present research article contains the legal analysis of prescription of the procedure and levels of law making in the field of civil and town planning legislation. The authors have explored their nature and origin, which will help fill the gaps in legislation and eliminate the existing conflicts of law. The current town planning legislation is of complex nature, so it cannot be applied without taking into account civil law, which directly influences town planning relations. It is worth mentioning that both town planning and civil law relations depend on the set of other constitutional principles related to the right of ownership, right of undertaking entrepreneurial or other economic activities, intellectual property right, etc. Interrelation and differentiation of regulations of town planning and civil legislation are currently essential. Civil legislation is manifested mainly by the Civil Code of the Russian Federation, which regulates property and some non-property yet associated relations that concern town planning activities. For the last years, the Russian legislation has paid much attention to statutory regulation of town planning relations, passing the way from federal laws to codification. The present paper focuses on the social and economic role of town planning and its place in current times.

REVIEW OF MODERN CONCEPTS OF ENVIRONMENTALIZATION OF THE LIVING ENVIRONMENT

The problem of inconsistency of the life-forming environment and global trends forming algorithms in Russia is considered. Attention focused on taking into account the goals of a "green" economy and the tasks of improving the quality of life while regulating the parameters of urban planning and architectural decisions. The newest foreign concepts of ecologization had been study as an object of research. The subject of the research were theoretical approaches and innovative applied technologies that contribute to adapting the methods of architectural and town planning activities to changing environmental conditions. Identification of new ways to improve the consumer properties of the living environment has become the goal of the study. Materials and methods: an integrated approach, collection of information from literary and online sources, compilation and analysis of thematic materials. The basic information about theoretical developments discovered in domestic and foreign scientific journals. They are present on the Russian portal E-library and on ScienceDirect - the Elsevier's multidisciplinary platform. Some aspects were refined according to the information that posted on the websites of electronic libraries of a number of foreign universities and specialized research institutions. Results. Brief description of such foreign concepts as "environmental design", "appropriate technology", "life cycle assessment", "Cradle to Cradle", "lean manufacturing", "upcycling", "planned obsolescence" and "regenerative design" prepared. Analysis of publications showed that the most popular topic is the need for resource conservation. Active laboratory research, transition to BIM-technologies, economic incentive mechanisms and active popularization contribute to the introduction of innovative resource-saving developments in practice. Conclusions. Currently, various aspects of the "green" economy considered in the natural Sciences, engineering, Humanities and Economics. One of the most important tasks of the modern stage of development of urban planning and architecture in Russia is the introduction into practice of design and construction of modern technologies corresponding to the tasks of the "green" economy. In this regard, the actual direction of science researches, which are associated with the optimization of urban planning, architectural and engineering solutions, is the synchronization of the field of sectoral problems with the key issues of sustainable development.

Regional features of development of service activity

In article the author gives an assessment of a regional status and development of service activity and economy in the territory of Volgograd and area. The primary competitive benefits of the city are selected. The volume of paid services in the Russian Federation and subjects of the Southern Federal District in 2018, in actually operating prices and in percentage by 2017 is considered. The results are summed up and possible perspectives of development are predicted. It is emphasized that development of economy provides employment and the income of the population, creates receipts in the budget of Volgograd, influences town-planning activity, satisfaction of requirement of society for various goods, works and services. Without successful economic development it is impossible to achieve improvement of quality of life of the population and the favorable urban environment. Scientific novelty of a research is assessment of the current state of service activity in the territory of Volgograd, for the purpose of development of high-quality providing paid services to the population.

Consolidation of land management and town planning activities at the municipal level

The article is devoted to the main stages of the implementation of town-planning and investment activities on the territory of the city of Tyumen. The changes, introduced to the general plan of the city in 2017, as well as the work of the Department of Land Relations and Urban Development, are considered in detail. In conclusion, the work of the Department, which carries out urban planning activities, is analyzed. In order to ensure the planning of the further progressive development of the territory, its rational use, attracting investments, and meeting the needs of the population, the approved town planning documentation is constantly updated taking into account the development programs of individual sectors of the economy, programs for social and economic development of the subjects of the Russian Federation

Consolidation of land management and town planning activities at the municipal level

The article is devoted to the main stages of the implementation of town-planning and investment activities on the territory of the city of Tyumen. The changes, introduced to the general plan of the city in 2017, as well as the work of the Department of Land Relations and Urban Development, are considered in detail. In conclusion, the work of the Department, which carries out urban planning activities, is analyzed. In order to ensure the planning of the further progressive development of the territory, its rational use, attracting investments, and meeting the needs of the population, the approved town planning documentation is constantly updated taking into account the development programs of individual sectors of the economy, programs for social and economic development of the subjects of the Russian Federation